ABSTRACT. In soybeans, the integument or seed coat is an important modulator between the external and internal environment. It plays a fundamental role in seed vitality, and its lignin content may influence the seed quality. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the quality of soybean seeds from a partial diallel and their reciprocals and its relationship with lignin content, seed coat thickness, and deposition location. The seeds were also evaluated for physiological quality through germination and accelerated aging tests. The lignin content was quantified by absorbance, and the integument thickness was analyzed and measured using scanning electron microscopy. The most contrasting cultivars for lignin content were analyzed using fluorescence microscopy and histochemical techniques. Cultivars and their reciprocals differed in seed physiological quality. We found differences in the genotypes for integument thickness. Using histochemical techniques, autofluorescence was observed in the same regions identified as lignified. Positive staining for lignin was observed in the hilum region. Among the genotypes, we found variations in the physiological quality of seeds (germination and accelerated aging test), lignin content, and integument thickness. ABSTRACT soybeans environment vitality location tests absorbance techniques lignified region test, test , test)

ABSTRACT This research is related to the evaluation of vegetative growth parameters, initial yield and incidence of pests and diseases of twelve Arabica coffee cultivars submitted to the subtropical humidity environment of Vale do Ribeira Paulista, Brazil. The experiment was performed in the Experimental Campus of the UNESP in Registro, in a randomized block design, with three replications. Stem diameter, number of plagiotropic branches, plant height, number of internodes of plagiotropic branches, length of the first plagiotropic branch, incidence of brown eye spot and phoma leaf spot on coffee leaves, infestation by leaf miner and the yield of cultivars were evaluated. The results obtained allowed to conclude that: i) cultivars Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 and Mundo Novo IAC 379-1 were higher than the others, with yield above the national average in 2020 and percentage of flat beans below 10%; ii) all cultivars evaluated showed a similar level of increment of variables that indicate plant growth and reproductive development; iii) the cultivation environment is favorable to infestation by the leaf miner and unfavorable to the incidence of rust; iv) The prevailing climatic conditions in the Vale do Ribeira Paulista is suitable for the production of Arabica coffee. parameters Brazil Registro design replications diameter branches height branch leaves i 62 9 3791 379 1 379- others 202 10% 10 ii development iii rust iv 6 37 20 3 2

Resumo: A seleção e utilização de genótipos de soja com sementes de alta qualidade fisiológica é importante para possibilitar maior probabilidade de estabelecimento e sucesso da cultura em campo, e, consequentemente, alcançar altas produtividades. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o controle genético da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja a partir de um dialelo parcial. Seis cultivares de soja, previamente selecionadas, grupo 1 (CD 201, CA 115, MS 8400) e grupo 2 (CD 202, Syn 1263, Syn 1279), foram intercruzadas utilizando-se um esquema de dialelo parcial, gerando 24 tratamentos. Sementes dessas cultivares e destes cruzamentos foram avaliadas quanto à qualidade fisiológica das sementes a partir de testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas. Foram avaliados os teores de lignina nos tegumentos das sementes de soja. Foram analisados os efeitos da capacidade geral (CGC) e específica de combinação (CEC) e os efeitos recíprocos. Há efeito significativo dos genes aditivos e não aditivos para os caracteres de qualidade de sementes, e efeito pronunciado de recíprocos, o que sugere a presença do efeito materno. Não há correlação entre o teor de lignina e testes fisiológicos para os genótipos estudados.

Abstract: The selection of soybean genotypes with seeds of high physiological quality is key to increasing the likelihood of establishment and success in the field and thus reaping higher yields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic control of the physiological quality of soybean seeds from a partial diallel cross. Six previously selected soybean cultivars, group 1 (CD 201, CA 115, MS 8400) and group 2 (CD 202, Syn 1263, Syn 1279), were intercrossed by a partial diallel cross, totalizing 24 treatments. Seeds from these cultivars and crosses were evaluated for seed physiological quality based on germination tests, first germination count, accelerated aging, seedlings emergence, and emergence speed index. The lignin content in the soybean seed coat was evaluated. The effects on general and specific combining ability and reciprocal effects were analyzed. There were significant additive and non-additive effects of the genes on the seed quality traits and pronounced effects on the reciprocal traits, which suggest the presence of a maternal effect. Lignin content was not correlated with the physiological test results in the studied genotypes.

RESUMO O desenvolvimento do cultivo hidropônico modificado tem despertado interesse e seu uso tem possibilitado vantagens em diversas culturas agrícolas, mas estudos para o café ainda são escassos. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar a produção de mudas de três cultivares de Coffea arabica (Mundo Novo IAC-376-4, Catuaí IAC-62 Amarelo e MGS Paraíso 2), em sistema hidropônico modificado e comparar com o sistema de produção em viveiro, utilizando tubetes e sacos de polietileno. Mudas de café em fase de desenvolvimento com folhas cotiledonares, foram cultivadas em ambos os sistemas de cultivo. Aos 90 dias após a implantação do experimento, as mudas foram analisadas quanto as características de crescimento (altura, diâmetro de caule, número total de folhas, área foliar, área radicular, peso da matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz) e fisiológicas (teores de clorofila e condutância estomática). Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) no esquema fatorial 3 (cultivares) x 2 (recipientes) x 2 (sistemas de cultivo), com quatro repetições de dez plantas por parcela. O sistema inovador de produção de mudas de café em hidroponia modificada em combinação com o uso de sacos de polietileno como recipiente, proporcionam de forma geral, melhor desenvolvimento e qualidade das mudas. Dentre as cultivares testadas, a MGS Paraíso 2 se destacou com mudas de maior crescimento (número de folhas, diâmetro de caule e peso da matéria seca de parte aérea e raízes).

ABSTRACT The development of modified hydroponic cultivation has aroused interest and its use has enabled advantages in several crops, but studies for coffee are still scarce. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate seedling production of three Coffea arabica cultivars (Mundo Novo IAC-376-4, Catuaí IAC-62 Amarelo and MGS Paraíso 2), in a modified hydroponic system, and to compare it with the nursery production system, using plastic polyethylene tubettes and bags. Coffee seedlings in the development phase with cotyledon leaves, were cultivated in both cultivation systems. At 90 days after the implementation of the experiment, the seedlings were analyzed for growth (height, stem diameter, total number, leaf area, root area, root and shoot dry matter weight), and physiological characteristics (chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance). For the statistical analysis, a completely randomized design (CRD) was used in a factorial scheme 3 (cultivars) x 2 (containers) x 2 (cultivation systems), with four replications of ten plants per plot. The innovative production system of coffee seedlings in modified hydroponics, in combination with the use of polyethylene bags, provided greater growth of coffee seedlings with better physiological characteristics. Among the cultivars tested, MGS Paraíso 2 stood out with higher seedling growth (number of leaves, stem diameter and root and shoot dry matter weight).

RESUMO A elevada susceptibilidade da soja ao mofo-branco tem impactado negativamente a sua produtividade. Atualmente métodos de controle biológico como o uso de Trichoderma spp. têm proporcionado alternativas ao controle químico, com menor impacto ambiental e favorecimento do desenvolvimento vegetal. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de T. harzianum sobre a emergência de sementes de soja inoculadas com Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; além de verificar a interação entre os fungos e com a soja, por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Sementes de soja foram submetidas aos tratamentos: 1. Sem S. sclerotiorum, em BDA+Manitol; 2. Com S. sclerotiorum, em BDA+Manitol; 3. Com Ecotrich®WP e sem S. sclerotiorum, em BDA+Manitol; 4. Com S. sclerotiorum e Ecotrich® WP, em BDA+Manitol. O teste de emergência foi conduzido em bandejas com areia esterilizada a 25 ºC por 8 dias. Após isto foram seccionados órgãos vegetativos das plântulas emergidas para avaliar, por meio da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), o potencial de T. harzianum em parasitar e inibir S. sclerotiorum. De fato, o mofo-branco é capaz de colonizar e deteriorar todas as sementes de soja. T. harzianum mostra-se efetivo em colonizar o sistema radicular da soja, porém não contribui para a emergência quando comparada com a testemunha. A análise ultraestrutural permitiu evidenciar o micoparasitismo de T. harzianum a S. sclerotiorum, porém o controle do agente causal do mofo-branco não foi efetivo quanto se mostrou em outros estudos.

ABSTRACT The high susceptibility of soybean to white mold has negatively impacted its productivity. Currently, biological control methods, such as the use of Trichoderma spp., have provided alternatives to chemical control, as they promote less environmental impact and favor the plant growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of T. harzianum on the emergence of soybean seeds inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, besides identifying the interaction between fungi and soybeans by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Soybean seeds were subjected to the following treatments: 1. Without S. sclerotiorum, in PDA+Mannitol; 2. With S. sclerotiorum, in PDA+Mannitol; 3. With Ecotrich®WP and without S. sclerotiorum, in PDA+Mannitol; 4. With S. sclerotiorum and Ecotrich® WP, in PDA+Mannitol. The emergence test was conducted on trays with sterile sand at 25 °C for 8 days. Then, the vegetative organs of emerged seedlings were sectioned to evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), T. harzianum potential to parasitize and inhibit S. sclerotiorum. In fact, the white mold is capable of colonizing and deteriorating all soybean seeds. T. harzianum is effective in colonizing the root system of soybeans but does not contribute to emergence, compared to control. Based on the ultrastructural analysis, mycoparasitism of T. harzianum and S. Sclerotiorum was evidenced, but the control of the causal agent of white mold was not as effective as shown in other studies.

Resumo: Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho de sementes de cultivares de soja com diferentes teores de lignina considerando o retardamento da colheita sob incidência artificial de chuva, e ao longo do armazenamento. O ensaio foi conduzido em Iraí de Minas, MG, em blocos casualizados com três repetições e esquema fatorial 5 x 3 x 3, sendo cinco cultivares de soja (NK 7059 RR, SYN 1163 RR, SYN 9070 RR, AS 7307 RR e SYN 1283 RR), três épocas de colheita (R8, R8 + uma simulação de chuva na pré-colheita e R8 + duas simulações de chuva na pré-colheita), e três épocas de armazenamento (0, 90 e 180 dias). As sementes foram avaliadas quanto à composição química (teor de lignina), porcentagem de danos por umidade usando o teste de tetrazólio, e a qualidade fisiológica (germinação, teste de envelhecimento, condutividade elétrica, emergência, índice de emergência). A cultivar AS 7307 RR apresentou maior teor de lignina no tegumento, menor porcentagem de danos por umidade e melhor qualidade fisiológica. As cultivares NK 7059 RR e SYN 1163 RR apresentam menores teores de lignina no tegumento e maiores danos por umidade. Os valores de condutividade elétrica aumentam com o armazenamento para todas as cultivares.

Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate responses of soybean cultivars seeds (with different levels of lignin) considering harvest postponement under the incidence of water and the effect of storage. The experiment was conducted in Iraí de Minas, Brazil using a randomized block design with three replications under a 5 x 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, with five soybean cultivars (NK 7059 RR, SYN 1163 RR, SYN 9070 RR, AS 7307 RR and SYN 1283 RR), three harvesting periods (R8, R8 + one rain simulation in the pre-harvesting period and R8 + two simulations in the pre-harvesting period) under three storage times (0, 90 and 180 days). Seeds were evaluated for their chemical composition (lignin contents), the percentage of moisture damage using the tetrazolium test and physiological quality (germination, accelerated aging, conductivity test, seedling emergence and emergence index). Cultivar AS 7307 RR had the highest lignin content in the integument, the lowest percentage of damage by moisture and the highest physiological quality. Cultivars NK 7059 RR and SYN 1163 RR had the lowest lignin contents in the integument and the highest moisture damage. Electrical conductivity increased after storing all cultivars.