This study investigates the incorporation of hafnium (Hf) into polyurethane foams (PUs), an underexplored area in polymer materials research. The synthesis of Hf-containing PU foams was conducted, and their characterization was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results revealed a significant increase in the stiffness of PU foams due to the potential formation of hafnium isocyanate. Quantitative values obtained through DMA tests demonstrated an approximate increase of 95.97% for PU Hf 0.5% and 342.72% for PU Hf 3%, compared to the sample without Hf. These data highlight the influence of hafnium on enhancing the mechanical properties of polyurethane foams. (Hf PUs, PUs , (PUs) research Hfcontaining containing conducted FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) Xray X ray XRD, XRD (XRD) OM, OM (OM) DMA. . (DMA) isocyanate 9597 95 97 95.97 05 0 5 0.5 34272 342 72 342.72 3 3% (PUs (FTIR (XRD (OM (DMA 959 9 95.9 0. 3427 34 7 342.7 95. 342.

Abstract Polyurethanes, versatile polymers extensively explored across industries, can be augmented by incorporating complementary materials like lanthanides. This research presents a novel approach, employing a one-shot synthesis to create polyurethane-lanthanide composites using polyol, isocyanate, samarium, and holmium oxides. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy affirmed successful polyurethane matrix formation, while XRD unveiled distinct phases in lanthanide-loaded matrices versus soft, low-crystallinity polyurethane in control foam. Optical microscopy displayed morphology alterations due to samarium and holmium. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed heightened composite thermal stability compared to control foam. Looking ahead, these outcomes prompt further exploration of polyurethane-lanthanide composites, particularly in harnessing property changes for diverse applications. Polyurethanes industries lanthanides approach oneshot one shot polyurethanelanthanide lanthanide polyol isocyanate oxides formation lanthanideloaded loaded soft lowcrystallinity low crystallinity foam ahead applications

P20 steel, which is mainly used in plastic molds, was thermochemically treated by ion plasma nitriding and solid and gas carburization. In this work, the solid and gas carburization were performed at 925 ºC for four different durations. The ion plasma nitriding was performed at 520 ºC for four different durations. The thermochemical treatment increased the micro abrasive wear resistance of the studied material. The gas carburizing treatment resulted in a greater surface microhardness. Longer treatment times increased the effectiveness of the thickness layer in all cases. The solid carburization produced a larger thickness layer than the gas carburization and ion nitriding.