ABSTRACT. The cultivation of special corns, such as baby corn, has had a positive influence on the economy of the country. Despite its importance, there is still a need for studies aimed at increasing production and planting areas of the crop. Phytosanitary studies are of particular interest, as the cultivation of such crops is susceptible to a series of pathogens, such as Bipolaris maydis, Exserohilum turcicum, and Puccinia polysora. The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective way to prevent the occurrence of these diseases. Thus, the present study aimed to identify popcorn lines that have the potential for baby corn production and are resistant to the main leaf diseases that affect the crop. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks with four replications of 30 lines in each area, during two planting seasons. The area was located at the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo (IFES) Campus of Alegre, situated in Rive district, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Using the obtained data, the area under the disease progress curve was obtained. Subsequently, analysis of the joint variance of the data was conducted, and when a significant effect was found, a grouping of means test was conducted. The Mahalanobis distance for each pair of lines was also calculated, and the genetic distance matrix was used to construct a dendrogram using the UPGMA method. Considering the averages obtained for the three diseases (Southern corn leaf blight, Northern corn leaf blight, and Southern rust), lines L61, L63, L65, L683, L684, L685, L691, L694, and L695 were identified as possible donors of resistance alleles for multiple diseases. Multivariate analysis efficiently grouped the lines L61, L63, L684, L685, and L691, which are described as most resistant in the univariate analysis.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a massa fresca do jiló (kg/pl) e número de folhas de almeirão (nºf/pl) em função dos espaçamentos usuais pelos agricultures da região para ambas as culturas em sistema consorciado variando o número de linhas de almeirão na entrelinha do jiló e, colheitas (ciclo de cada cultura), para os consórcios e monocultivos. Os tratamentos foram T1= jiló 0,7x1,1 m (monocultivo); T2= consórcio de jiló, espaçamento de 0,7x1,5 m, com quatro filas de almeirão, 0,2x0,2 m, nas entrelinhas; T3= consórcio de jiló, 0,7x1,1 m, com três filas e almeirão, 0,2x0,2 m; T4= consórcio de jiló, 0,7x1,3 m, com quatro filas de almeirão, 0,2x0,2 m; T5= consórcio de jiló, 0,7x1,3 m, com três filas de almeirão, 0,2x0,2 m; T6= almeirão 0,2x0,1x0,4 m em duas filas duplas com 0,2 m entre linhas, 0,1 m entre plantas e 0,4 m entre filas duplas sobre 1,5 m linear de área (monocultivo) e T7= almeirão 0,2x0,3 m com três filas simples sobre 1,5 m de área (monocultivo). O delineamento foi em faixa, em um fatorial 5x16, contendo cinco espaçamentos de jiló de forma isolada, sendo 1,5x0,7 m, 1,3x0,7 m e 1,1x0,7 m, alternando-se o número de linhas de almeirão na entrelinha e 16 colheitas no tempo, sendo realizada uma por semana. Para o almeirão, o delineamento também foi em faixa em um fatorial 6x12, com seis espaçamentos. O espaçamento de 0,2x0,2 m foi consorciado com jiló, alternando-se o número de linhas e dois monocultivos 0,2x0,1x0,4 m em filas duplas e 0,2x0,3 m com 12 colheitas no tempo, sendo realizada uma por semana juntamente com o jiló. O jiló em consórcio no espaçamento de 0,7x1,5 m apresentou maiores médias em algumas colheitas seguido do espaçamento de 0,7x1,3 m com quatro filas de almeirão na entrelinha. Os espaçamentos 0,2x0,1x0,4 m e 0,2x0,3 m foram os que proporcionaram as melhores médias para a cultura do almeirão, com exceção para a 5° colheita, em que o espaçamento 0,2x0,2 m com quatro filas de almeirão proporcionou a maior média (5.7 folhas/planta). Independente do monocultivo e arranjo de consórcio utilizado para almeirão o IEA foi superior a 1.6.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the fresh mass of scarlet eggplant (kg/pl) and the number of leaves of chicory (nºf/pl) in relation to the spacing used by the farmers of the region for both crops. The experiment evaluated these crops under intercropping cultivation system, varying the number of chicory rows between scarlet eggplant rows as well as harvests (cycle of each crop), for intercropping and monocropping systems. The treatments were T1= scarlet eggplant 0.7x1.1 m (monocropping); T2= intercropped scarlet eggplant, 0.7x1.5 m, with four rows of chicory, 0.2x0.2 m between rows; T3= intercropped scarlet eggplant, 0.7x1.1 m, with three rows and chicory, 0.2x0.2 m; T4= intercropped scarlet eggplant, 0.7x1.3 m, with four rows of chicory, 0.2x0.2 m; T5= intercropped scarlet eggplant, 0.7x1.3 m, with three rows of chicory, 0.2x0.2 m; T6= chicory 0.2x0.1x0.4 m in two double rows, 0.2 m between rows, 0.1 m between plants and 0.4 m between double rows in 1.5 m linear area (monocropping) and T7= chicory 0.2x0.3 m with three simple rows in an 1.5-m area (monocropping). The experimental design was of strip blocks, in a 5x16 factorial scheme, consisting of five spacings of scarlet eggplant (monocropping), 1.5x0.7 m, 1.3x0.7 m and 1.1x0.7 m, alternating the number of chicory rows between rows and 16 harvests in time, once a week. For chicory, the design was also in a 6x12 factorial scheme, with six spacings. The spacing 0.2x0.2 m was intercropped with scarlet eggplant, alternating the number of rows and two monocroppings 0.2x0.1x0.4 m in double rows and 0.2x0.3 m with 12 harvests in time, being performed one harvest per week along with the scarlet eggplant. Intercropped scarlet eggplant in spacing 0.7x1.5 m showed higher averages in some harvests followed by spacing 0.7x1.3 m with four chicory rows between rows. Spacings 0.2x0.1x0.4 m and 0.2x0.3 m were the ones which provided the best averages for chicory crop, except for the 5th harvest, in which spacing 0.2x0.2 m consisting of four chicory rows provided the highest average (5.7 leaves/plant). Regardless of monocropping and intercropping arrangement used for chicory the Area Equivalence Index (IEA) was over 1.6.

RESUMO A utilização de mudas de milho para produção de minimilho pode beneficiar agricultores que têm pequenas áreas de cultivo. Objetivou-se avaliar a possibilidade de utilização de mudas de milho para a produção de minimilho. O experimento foi realizado no campo com quatro tratamentos (semeadura direta no campo; transplantio de mudas aos 10 dias após a semeadura (DAS); transplantio aos 20 DAS e transplantio aos 30 DAS). Utilizaram-se blocos casualizados com oito repetições. As plantas de milho de mudas 30 DAS apresentaram-se mais altas que as provenientes de semeadura direta. A semeadura direta no campo e mudas de 30 DAS resultaram nos maiores estandes. A semeadura direta no campo e os transplantios de mudas aos 20 e 10 DAS apresentaram os maiores números de espigas totais e comerciais. A utilização de mudas de milho com 10, 20 e 30 DAS reduziram o período das plantas no campo em 14, 22 e 28 dias, respectivamente, em comparação com o milho semeado diretamente no campo. No entanto, a semeadura direta resultou em produtividade 37% maior em comparação ao uso de mudas. Concluiu-se que a utilização de mudas para a produção de minimilho causa redução na produtividade, porém, resulta em redução da permanência das plantas de milho no campo.

ABSTRACT Using maize seedlings for baby corn production can benefit farmers who have small areas under cultivation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using maize seedlings for the production of baby corn. The experiment was carried out in field with four treatments (direct sowing in field; transplanting seedlings 10 days after sowing (DAS); 20 DAS and 30 DAS) in randomized blocks with eight replications. Plants from seedlings 30 DAS were higher than sowing direct in field. Direct sowing in field and seedlings 30 DAS resulted in the largest stands. Sowing direct in field and transplanting seedlings at 20 and 10 DAS presented the highest number of total and commercial ears, while crops obtained from direct sowing in field yielded higher compared to the crops in which seedlings were used. Crops from maize seedlings transplanted at 10, 20 and 30 DAS reduced the period of maize plants in field by 14, 22 and 28 days, respectively, compared to maize sown directly in field. However, baby corn from direct sowing yielded 37% more than those in which seedlings were used. We concluded that the use of maize seedlings caused reduction in baby corn productivity however, it presents the advantage of reducing the permanence of the maize plants in field.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a resposta de mudas de cedro (Cedrela fissilis Vell.) a espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e determinar o grau de dependência micorrízica dessas mudas. O ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 (doses de P) x 5 (4 espécies de FMA e testemunha sem inoculação), com seis repetições. Glomus clarum foi a espécie de FMA mais eficiente em promover o crescimento e a nutrição fosfatada de mudas de cedro, principalmente quando a inoculação foi realizada em substrato com P disponível em torno de 12 mg dm-3. A economia de P aplicado equivale a aproximadamente 63%, em relação à testemunha sem inoculação, quando foram buscados 80% do crescimento máximo. Verificou-se elevado grau de dependência micorrízica das mudas de cedro e, portanto, a inoculação de FMA é um procedimento que deve ser considerado na fase de viveiro, para garantir o sucesso do estabelecimento e crescimento em campo dessas mudas.

The objectives of this work were to evaluate cedar (Cedrela fissilis Vell.) seedlings responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species and to determine mycorrhizal dependency degree of this seedling. The experiment was carried out at greenhouse, in a complete randomized block design as a factorial set 5 (P doses) x 5 (4 AMF species + noninoculated treatment) with six replications. Glomus clarum was the most efficient AMF species in promoting the growth and P nutrition of cedar seedlings, especially when the inoculation was done in substratum containing P available levels close to 12 mg dm-3. The saving of applied P was approximately 63%, regarding noninoculated treatment when 80% of the maximum growth was estimated. The elevated degree of mycorrhizal dependency of cedar seedlings was verified, so AMF inoculation is a procedure that should be considered in nursery stage, in order to guarantee cedar seedlings successful establishment and growth on field conditions.