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Tongue size matters: revisiting the Mallampati classification system in patients with obstructive sleep apnea matters
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Athayde, Rodolfo Augusto Bacelar de

; Colonna, Leonardo Luiz Igreja

; Schorr, Fabiola

; Gebrim, Eloisa Maria Mello Santiago

; Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo

; Genta, Pedro Rodrigues

Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia

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2023, Volume 49 N. 2 elocation e20220402

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO Objetivo: A classificação de Mallampati tem sido usada para prever a apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS). As estruturas de tecidos moles das vias aéreas superiores são propensas a deposição de gordura, sendo a língua a maior dessas estruturas. Como existe uma relação entre um grau mais elevado na classificação de Mallampati e maior obstrução da orofaringe, aventamos a hipótese de que a classificação de Mallampati está relacionada com o volume da língua e com um desequilíbrio entre o volume da língua e o da mandíbula. Métodos: Homens adultos foram submetidos a avaliação clínica, polissonografia e TC das vias aéreas superiores. O volume da língua e o volume da mandíbula foram calculados e comparados conforme a classificação de Mallampati. Resultados: Foram incluídos 80 pacientes (média de idade: 46,8 anos). Em média, os participantes do estudo apresentavam sobrepeso (IMC = 29,3 ± 4,0 kg/m2) e AOS moderada (índice de apneias e hipopneias = 26,2 ± 26,7 eventos/h). Os pacientes da classe IV de Mallampati eram mais velhos que os da classe II (53 ± 9 anos vs. 40 ± 12 anos; p < 0,01) e apresentavam maior circunferência do pescoço (43 ± 3 cm vs. 40 ± 3 cm; p < 0,05), AOS mais grave (51 ± 27 eventos/h vs. 24 ± 23 eventos/h; p < 0,01) e maior volume da língua (152 ± 19 cm3 vs. 135 ± 18 cm3; p < 0,01). Os pacientes da classe IV de Mallampati também apresentavam maior volume da língua que os da classe III (152 ± 19 cm3 vs. 135 ± 13 cm3; p < 0,05), bem como maior relação entre o volume da língua e o da mandíbula (2,5 ± 0,5 cm3 vs. 2,1 ± 0,4 cm3; p < 0,05). A classificação de Mallampati apresentou relação com o índice de apneias e hipopneias (r = 0,431, p < 0,001), o IMC (r = 0,405, p < 0,001), a circunferência do pescoço e da cintura (r = 0,393, p < 0,001), o volume da língua (r = 0,283, p < 0,001) e o volume da língua/volume da mandíbula (r = 0,280, p = 0,012). Conclusões: A classificação de Mallampati aparentemente é influenciada pela obesidade, aumento da língua e maior obstrução das vias aéreas superiores. Objetivo AOS. . (AOS) gordura orofaringe Métodos clínica Resultados 8 média idade 468 46 46, anos. anos) 293 29 29, 4 0 4, kg/m2 kgm2 kgm kg m2 m 262 26 2 26, 267 7 eventos/h. eventosh eventos h eventos/h) 53 (5 vs 1 0,01 001 01 43 (4 0,05, 005 0,05 , 05 0,05) 51 152 (15 0,01. 2,5 25 5 (2, 0, 21 2, 04 0,05. r 0431 431 0,431 0,001, 0001 0,001 0405 405 0,405 0393 393 0,393 0283 283 0,283 línguavolume 0280 280 0,280 0,012. 0012 0,012 012 0,012) Conclusões obesidade (AOS kg/m ( 0,0 00 15 (1 (2 043 0,43 000 0,00 040 0,40 039 39 0,39 028 28 0,28 03 0,3 02 0,2

ABSTRACT Objective: The Mallampati classification system has been used to predict obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Upper airway soft tissue structures are prone to fat deposition, and the tongue is the largest of these structures. Given that a higher Mallampati score is associated with a crowded oropharynx, we hypothesized that the Mallampati score is associated with tongue volume and an imbalance between tongue and mandible volumes. Methods: Adult males underwent clinical evaluation, polysomnography, and upper airway CT scans. Tongue and mandible volumes were calculated and compared by Mallampati class. Results: Eighty patients were included (mean age, 46.8 years). On average, the study participants were overweight (BMI, 29.3 ± 4.0 kg/m2) and had moderate OSA (an apnea-hypopnea index of 26.2 ± 26.7 events/h). Mallampati class IV patients were older than Mallampati class II patients (53 ± 9 years vs. 40 ± 12 years; p < 0.01), had a larger neck circumference (43 ± 3 cm vs. 40 ± 3 cm; p < 0.05), had more severe OSA (51 ± 27 events/h vs. 24 ± 23 events/h; p < 0.01), and had a larger tongue volume (152 ± 19 cm3 vs. 135 ± 18 cm3; p < 0.01). Mallampati class IV patients also had a larger tongue volume than did Mallampati class III patients (152 ± 19 cm3 vs. 135 ± 13 cm3; p < 0.05), as well as having a higher tongue to mandible volume ratio (2.5 ± 0.5 cm3 vs. 2.1 ± 0.4 cm3; p < 0.05). The Mallampati score was associated with the apnea-hypopnea index (r = 0.431, p < 0.001), BMI (r = 0.405, p < 0.001), neck and waist circumference (r = 0.393, p < 0.001), tongue volume (r = 0.283, p < 0.001), and tongue/mandible volume (r = 0.280, p = 0.012). Conclusions: The Mallampati score appears to be influenced by obesity, tongue enlargement, and upper airway crowding. Objective OSA. . (OSA) deposition oropharynx Methods evaluation polysomnography scans Results mean age 468 46 8 46. years. years) average BMI, (BMI 293 29 29. 4 0 4. kg/m2 kgm2 kgm kg m2 m apneahypopnea hypopnea 262 26 2 26. 267 7 events/h. eventsh events h events/h) 53 (5 vs 1 0.01, 001 0.01 , 01 0.01) 43 (4 0.05, 005 0.05 05 0.05) 51 152 (15 0.01. 2.5 25 5 (2. 0. 21 2. 04 0.05. r 0431 431 0.431 0.001, 0001 0.001 0.001) 0405 405 0.405 0393 393 0.393 0283 283 0.283 tonguemandible 0280 280 0.280 0.012. 0012 0.012 012 0.012) Conclusions obesity enlargement crowding (OSA kg/m ( 00 0.0 15 (1 (2 043 0.43 000 0.00 040 0.40 039 39 0.39 028 28 0.28 03 0.3 02 0.2

https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20220402

Effects of Exercise Training on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function Markers in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Randomized Study
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Durante, Bruno G.

; Ferreira-Silva, Rosyvaldo

; Goya, Thiago T.

; Lima, Marta F.

; Rodrigues, Ana Clara T.

; Drager, Luciano F.

; Jordão, Camila P.

; Rodrigues, Amanda G.

; Alves, Maria Janieire de Nazare N.

; Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo

; Negrão, Carlos E.

; Ueno-Pardi, Linda M.

International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences

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oct 2022, Volume 35 N. 5 Pages 646 - 656

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract Background Exercise training (ET) is an adjunctive treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and its consequences. However, the effects of exercise on heart remodeling are unknown in the population with OSA. Objective We investigated the effect of ET on markers of diastolic function, sleep parameters, and functional capacity in patients with OSA. Methods Sedentary patients with OSA (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI ≥15 events/hr) were randomly assigned to untrained (n=18) and trained (n=20) strategies. Polysomnography, cardiopulmonary exercise test, and echocardiography were evaluated at the beginning and end of the study. ET consisted of 3 weekly sessions of aerobic exercise, resistance exercises, and flexibility training (72 sessions, completed in 11.65±0.86 months). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05 for all analyses. Result Thirty-eight patients were included (AHI:45±29 events/hr, age:52±7 y, body mass index: 30±4 kg/m2). They had similar baseline parameters. ET caused a significant change in OSA severity (AHI:4.5±18 versus -5.7±13 events/hr; arousal index:1.5±8 versus -6.1±13 events/hr, in untrained and trained groups respectively, p<0.05). The trained patients had an increase in functional capacity after intervention. ET improved isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT, untrained=6.5±17.3 versus trained=-5.1±17.1 msec, p<0.05). There was a significant correlation between changes in IVRT and arousal index in the trained group (r =-0.54, p<0.05). No difference occurred in the other diastolic function parameters evaluated. Conclusion ET promotes modest but significant improvement in AHI, functional capacity, and cardiac IVRT, a validated parameter of diastolic function.

https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210146

Brazilian Thoracic Association Consensus on Sleep-disordered Breathing
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Duarte, Ricardo Luiz de Menezes

; Togeiro, Sonia Maria Guimarães Pereira

; Palombini, Luciana de Oliveira

; Rizzatti, Fabíola Paula Galhardo

; Fagondes, Simone Chaves

; Magalhães-da-Silveira, Flavio José

; Cabral, Marília Montenegro

; Genta, Pedro Rodrigues

; Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo

; Clímaco, Danielle Cristina Silva

; Drager, Luciano Ferreira

; Codeço, Vitor Martins

; Viegas, Carlos Alberto de Assis

; Rabahi, Marcelo Fouad

Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia

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2022, Volume 48 N. 4 elocation e20220106

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO O sono é essencial para o adequado funcionamento de todos os indivíduos. Os distúrbios respiratórios do sono ocorrem em todas as faixas etárias, constituindo motivo frequente de consulta médica. O objetivo deste consenso foi atualizar os conhecimentos sobre os principais distúrbios respiratórios do sono tanto na população adulta quanto na pediátrica, com ênfase na apneia obstrutiva do sono. A apneia obstrutiva do sono é uma doença extremamente prevalente, porém frequentemente subdiagnosticada. Associa-se frequentemente a uma série de comorbidades, notadamente cardiovasculares, metabólicas e neurocognitivas, que impactam significativamente na qualidade de vida e na mortalidade. Por conta disso, o Departamento de Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia reuniu 14 especialistas com reconhecida e comprovada experiência em distúrbios respiratórios do sono para a elaboração deste documento.

ABSTRACT Sleep is essential for the proper functioning of all individuals. Sleep-disordered breathing can occur at any age and is a common reason for medical visits. The objective of this consensus is to update knowledge about the main causes of sleep-disordered breathing in adult and pediatric populations, with an emphasis on obstructive sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea is an extremely prevalent but often underdiagnosed disease. It is often accompanied by comorbidities, notably cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive disorders, which have a significant impact on quality of life and mortality rates. Therefore, to create this consensus, the Sleep-Disordered Breathing Department of the Brazilian Thoracic Association brought together 14 experts with recognized, proven experience in sleep-disordered breathing.

https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20220106

Apneias Muito Longas em Posição Prona em uma Paciente Eutrófica com Doença Arterial Coronariana: Implicações para o Risco Cardiovascular
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Furlan, Sofia Fontanello

; Sinkunas, Viktor

; Genta, Pedro Rodrigues

; Lorenzi Filho, Geraldo

; Drager, Luciano F.

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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feb 2021, Volume 116 N. 2 Pages 25 - 27

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200191 645 downloads

Exercise training reduces sympathetic nerve activity and improves executive performance in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea
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Goya, Thiago Tanaka

; Ferreira-Silva, Rosyvaldo

; Gara, Elisangela Macedo

; Guerra, Renan Segalla

; Barbosa, Eline Rozária Ferreira

; Toschi-Dias, Edgar

; Cunha, Paulo Jannuzzi

; Negrão, Carlos Eduardo

; Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo

; Ueno-Pardi, Linda Massako

Clinics

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2021, Volume 76 elocation e2786

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of exercise training (ET) on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and executive performance during Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) also referred to as mental stress test. METHODS: Forty-four individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and no significant co-morbidities were randomized into 2 groups; 15 individuals completed the control period, and 18 individuals completed the ET. Mini-mental state of examination and intelligence quotient were also assessed. MSNA assessed by microneurography, heart rate by electrocardiography, blood pressure (automated oscillometric device) were measured at baseline and during 3 min of the SCWT. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) was evaluated using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Executive performance was assessed by the total correct responses during 3 min of the SCWT. ET consisted of 3 weekly sessions of aerobic exercise, resistance exercises, and flexibility (72 sessions, achieved in 40±3.9 weeks). RESULTS: Baseline parameters were similar between groups. Heart rate, blood pressure, and MSNA responses during SCWT were similar between groups (p>0.05). The comparisons between groups showed that the changes in VO2 (4.7±0.8 vs -1.2±0.4) and apnea-hypopnea index (-7.4±3.1 vs 5.5±3.3) in the exercise-trained group were significantly greater than those observed in the control group respectively (p<0.05) after intervention. ET reduced MSNA responses (p<0.05) and significantly increased the number of correct answers (12.4%) during SCWT. The number of correct answers was unchanged in the control group (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ET improves sympathetic response and executive performance during SCWT, suggesting a prominent positive impact of ET on prefrontal functioning in individuals with OSA. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT002289625.

https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2021/e2786 128 downloads

The effect of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and uncontrolled hypertension - Study design and challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic
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Cruz, Fernanda C.S.G.

; Drager, Luciano F.

; Queiróz, Daniel B.C.

; Souza, Gabriela A.

; Pedrosa, Rodrigo P.

; Patriota, Tarcya L.G Couto

; Dórea, Egidio L.

; Vieira, Marcelo Luiz C.

; Righi, Camila G.

; Martinez, Denis

; Silva, Geruza A. da

; Silva, Giovanio V.

; Pio-Abreu, Andrea

; Lotufo, Paulo A.

; Benseãor, Isabela M.

; Bortolotto, Luiz A.

; Fuchs, Flávio D.

; Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo

Clinics

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2021, Volume 76 elocation e2926

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVES: To describe the MORPHEOS (Morbidity in patients with uncontrolled HTN and OSA) trial, and describe the challenges imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: MORPHEOS is a multicenter (n=6) randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the blood pressure (BP) lowering effects of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or placebo (nasal strips) for 6 months in adult patients with uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Patients using at least one antihypertensive medication were included. Uncontrolled HTN was confirmed by at least one abnormal parameter in the 24-hour ABPM and ≥80% medication adherence evaluated by pill counting after the run-in period. OSA was defined by an apnea-hypopnea index ≥15 events/hours. The co-primary endpoints are brachial BP (office and ambulatory BP monitoring, ABPM) and central BP. Secondary outcomes include hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) to heart, aorta, eye, and kidney. We pre-specified several sub-studies from this investigation. Visits occur once a week in the first month and once a month thereafter. The programmed sample size was 176 patients but the pandemic prevented this final target. A post-hoc power analysis will be calculated from the final sample. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02270658. RESULTS: The first 100 patients are predominantly males (n=69), age: 52±10 years, body mass index: 32.7±3.9 kg/m2 with frequent co-morbidities. CONCLUSIONS: The MORPHEOS trial has a unique study design including a run-in period; pill counting, and detailed analysis of hypertension-mediated organ damage in patients with uncontrolled HTN that will allow clarification of the impact of OSA treatment with CPAP.

https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2021/e2926 145 downloads

Validation of an Overnight Wireless High-Resolution Oximeter plus Cloud-Based Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Pinheiro, George do Lago

; Cruz, Andrea Fonseca

; Domingues, Diego Munduruca

; Genta, Pedro Rodrigues

; Drager, Luciano F.

; Strollo, Patrick J.

; Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo

Clinics

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2020, Volume 75 elocation e2414

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but largely underdiagnosed condition. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the oxygen desaturation index (ODI) obtained using a wireless high-resolution oximeter with a built-in accelerometer linked to a smartphone with automated cloud analysis, Overnight Digital Monitoring (ODM), is a reliable method for the diagnosis of OSA. METHODS: Consecutive patients referred to the sleep laboratory with suspected OSA underwent in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG) and simultaneous ODM. The PSG apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was analyzed using the criteria recommended and accepted by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) for the definition of hypopnea: arousal or ≥3% O2 desaturation (PSG-AHI3%) and ≥4% O2 desaturation (PSG-AHI4%), respectively. The results of PSG and ODM were compared by drawing parallels between the PSG-AHI3% and PSG-AHI4% with ODM-ODI3% and ODM-ODI4%, respectively. Bland-Altman plots, intraclass correlation, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were conducted for statistical evaluation. ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT03526133. RESULTS: This study included 304 participants (men: 55%; age: 55±14 years; body mass index: 30.9±5.7 kg/m2; PSG-AHI3%: 35.3±30.1/h, ODM-ODI3%: 30.3±25.9/h). The variability in the AASM scoring bias (PSG-AHI3% vs PSG-AHI4%) was significantly higher than that for PSG-AHI3% vs ODM-ODI3% (3%) and PSG-AHI4% vs ODM-ODI4% (4%) (9.7, 5.0, and 2.9/h, respectively; p<0.001). The limits of agreement (2±SD, derived from the Bland-Altman plot) of AASM scoring variability were also within the same range for (PSG vs ODM) 3% and 4% variability: 18.9, 21.6, and 16.5/h, respectively. The intraclass correlation/AUC for AASM scoring variability and PSG vs ODM 3% or 4% variability were also within the same range (0.944/0.977 and 0.953/0.955 or 0.971/0.964, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that ODM is a simple and accurate method for the diagnosis of OSA.

https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2020/e2414 450 downloads

State-dependent changes in the upper airway assessed by multidetector CT in healthy individuals and during obstructive events in patients with sleep apnea
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Passos, Ula Lindoso

; Genta, Pedro Rodrigues

; Marcondes, Bianca Fernandes

; Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo

; Gebrim, Eloisa Maria Mello Santiago

Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia

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2019, Volume 45 N. 4 elocation e20180264

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar se o estreitamento das vias aéreas durante eventos obstrutivos ocorre predominantemente na região retropalatal e resulta de alterações dinâmicas nas paredes laterais da faringe e na posição da língua. Métodos: Avaliamos 11 pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) grave (grupo AOS) e 7 indivíduos saudáveis sem AOS (grupo controle) durante a vigília e o sono natural (documentado por meio de polissonografia completa). Por meio de TC multidetectores rápida, obtivemos imagens das vias aéreas superiores no estado de vigília e de sono. Resultados: O estreitamento das vias aéreas superiores durante o sono foi significativamente maior na região retropalatal do que na região retrolingual no grupo AOS (p < 0,001) e no grupo controle (p < 0,05). O volume da via aérea retropalatal foi menor no grupo AOS do que no grupo controle durante a vigília (p < 0,05) e diminuiu significativamente da vigília ao sono apenas no grupo AOS. O estreitamento retropalatal da faringe foi atribuído à redução do diâmetro anteroposterior (p = 0,001) e lateral (p = 0,006), que se correlacionou com o aumento do volume das paredes laterais da faringe (p = 0,001) e o deslocamento posterior da língua (p = 0,001). Não ocorreu estreitamento retrolingual da faringe durante o sono no grupo AOS. Conclusões: Em pacientes com AOS, o estreitamento das vias aéreas superiores durante o sono ocorre predominantemente na região retropalatal e afeta as dimensões anteroposterior e lateral, além de estar relacionado com aumento das paredes laterais da faringe e deslocamento posterior da língua.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether airway narrowing during obstructive events occurs predominantly at the retropalatal level and results from dynamic changes in the lateral pharyngeal walls and in tongue position. Methods: We evaluated 11 patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and 7 healthy controls without OSA during wakefulness and during natural sleep (documented by full polysomnography). Using fast multidetector CT, we obtained images of the upper airway in the waking and sleep states. Results: Upper airway narrowing during sleep was significantly greater at the retropalatal level than at the retroglossal level in the OSA group (p < 0.001) and in the control group (p < 0.05). The retropalatal airway volume was smaller in the OSA group than in the control group during wakefulness (p < 0.05) and decreased significantly from wakefulness to sleep only among the OSA group subjects. Retropalatal pharyngeal narrowing was attributed to reductions in the anteroposterior diameter (p = 0.001) and lateral diameter (p = 0.006), which correlated with an increase in lateral pharyngeal wall volume (p = 0.001) and posterior displacement of the tongue (p = 0.001), respectively. Retroglossal pharyngeal narrowing during sleep did not occur in the OSA group subjects. Conclusions: In patients with OSA, upper airway narrowing during sleep occurs predominantly at the retropalatal level, affecting the anteroposterior and lateral dimensions, being associated with lateral pharyngeal wall enlargement and posterior tongue displacement.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-3713/e20180264 1725 downloads

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a current review
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Athayde, Rodolfo Augusto Bacelar de

; Oliveira Filho, José Ricardo Bandeira de

; Lorenzi Filho, Geraldo

; Genta, Pedro Rodrigues

Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia

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dec 2018, Volume 44 N. 6 Pages 510 - 518

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO A síndrome de obesidade-hipoventilação (SOH) é definida pela presença de obesidade (índice de massa corpórea ≥ 30 kg/m2) e hipercapnia arterial diurna (PaCO2 ≥ 45 mmHg), na ausência de outras causas. A SOH é frequentemente negligenciada e confundida com outras patologias associadas à hipoventilação, em particular à DPOC. A importância do reconhecimento da SOH se dá por sua elevada prevalência, assim como alta morbidade e mortalidade se não tratada. Na presente revisão, abordamos os recentes avanços na fisiopatologia e no manejo da SOH. Revisamos a utilidade da medição do bicarbonato venoso como rastreamento e os critérios diagnósticos que descartam a necessidade de polissonografia. Destacamos ainda os avanços no tratamento da SOH, incluindo medidas comportamentais, e estudos recentes que comparam a eficácia do uso de pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas e de ventilação não invasiva.

ABSTRACT Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is defined as the presence of obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m²) and daytime arterial hypercapnia (PaCO2 ≥ 45 mmHg) in the absence of other causes of hypoventilation. OHS is often overlooked and confused with other conditions associated with hypoventilation, particularly COPD. The recognition of OHS is important because of its high prevalence and the fact that, if left untreated, it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In the present review, we address recent advances in the pathophysiology and management of OHS, the usefulness of determination of venous bicarbonate in screening for OHS, and diagnostic criteria for OHS that eliminate the need for polysomnography. In addition, we review advances in the treatment of OHS, including behavioral measures, and recent studies comparing the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure with that of noninvasive ventilation.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562017000000332 13083 downloads

10.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea is Common and Associated with Heart Remodeling in Patients with Chagas Disease
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Medeiros, Carolina de Araújo

; Secundo, Isaac Vieira

; Silveira, Carlos Antônio da Mota

; Castilho, José Maria del

; Albuquerque, Afonso Luiz Tavares de

; Martins, Sílvia Marinho

; Oliveira Júnior, Wilson de

; Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo

; Drager, Luciano F.

; Pedrosa, Rodrigo Pinto

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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sep 2018, Volume 111 N. 3 Pages 364 - 372

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo Fundamento: A doença de Chagas (DC) é uma causa importante de morbimortalidade por insuficiência cardíaca e arritmias malignas em todo o mundo, especialmente na América Latina. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) com remodelação cardíaca e arritmias cardíacas em pacientes com DC. Métodos: Foram incluídos pacientes consecutivos com DC, com idade entre 30 e 65 anos. Os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, estudo do sono, Holter de 24 horas, ecocardiograma e monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial. Resultados: Foram avaliados 135 pacientes [idade: 56 (45-62) anos; 30% homens; IMC: 26 ± 4 kg/m2, cardiomiopatia chagásica: 70%]. AOS moderada a grave (índice de apneia-hipopneia, IAH, ≥ 15 eventos/h) estava presente em 21% dos pacientes. AOS não estava associada a arritmias nessa população. Em comparação com pacientes com AOS leve ou ausente, pacientes com AOS moderada a grave apresentaram maior frequência de hipertensão (79% vs. 72% vs. 44%, p < 0,01) e pressão arterial sistólica noturna mais alta: 119 ± 17 vs. 113 ± 13 vs. 110 ± 11 mmHg, p = 0,01; diâmetro do átrio esquerdo maior [37 (33‑42) vs. 35 (33-39) vs. 33 (30-36) mm, p < 0,01]; e maior proporção de disfunção ventricular esquerda [FEVE < 50% (39% vs. 28% vs. 11%), p < 0,01], respectivamente. O preditor de dimensão do átrio esquerdo foi Log10 (IAH) (β = 3,86, IC 95%: 1,91 a 5,81; p < 0,01). Os preditores de disfunção ventricular foram IAH >15 eventos/h (OR = 3,61, IC 95%: 1,31 - 9,98; p = 0,01), pressão arterial sistólica (OR = 1,06, IC95%: 1,02 - 1,10; p < 0,01) e sexo masculino (OR = 3,24, IC 95%: 1,31 - 8,01; p = 0,01). Conclusões: A AOS está independentemente associada à remodelação atrial e ventricular em pacientes com DC.

Abstract Background: Chagas Disease (CD) is an important cause of morbimortality due to heart failure and malignant arrhythmias worldwide, especially in Latin America. Objective: To investigate the association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with heart remodeling and cardiac arrhythmias in patients CD. Methods: Consecutive patients with CD, aged between 30 to 65 years old were enrolled. Participants underwent clinical evaluation, sleep study, 24-hour Holter monitoring, echocardiogram and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Results: We evaluated 135 patients [age: 56 (45-62) years; 30% men; BMI: 26 ± 4 kg/m2, Chagas cardiomyopathy: 70%]. Moderate to severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI, ≥ 15 events/h) was present in 21% of the patients. OSA was not associated with arrhythmias in this population. As compared to patients with mild or no OSA, patients with moderate to severe OSA had higher frequency of hypertension (79% vs. 72% vs. 44%, p < 0.01) higher nocturnal systolic blood pressure: 119 ± 17 vs. 113 ± 13 vs. 110 ± 11 mmHg, p = 0.01; larger left atrial diameter [37 (33-42) vs. 35 (33-39) vs. 33 (30-36) mm, p < 0.01]; and a greater proportion of left ventricular dysfunction [LVEF < 50% (39% vs. 28% vs. 11%), p < 0.01], respectively. Predictor of left atrial dimension was Log10 (AHI) (b = 3.86, 95% CI: 1.91 to 5.81; p < 0.01). Predictors of ventricular dysfunction were AHI > 15 events/h (OR = 3.61, 95% CI: 1.31 - 9.98; p = 0.01), systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.10; p < 0.01) and male gender (OR = 3.24, 95% CI: 1.31 - 8.01; p = 0.01). Conclusions: OSA is independently associated with atrial and ventricular remodeling in patients with CD.

https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20180131 1215 downloads

11.

1º Posicionamento Brasileiro sobre o Impacto dos Distúrbios de Sono nas Doenças Cardiovasculares da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia
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Drager, Luciano F.

; Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo

; Cintra, Fatima Dumas

; Pedrosa, Rodrigo P.

; Bittencourt, Lia R. A.

; Poyares, Dalva

; Carvalho, Carolina Gonzaga

; Moura, Sonia Maria Guimarães Pereira Togeiro

; Santos-Silva, Rogerio

; Bruin, Pedro F. C. de

; Geovanini, Glaucylara R.

; Albuquerque, Felipe N.

; Oliveira, Wercules Antonio Alves de

; Moreira, Gustavo A.

; Ueno, Linda Massako

; Nerbass, Flávia Baggio

; Rondon, Maria Urbana Pinto Brandão

; Barbosa, Eline Rozária Ferreira

; Bertolami, Adriana

; Paola, Angelo Amato Vincenzo de

; Marques, Betânia Braga Silva

; Rizzi, Camila Futado

; Negrão, Carlos Eduardo

; Uchôa, Carlos Henrique Gomes

; Maki-Nunes, Cristiane

; Martinez, Denis

; Fernández, Edmundo Arteaga

; Maroja, Fabrizio U.

; Almeida, Fernanda R.

; Trombetta, Ivani C.

; Storti, Luciana J.

; Bortolotto, Luiz Aparecido

; Mello, Marco Túlio de

; Borges, Melania Aparecida

; Andersen, Monica Levy

; Portilho, Natanael de Paula

; Macedo, Paula

; Alves, Rosana

; Tufik, Sergio

; Fagondes, Simone C.

; Risso, Thaís Telles

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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aug 2018, Volume 111 N. 2 Pages 290 - 340

Abstract: Pt | Text: Pt | PDF: Pt

https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20180154 8719 downloads

12.

Evaluation of peripheral auditory pathways and brainstem in obstructive sleep apnea
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Matsumura, Erika

; Matas, Carla Gentile

; Magliaro, Fernanda Cristina Leite

; Pedreño, Raquel Meirelles

; Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo

; Sanches, Seisse Gabriela Gandolfi

; Carvallo, Renata Mota Mamede

Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

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jan 2018, Volume 84 N. 1 Pages 51 - 57

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo Introdução A Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono provoca modificações na arquitetura normal do sono, fragmentando-o de forma crônica com hipóxias intermitentes levando, a longo prazo, a sérias consequências na saúde. Acredita-se que a ocorrência de eventos respiratórios durante o sono como apneia e hipopneia pode prejudicar a transmissão de impulsos nervosos ao longo da via auditiva que são altamente dependentes do fornecimento do oxigênio. Contudo, essa associação não se encontra bem estabelecida na literatura. Objetivo Comparar os achados da avaliação da via auditiva periférica e no tronco encefálico entre indivíduos portadores e não portadores de apneia obstrutiva do sono. Método A casuística foi composta por 38 adultos do sexo masculino, média de idade de 35,8 (±7,2); divididos em quatro grupos experimentais pareados por idade e índice da massa corpórea. Os grupos foram classificados com base na polissonografia em: controle (n = 10), apneia obstrutiva do sono leve (n = 11), apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada (n = 8) e apneia obstrutiva do sono grave (n = 9). Todos os sujeitos do estudo negaram história pregressa de risco para perda auditiva e foram submetidos à audiometria, timpanometria, pesquisa dos reflexos acústicos e Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Tronco Encefálico. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por meio de ANOVA 3-fatores, ANOVA 2-fatores, teste de Qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher. O nível de significância adotado para todos os testes foi de 5%. Resultados Não houve diferença entre os grupos para os limiares auditivos, timpanometria e parâmetros avaliados do Peate. Observou-se associação entre a presença da apneia obstrutiva do sono e alteração da latência absoluta da onda V (p = 0,03). Observou-se associação entre apneia obstrutiva do sono de grau moderado e alteração da latência da onda V (p = 0,01). Conclusão A presença de apneia obstrutiva do sono está associada à presença de alteração na condução nervosa do estímulo acústico na via auditiva em tronco encefálico. O aumento do grau de severidade da apneia obstrutiva do sono não promove piora das respostas avaliadas pela audiometria, timpanometria e Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Tronco Encefálico.

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea causes changes in normal sleep architecture, fragmenting it chronically with intermittent hypoxia, leading to serious health consequences in the long term. It is believed that the occurrence of respiratory events during sleep, such as apnea and hypopnea, can impair the transmission of nerve impulses along the auditory pathway that are highly dependent on the supply of oxygen. However, this association is not well established in the literature. Objective To compare the evaluation of peripheral auditory pathway and brainstem among individuals with and without obstructive sleep apnea. Methods The sample consisted of 38 adult males, mean age of 35.8 (±7.2), divided into four groups matched for age and Body Mass Index. The groups were classified based on polysomnography in: control (n = 10), mild obstructive sleep apnea (n = 11) moderate obstructive sleep apnea (n = 8) and severe obstructive sleep apnea (n = 9). All study subjects denied a history of risk for hearing loss and underwent audiometry, tympanometry, acoustic reflex and Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response. Statistical analyses were performed using three-factor ANOVA, 2-factor ANOVA, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. The significance level for all tests was 5%. Results There was no difference between the groups for hearing thresholds, tympanometry and evaluated Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response parameters. An association was observed between the presence of obstructive sleep apnea and changes in absolute latency of wave V (p = 0.03). There was an association between moderate obstructive sleep apnea and change of the latency of wave V (p = 0.01). Conclusion The presence of obstructive sleep apnea is associated with changes in nerve conduction of acoustic stimuli in the auditory pathway in the brainstem. The increase in obstructive sleep apnea severity does not promote worsening of responses assessed by audiometry, tympanometry and Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.10.014 1258 downloads

13.

My time at the JBP
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Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo

Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia

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oct 2015, Volume 41 N. 5 Pages 401 - 401

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132015000500005 855 downloads

14.

Sleep and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes
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Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara

; Wey, Daniela

; Schorr, Fabiola

; Franco, Denise Reis

; Carra, Mario Kehdi

; Lorenzi Filho, Geraldo

; Menna-Barreto, Luiz

Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism

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feb 2015, Volume 59 N. 1 Pages 71 - 78

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Objective Our aim in the present study was to elucidate how type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and sleep parameters interact, which was rarely evaluated up to the moment. Materials and methods Eighteen T1DM subjects without chronic complications, and 9 control subjects, matched for age and BMI, were studied. The following instruments used to evaluate sleep: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, sleep diaries, actimeters, and polysomnography in a Sleep Lab. Glycemic control in T1DM individuals was evaluated through: A1C, home fingertip glucometer for 10 days (concomitant with the sleep diary and actimeter), and CGM or concomitant with continuous glucose monitoring (during the polysomnography night). Results Comparing with the control group, individuals with diabetes presented more pronounced sleep extension from weekdays to weekends than control subjects (p = 0.0303). Among T1DM, glycemic variability (SD) was positively correlated with sleep latency (r = 0.6525, p = 0.0033); full awakening index and arousal index were positively correlated with A1C (r = 0.6544, p = 0.0081; and r = 0.5680, p = 0.0272, respectively); and mean glycemia values were negatively correlated with sleep quality in T1DM individuals with better glycemic control (mean glycemia < 154 mg/dL). Conclusion Our results support the hypothesis of an interaction between sleep parameters and T1DM, where the glycemic control plays an important role. More studies are needed to unveil the mechanisms behind this interaction, which may allow, in the future, clinicians and educators to consider sleep in the effort of regulating glycemic control. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(1):71-8

https://doi.org/10.1590/2359-3997000000013 3650 downloads

15.

Impact of the type of mask on the effectiveness of and adherence to continuous positive airway pressure treatment for obstructive sleep apnea
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Andrade, Rafaela Garcia Santos de

; Piccin, Vivien Schmeling

; Nascimento, Juliana Araújo

; Viana, Fernanda Madeiro Leite

; Genta, Pedro Rodrigues

; Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo

Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia

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dec 2014, Volume 40 N. 6 Pages 658 - 668

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

O tratamento com continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP, pressão positiva continua nas vias aéreas) é o padrão ouro na apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS). Apesar de a CPAP ter sido originalmente aplicada através de máscara nasal, várias interfaces são atualmente disponíveis. Revisamos conceitos teóricos e questionamos a premissa de que todas as máscaras produzem resultados semelhantes. Compilamos as evidências na literatura sobre o impacto do tipo de máscara na eficácia e na adesão ao tratamento com CPAP em pacientes com AOS. Foram pesquisados artigos escritos em inglês na base de dados PubMed com as palavras-chave "CPAP", "mask" e "obstructive sleep apnea". Dos 91 artigos encontrados, somente 12 foram selecionados por descrever o impacto do tipo de máscara sobre a efetividade (n = 6) ou a adesão (n = 6) ao tratamento. Apesar de alguns resultados conflitantes, não encontramos efeitos significativos da máscara pillow nasal e da máscara oral na eficácia ou adesão ao tratamento da AOS. Em contraste, a maior parte dos estudos mostrou que a máscara oronasal é menos efetiva e mais frequentemente associada a menor adesão e maior abandono do tratamento do que a máscara nasal. Concluímos que a máscara oronasal pode comprometer a eficácia e a adesão ao tratamento da AOS com CPAP. Estudos futuros são necessários para a compreensão dos mecanismos exatos envolvidos neste efeito.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the gold standard for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Although CPAP was originally applied with a nasal mask, various interfaces are currently available. This study reviews theoretical concepts and questions the premise that all types of interfaces produce similar results. We revised the evidence in the literature about the impact that the type of CPAP interface has on the effectiveness of and adherence to OSA treatment. We searched the PubMed database using the search terms "CPAP", "mask", and "obstructive sleep apnea". Although we identified 91 studies, only 12 described the impact of the type of CPAP interface on treatment effectiveness (n = 6) or adherence (n = 6). Despite conflicting results, we found no consistent evidence that nasal pillows and oral masks alter OSA treatment effectiveness or adherence. In contrast, most studies showed that oronasal masks are less effective and are more often associated with lower adherence and higher CPAP abandonment than are nasal masks. We concluded that oronasal masks can compromise CPAP OSA treatment adherence and effectiveness. Further studies are needed in order to understand the exact mechanisms involved in this effect.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132014000600010 7131 downloads

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