ABSTRACT Optimizing resources is essential for the excellence and competitiveness of a forestry company. In this context, this study evaluated the productivity and quality of eucalyptus wood processing for energy purposes. The study was conducted in a forestry company in Paraná State in stands of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus saligna clones named stands 1 and 2, respectively, with an age of 7 years old. The trees were processed with a harvester and included the following four stem diameter limits for pulp production and co-products for energy purposes: 8, 10, 12, and 14 cm; and pulp logs with a length of 7.20 m. The technical analysis of the operation determined the average operating cycle times, utilization rate and machine productivity. In addition, a quality analysis determined the stem diameter limits for production of the co-products and the lengths of the pulp logs; the limit diameters were compared by the Tukey’s test, and the stands by the Student’s t-test (α ≤ 0.05). The results showed that the processing time decreased with increasing limit diameter, with the highest values being in stand 1 due to the higher number of branches and forked trees. The processing logs at 10 cm limit diameter provided higher harvester productivity, with 59.5 m³ PMH-¹ and 62.2 m³ PMH-¹ in stands 1 and 2, respectively. Furthermore, the best quality in the limit diameter measurement was obtained at 10 cm. Thus, the effects of forest stand and limit diameters on processing and operation quality were evident. context purposes 2 respectively old coproducts co products 8 12 720 20 7.2 m times addition Tukeys Tukey s test Students Student ttest t α 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) 595 59 5 59. PMH¹ PMH ¹ PMH- 622 62 62. Furthermore Thus evident 72 7. 00 0.0 6 0.

RESUMO A otimização dos recursos é essencial para a excelência e competitividade de uma empresa florestal. Neste contexto, o estudo avaliou a produtividade e a qualidade do processamento da madeira de eucalipto para fins energéticos. Para isso, o estudo foi conduzido em uma empresa florestal no estado do Paraná, em povoamentos de clones de Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus saligna denominados povoamentos 1 e 2, respectivamente, com idade de 7 anos. O processamento das árvores com o harvester incluiu quatro limites de diâmetros do fuste para a produção de celulose e coprodutos para fins energéticos, sendo: 8, 10, 12, e 14 cm; e, toras para celulose com um comprimento de 7,20 m. A análise técnica da operação determinou os tempos médios do ciclo operacional, a taxa de utilização e a produtividade da máquina. Ao passo que, a análise de qualidade determinou os diâmetros limite do fuste para a produção dos coprodutos e os comprimentos das toras para celulose, sendo que, os diâmetros limite foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey e os povoamentos pelo teste t de Student (α ≤ 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que o tempo de processamento diminuiu com o aumento do diâmetro limite, com os valores mais elevados no povoamento 1, devido ao maior número de galhos e de árvores bifurcadas. As toras processadas no diâmetro limite de 10 cm proporcionaram uma maior produtividade do harvester, com 59,5 m³ PMH-¹ e 62,2 m³ PMH-¹ nos povoamentos 1 e 2, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, a melhor qualidade na medição do diâmetro da ponta foi obtida a 10 cm. Portanto, os efeitos dos povoamentos florestais e dos diâmetros limite na qualidade de processamento e operação eram evidentes. contexto energéticos isso Paraná 2 respectivamente anos 8 12 720 20 7,2 m operacional máquina α 0,05. 005 0,05 . 0 05 0,05) bifurcadas 595 59 5 59, PMH¹ PMH ¹ PMH- 622 62 62, Adicionalmente Portanto evidentes 72 7, 00 0,0 6 0,

RESUMO Muitos estudos sobre ergonomia em operações florestais são pontuais e abordam isoladamente as variáveis ergonômicas, com cada resultado obtido em uma escala específica. Objetivou-se aprimorar um indicador ergonômico por meio de uma classificação de acordo com a urgência da intervenção ergonômica, com vistas a melhorar sua praticidade de aplicação em máquinas de colheita florestal. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em florestas plantadas de uma empresa do Sul do Brasil, a partir de avaliações ergonômicas nas máquinas feller buncher, skidder, processador florestal, harvesters e forwarder, nos turnos diurno e noturno de trabalho. Mediu-se vibração, ruído, calor, iluminância, repetitividade, posturas e ângulos de visibilidade. Os resultados das avaliações ergonômicas foram padronizados pela adaptação do método do Grau de Conformidade (V) ergonômica calculado com as normas da legislação, possuindo valor entre 0 e 1, sendo que quanto maior o valor, maior a conformidade com as efetivas normas e diretrizes. Propôs-se uma classificação do grau de urgência ergonômica em cores distintas. O skidder apresentou os piores graus de conformidade, necessitando medidas corretivas emergenciais, com destaque para vibrações (V 0,0 e 0,1), ruído (V 0,2) e visibilidade no plano lateral (V 0,0) em ambos os turnos trabalhados, em decorrência dos choques e solavancos no deslocamento da máquina e na dificuldade de visibilidade da operação, além de iluminância (V 0,6) no período noturno e o calor (V 0,8) no diurno. O processador florestal apresentou o melhor desempenho ergonômico, sem emergências, porém ressaltando cuidados com ruído (V 0,7 e 0,8) e dose diária de vibração (V 0,8 e 0,7) em ambos os turnos. A classificação por meio de uma escala de cores possibilitou melhor interpretação dos indicadores e facilidade na aplicação prática das intervenções ergonômicas corretivas.

ABSTRACT Many studies on ergonomics in forestry operations are punctual and assess ergonomic variables in isolation, with each result being obtained on a specific scale. Thus, the objective of this study was to improve an ergonomic indicator through a classification according to the urgency of the ergonomic intervention, to improve its practicality of application in forest harvesting machines. This research was carried out in planted forests of a company in Southern Brazil, and based on ergonomic evaluations of a feller buncher, a skidder, a forest processor, harvesters, and forwarder machines during the day and night shifts. Vibration, noise, heat, illumination, repeatability, postures, and visibility angles were measured. The results of the ergonomic assessments were standardized by adapting the ergonomic Degree of Compliance (V) method calculated with the legislation norms, having a value between 0 and 1, and the higher the value, the greater the compliance with effective norms and guidelines. It was proposed to classify the degree of ergonomic urgency in different colors. The skidder showed the worst degrees of compliance, requiring emergency corrective measures, with an emphasis on vibrations (V 0.0 and 0.1), noise (V 0.2) and visibility in the lateral plane (V 0.0) in both shifts worked due to shocks and bumps in the machine’s movements and visibility difficulty in the operation, in addition to illumination (V 0.6) at night and heat (V 0.8) in the daytime. The forestry processor showed the best ergonomic performance without any urgencies but emphasizing care with noise (V 0.7 and 0.8) and the daily dose of vibration (V 0.8 and 0.7) in both shifts. The classification by a color scale made it possible to better interpret the indicators and facilitate the practical application of corrective ergonomic interventions.

RESUMO A mecanização na implantação florestal exige elevada demanda por energia, tempo e altos custos operacionais e de produção. Assim, estudos relacionados à influência de variáveis sobre a eficiência dessas atividades são fundamentais, para reduzir custos e otimizar as operações. Objetivou-se, com este estudo avaliar o desempenho operacional e de custos das operações mecanizadas de implantação florestal em áreas de plantio de Eucalyptus sp. Os dados foram coletados em plantios de eucalipto localizados na região norte do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. A análise do desempenho operacional determinou a distribuição dos tempos operacionais, disponibilidade mecânica, grau de utilização, eficiência operacional e produtividade das máquinas. A análise de custos estimou os custos operacionais nas atividades de implantação florestal. As operações de plantio florestal foram: afastamento de resíduos, subsolagem, coveamento com adubação, plantio, capina química e adubação de cobertura. De acordo com os resultados, o plantio (39,20%) e o afastamento dos resíduos (15,99%) representaram os maiores tempos do ciclo operacional, os menores tempos produtivos (51,48% e 53,64%) e, por fim, os maiores tempos em manutenção (32,95% e 29%). A capina química e subsolagem, apresentaram os menores tempos em manutenção (4,64% e 3,47%). A adubação de cobertura foi a operação que apresentou maior produtividade (2,99 ha he-1) e o afastamento de resíduos a menor (0,97 ha he-1). Os maiores custos por hora efetiva (13,57 R$ he-1) e menores custos de produção (81,59 R$ ha-1) ocorreram no plantio. A subsolagem apresentou maior custo de produção (112,80 R$ ha-1). O menor custo operacional foi obtido na operação de adubação. Os custos operacionais tiveram como maiores pesos o custo de mão-de-obra, de combustível e de manutenção e reparos.

ABSTRACT Mechanization in forestry implantation demands high energy, time, and high operational and production costs. Thus, studies related to the influence of variables on the efficiency of these activities are essential to reduce costs and optimize operations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the operational and cost performance of mechanized forest implantation operations in Eucalyptus sp. Data were collected from eucalyptus plantations located in the northern region of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The analysis of operational performance determined the distribution of operating times, mechanical availability, degree of utilization, operational efficiency, and productivity of the machines. The cost analysis estimated the operating costs in forestry implantation activities. The forest planting operations were: waste removal, subsoiling, digging with fertilization, planting, chemical weeding, and covering fertilization. According to the results, planting (39.20%) and waste removal (15.99%) represented the longest operating cycle times, the shortest production times (51.48% and 53.64%), and finally the longest maintenance times (32.95% and 29%). Chemical weeding and subsoiling showed the lowest maintenance times (4.64% and 3.47%). The cover fertilization was the operation that presented the highest productivity (2.99 ha he-1), and the removal of residues had the lowest (0.97 ha he-1). The highest costs per effective hour (R$13.57 he-1) and lowest production costs (R$81.59 ha-1) occurred at planting. Subsoiling had the highest production cost (R$112.80 ha-1). The lowest operating cost was obtained in the fertilizing operation. Operating costs had the greatest weight in labor, fuel, and maintenance and repairs.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate operators’ posture and repetitive motions in the mechanized wood harvesting operations, aiming comfort, safety, and health of forest operators. The study was carried out in the clearcutting of pine stands located in Paraná State, Brazil. Data were obtained in tree cutting operations with feller buncher and wood processing with harvesters, in which three operators in each machine were filmed during their workday. The typical postures were evaluated by Rapid Whole-Body Assessment (REBA) and Rapid Upper-Limb Assessment (RULA) methods, while repetitive motions were evaluated by Latko, Silverstein and Strain Index (SI) methods. The results showed the feller buncher operators remained long period seated in static position, with fists turning outside the neutral line and without pauses for recovery, although REBA and RULA methods had identified low postural risk. In wood processing operation, the spinal column and neck were the most affected body parts, presenting medium postural risk and the need for investigations and quickly changes by REBA and RULA methods, respectively. Besides that, wood harvesting operations with feller buncher and harvester were classified as high repeatability, showing more than 30 thousand repetitive motions in a workday, indicating high risk of Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs) and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in the operators. Therefore, it is concluded the ergonomic measures are necessary to improve operators’ comfort and health.

ABSTRACT Defining the optimum points for installing of a cable logging system is a problem faced by forestry planners. This study evaluated the application of a mathematical programming model for optimal location of cable logging in wood extraction. The study was conducted in a forestry company located in Parana State, Brazil. We collected data during timber harvesting and developed mathematical models to define the optimal location of the cable logging considering the variables “cycle time” and “extraction distance”. The variable “cycle time” affected the definition of the optimal location of equipment resulted in a reduced number of installation points with the largest coverage area. The variable “distance extraction” negatively influenced the location, with an increased number of installation points with smaller coverage. The developed model was efficient, but needs to be improved in order to ensure greater accuracy in wood extraction over long distances.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the postural discomfort and health risks of workers in manual forest plantation operations of a company located in the region of Campos Gerais, Paraná State. Data was collected through interviews, using the postural diagram proposed by Corlett, in a sample of 226 workers from manual planting, fertilization and herbicide application operations. The results indicated that manual planting operations caused greater postural discomfort in the legs of 56% of workers, while the fertilization and herbicide application caused discomfort in the shoulders of 41% and 56% of workers, respectively. The perception of postural discomfort during work is important to assist managers in adopting ergonomic measures for improving the safety and health of workers.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa avaliou a compactação de um Nitossolo Bruno causada por diferentes intensidades de tráfego do feller direcional e skidder na colheita de madeira em um povoamento de Pinus taeda. Os dados foram coletados em uma empresa florestal localizada no estado do Paraná, Brasil. O procedimento de amostragem foi realizado pela instalação de quatro blocos (30 m × 15 m) com parcelas subdivididas e os tratamentos representados pela combinação de cinco simulações de tráfego das máquinas feller direcional e skidder, aplicadas nas parcelas em quatro profundidades do solo e em subparcelas. A compactação foi avaliada pela densidade do solo, porosidade total, microporosidade e macroporosidade. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de significância. Foram ainda ajustadas equações de regressão linear para representar a relação entre a intensidade do tráfego, profundidade e a variável considerada. Os resultados mostraram que tráfego das máquinas provocou maior compactação nas camadas superficiais do solo, resultando em incrementos na densidade do solo na ordem de 14,6% em relação à condição sem tráfego de máquinas. O aumento da intensidade de tráfego do skidder contribuiu com a redução de 62,5% e 53,8% nos valores de macroporosidade para as profundidades de 0-10 e 10-20 cm, respectivamente. A atividade de arraste das árvores com o trator skidder contribuiu para o aumento da compactação do solo, acarretada pelas diversas passadas da máquina em uma única linha.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the compaction of a Bruno Nitisol caused by traffic intensities by a directional feller and skidder used to wood harvesting in a Pinus taeda stand. Data were collected at a forest company located in Parana State, Brazil. Samples were performed using an installation of four blocks (30 × 15 m) with subdivided plots and the treatments included a combination of five traffic simulations of directional feller and skidder machines, with the simulations performed in the plots at four soil depths, referred to as subplots. Compaction was evaluated by soil density, total porosity, microporosity, and macroporosity. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared with the Tukey test at a 5% level of significance. Linear regression equations were also adjusted to represent the relation between traffic intensity, depth, and the variable of interest. The results showed that machine traffic caused higher compaction of the superficial soil layers, resulting in a 14.6% increase in soil density compared to the soil subjected to no machine traffic. The increase in traffic intensity of the skidder tractor reduced macroporosity by 62.5% and 53.8% at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm, respectively. Dragging of the logs by the skidder tractor increased soil compaction due to the several trips by the machine in a single line.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the penetration resistance (PR) of a red-yellow latosol submitted to two subsoiling depths for implanting a forest plantation. The subsoiling was evaluated at 40 cm (S-40) and 50 cm (S-50) of depth by determining the soil moisture and soil density, while soil PR was evaluated before and after subsoiling at five points transversely to the subsoiling line (furrow) up to a depth of 60 cm using an electronic penetrometer. The soil density in both treatments was not altered by soil management. Before soil preparation, the soil presented PR values above the critical limit in the 0 cm to 30 cm layers, and after subsoiling a reduction in those values was verified at depth. It can be concluded that the 50 cm (S-50) subsoiling depth is the most suitable for soil preparation in a forest stand implantation.

RESUMO A análise espacial da compactação do solo causada pelo sistema de colheita da madeira pode auxiliar no planejamento das operações florestais. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, identificar e mapear os níveis de compactação do solo, causados pelas máquinas, ao longo das trilhas de extração, pelo sistema de colheita de madeira de árvores inteiras. Foi estudado o sistema de colheita da madeira composto por feller buncher, skidder e harvester, sendo instaladas quatro malhas amostrais nas diferentes distâncias de extração da madeira (0 a 50; 51 a 100; 101 a 150 e 151 a 200 m) e avaliada a compactação do solo em quatro camadas de profundidade (0 a 10; 11 a 20; 21 a 40 e 41 a 60 cm), a fim de verificar o efeito da variação do tráfego do skidder, ao longo do talhão, por estudo das resistências do solo à penetração, com penetrômetro digital. A partir da técnica de geoestatística foram elaborados mapas temáticos e quantificadas as áreas com os diferentes níveis de compactação. Os resultados permitiram localizar as regiões ao longo do talhão com diferentes intensidades de compactação, sendo que a região próxima à margem do talhão apresentou os maiores níveis de compactação, com resistência à penetração acima de 2 Mpa e comprometendo em torno de 20% da área total, na primeira classe de distância. As demais classes de distância de extração não atingiram níveis significativos de compactação, mostrando que o aumento da intensidade de tráfego não influenciou as propriedades físicas do solo. A técnica de geoestatística mostrou-se viável para a determinação da compactação do solo nas diferentes regiões do talhão, podendo favorecer o planejamento das operações de preparo de solo.

ABSTRACT The spatial analysis of soil compaction caused by the wood harvesting system can assist in the planning of forest operations. The aim of this work was to identify and map the levels of soil compaction along the traces of wood extraction caused by the machines in the harvesting full tree system. Was studied the wood harvesting system composed of the feller buncher, skidder and harvester, being sample meshes installed at the different wood extraction distances (0 to 50; 51 to 100; 101 to 150 and 151 to 200 m), and soil compaction was evaluated in four depths (0 to 10; 11 to 20; 21 to 40 and 41 to 60 cm), in order to verify the effect of the variation of the skidder traffic along the field through the penetration resistance of the soil with the use of a digital penetrometer. Through of the geostatistics technique, thematic maps were elaborated and the areas with the different levels of compaction were quantified. The results allowed to locate the regions along the plot with different intensities of compaction, being that the region next the margin of the plot presented greater soil compaction with a resistance to penetration above 2 MPa and compromising approximately 20% of the total area of the first class distance. The other classes of extraction distance did not reach this level of compaction, showing that the increase of traffic intensity wasn’t influenced the soil physical properties. The geostatistical technique proved to be feasible in the determination of soil compaction in the different areas of the field, and may favor the planning of soil preparation operations.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to show the application of anthropometric measurements in dimensioning an earth auger used in forest plantations, aiming to offer greater comfort, safety and health for workers. Based on anthropometric measures of a sample of 250 workers who worked on a forest implantation, seven measures in the 5, 50 and 95% percentiles obtained according to the German Standard DIN 33402/81 and related to the handling of the equipment were selected. Anthropometric standards of the workers were determined with minimum and maximum limits for the variables. Regression analyses were performed to verify the correlation between some anthropometric variables. The results show that the earth auger presented irregularities in terms of height and diameter of the handle; the measurements should range from 94 to 111 cm and 2.5 to 5.0 cm, respectively, enabling it to suit 90% of the worker population. The height showed a correlation of 68% with elbow height, and 67% with the hand center with arm hanging height.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effect on Oxisol soil compaction of traffic by wood harvesting machines from different extraction distances carried out by a logging company located in Paraná State. The harvesting system was composed of a feller buncher, skidder and harvester, in which soil compaction was evaluated at four extraction distances and four depths by means of density, porosity and soil penetration resistance. Increased machine traffic resulted in the highest compaction in the soil surface layers on the extraction trail, with the highest intensity in the region near the edge of the stand and with values above the critical density limits. Soil penetration resistance was critical in the row of traffic over the stand with significant effects at a of 0.11 to 0.60 m, which is the recommended depth for soil preparation.

RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar o perfil comportamental de operadores de harvester, visando auxiliar o gestor florestal na seleção, promoção e formação de novas equipes de trabalho. O estudo foi realizado em uma empresa florestal localizada na região Centro-Oeste, Brasil, a partir de uma amostra de 20 operadores de harvester sem experiência anterior na função. Foi utilizada uma ferramenta de avaliação de perfil comportamental, que é um sistema de gestão que caracteriza o perfil baseado nas competências comportamentais, utilizado inicialmente no desenvolvimento do perfil de referência do operador de harvester de alto desempenho. Em seguida, foi caracterizado o perfil comportamental dos operadores estudados, agrupando-os em classes distintas e comparando com o perfil de referência, de modo a identificar as características comportamentais que podem afetar positivamente ou negativamente o desempenho dos operadores na execução do trabalho. Os resultados mostraram que, os operadores com perfil adequado ao cargo apresentaram as seguintes características comportamentais: atentos aos detalhes, prazos e regras; tecnicamente orientados; pacientes com tarefas repetitivas; capacidade de evitar conflitos e introvertidos. Já os operadores de perfil inadequado tiveram comportamentos agressivos, argumentativos, persuasivos, explosivos e tensos no trabalho. O sistema ferramenta de avaliação de perfil comportamental poderá ser utilizado como ferramenta de apoio nos processos de seleção de operadores de máquinas florestais, porém, sendo importante considerar também a habilidade e experiência no trabalho.

ABSTRACT This study aims to characterize the behavioral profile of harvester operators, with the goal of assisting forest managers in selecting and training new teams of employees. A forest company located in central-western Brazil was examined from a sample of 20 harvester operators that did not have experience carrying out the functions of their industry. A behavioral profile evaluation tool was used, consisting of a management system that creates a profile based on behavioral competencies; it was initially used to develop a profile of a high-performing harvester operator; or rather, a reference profile. Next, the behavioral profile of the operators were grouped into distinct classes and compared with the reference profile to identify traits that could positively or negatively affect an operators' performance. An optimal profile had the following qualities: attentive to details, meets deadlines and follows rules, technically-oriented, patient with repetitive tasks, the ability to avoid conflicts, and being an introvert. An improper profile included aspects such as aggressiveness, being argumentative, being persuasive, explosive, and tense at work. The behavioral profile evaluation tool can support the process of choosing forest machine operators; however, it is important to also consider skills and work experience.

RESUMO: Com o aumento nos custos dos combustíveis, é fundamental atuar em medidas que envolvam o planejamento e o controle nas atividades com consumo elevado. Dessa forma, objetivou-se modelar o consumo de combustível da carreta utilizada no transporte rodoviário florestal. Para isso, dados de duração, distância percorrida, velocidade média, consumo de combustível e carga transportada pelos veículos nas operações das viagens carregado, vazio e ciclo total foram coletados nas regiões de Campo do Tenente (planta florestal) a Piên (planta industrial) no estado do Paraná. A correlação linear de Pearson foi utilizada para determinar a relação entre as variáveis, ao passo que o procedimento Stepwise foi empregado para compor as equações de regressão na estimativa do consumo de combustível. As maiores correlações foram observadas entre a distância percorrida, carga líquida e velocidade média com o consumo de combustível; ocorrendo, também, correlações significativas entre a distância percorrida e a velocidade média. As equações ajustadas foram estatisticamente adequadas para estimar o consumo de combustível em função da distância percorrida, da carga líquida transportada, da velocidade média e da duração nas viagens carregado, vazio e ciclo total de transporte rodoviário florestal.

ABSTRACT: As fuel costs increase, it is essential to take measures involving planning and control on any activities with high consumption. Thus, the main aim of this work was modeling the fuel consumption of forest road transportation by truck. We collected data about time, driving distance, average speed, fuel consumption and the load carried by the vehicle for loaded trips, unloaded trips, and the total cycle of forest transport in regions between the municipality of Campo do Tenente (forest site) and Piên (factory) located in Paraná state, Brazil. The Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationship between variables, while the Stepwise procedure was used to generate regression equations to estimate fuel consumption. The highest correlations were found between fuel consumption and driving distance, average speed and liquid weight of the load; also, there was a significant correlation between driving distance and average speed. Adjusted equations were statistically adequate to estimate fuel consumption based on driving distance, liquid weight of the load, average speed and duration time for loaded trips, unloaded trips and the total forest road transportation cycle.

RESUMO Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, realizar uma avaliação da profundidade de trabalho na qualidade da operação de subsolagem para implantação de povoamentos florestais. O experimento foi realizado em uma empresa florestal localizada no Município de Telêmaco Borba, Estado do Paraná, Brasil, em um Latossolo de textura média. O equipamento utilizado foi um trator de esteiras com potência de 170 HP e peso operacional de 19.000 kg, equipado com lâmina tipo V-shear, tracionando um subsolador de arrasto mono-haste com peso de 5.390 kg, com a operação de subsolagem nas profundidades de 40 e 50 cm. A qualidade da subsolagem foi determinada com base nos aspectos de profundidade, formato e distância entre as linhas de sulcos, com uso de gráficos de controle. Os resultados indicaram a falta de controle no processo relacionado com a profundidade e formato das linhas de preparo do solo na operação de subsolagem em ambos os tratamentos. O preparo do solo realizado a 50 cm de profundidade apresentou os melhores padrões de qualidade nas condições estudadas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of work depth in the quality the subsoiling operation for forest planting. The study was conducted in a forest company located in Telemaco Borba, Parana State, Brazil, in an Oxisol of medium texture. The equipment used was a track tractor with power of 170 HP and operational weight of 19,000 kg, equipped with V-shear blade, pulling a drag subsoiler mono haste with weigh of 5,390 kg, working at subsoiling operation in the depths of 40 and 50 cm. The quality of the subsoiling was determined based on the aspects of depth, format and distance between the lines to be planted, with the use of control graphics. The results showed the lack of control in process related to the depth and format of the lines of soil preparation in subsoiling operation in both the treatments. The soil preparation carried out at 50 cm depth showed the best quality standards at the studied conditions.

RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os fatores humanos e as condições de trabalho em atividades de implantação e manutenção florestal visando subdiar a melhoria das condições de conforto, segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores. O estudo foi realizado em uma empresa florestal da Região dos Campos Gerais, estado do Paraná. A caracterização dos fatores humanos e das condições de trabalho foi realizada por meio de questionários aplicados na forma de entrevistas com 72 trabalhadores que atuavam em atividades silviculturais. De acordo com os resultados, a idade média dos trabalhadores foi de 34,9 anos, sendo a maioria de origem rural, casados, com baixo nível de escolaridade e com pouco tempo de experiência na empresa e na função, representados por 14,9 e 12,5 meses, respectivamente. Na opinião da maioria dos trabalhadores, os óculos de proteção utilizados na aplicação de herbicidas foram apontados como maiores causadores de desconforto no trabalho.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to evaluate the human factors and working conditions in forestry maintenance and planting operations in order to improve comfort, safety and health conditions of workers. The study was conducted in a forest company located in the region of Campos Gerais, Parana State. The characterization of human factors and work conditions was conducted by interviews with 72 workers of syilviculture activities. The results indicated that the workers’ average age was 34.9 years, most of them from rural origin, married, with low level of education, and short time experience in the company and the function, 14.9 and 12.5 months, respectively. In the opinion of most of the workers, the protection glasses used in the herbicide application activity were identified as a cause of discomfort at work.