ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the use of decision trees to select sows based on the production parameters of parity order (PO) 1 sows from a commercial herd. Data were collected at a piglet production unit with a capacity of housing 5,500 sows in collective pens. Piglet production and sow culling information was collected from PO1 and PO2 sows. The period from January 2017 to March 2020 was analyzed. The correlation analysis was used to identify the influence of the production parameters on sow culling after exploring the database using the graphical analysis and descriptive statistics. The ANOVA was applied to evaluate differences in the response variables between culled and unculled sows. Two models were proposed using the decision tree method: model 1 referred to sow culling, and model 2 comprised the total number of liveborn piglets (TBA). The calculated value was close to 0, although the correlations of the production parameters with culling were statistically significant. The mean number of weaned piglets was higher for unculled sows in PO1 (p < 0.05). The number of weaned piglets, total number of liveborn piglets, and weaning-service interval did not differ in the unculled and culled sows in PO2 (p > 0.05). Using a confusion matrix as a metric tool, the decision tree method used in this study provided consistent results for this database, indicating its possible use for decision-making in sow selection. PO (PO herd 5500 5 500 5,50 pens 201 202 analyzed statistics TBA. TBA . (TBA) 0 significant p 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) weaningservice weaning service tool decisionmaking making selection 550 50 5,5 20 (TBA 00 0.0 55 5, 0.

ABSTRACT A meta-analysis was employed to assess the effects of phytogenic feed additives and antibiotics on the performance and intestinal morphometry of unchallenged weanling pigs. The database included 41 articles published between 2004 and 2017, comprising 5,197 unchallenged nursery piglets. Piglets had 7.7 to 13.8 kg body weight and were assessed at 27.3 to 47.8 days of age, distributed into 156 experimental groups. All treatments were categorized into negative control, phytogenic additive (PA), and antibiotics (ATB) groups. The meta-analysis followed two sequential analyses: graphical and variance-covariance. Age and body weight were the factors that highly influenced the model. Piglets that received antibiotics had a higher (12.2%) daily weight gain than piglets in the control group. Phytogenic additives in diets enhanced intestinal morphometry in unchallenged piglets. Antibiotics increased (by 12.7%) the crypt depth of jejunum in comparison to the control treatment. Animals on PA had an 11.1% increment in villus height:crypt depth ratio than those on antibiotics. Phytogenic additives and antibiotics boost nursery piglet performance. Antibiotics advances the performance of unchallenged nursery piglets, but increases crypt depth in the jejunum. Performance of nursery piglets is better with combined phytogenic additives than with the isolated use of plant extracts. metaanalysis meta analysis pigs 4 200 2017 5197 5 197 5,19 77 7 7. 138 13 8 13. 273 27 3 27. 478 47 47. age 15 groups PA, , (PA) ATB (ATB analyses variancecovariance. variancecovariance variance covariance. covariance variance-covariance model 12.2% 122 12 2 (12.2% group by 12.7% 127 treatment 111 11 1 11.1 heightcrypt height extracts 20 201 519 19 5,1 (PA 12.2 (12.2 12.7 11. 51 5, 12. (12. (12 (1 (

Abstract This study was conducted to assess the use of dietary acidifiers and their effects on the growth performance and intestinal morphometry of challenged and non-challenged nursery piglets. A total of 18,597 piglets distributed across 1,300 experimental groups from 128 papers published between 1984 and 2020 were included in the meta-analysis. All treatments were categorized as negative control (CON), organic acid (OAC), salts of organic acids (SAL), and blends of acidifiers (BLE). The presence (+) or absence (-) of health challenges in each study was also considered. The meta-analysis was conducted sequentially via graphical, correlation, and variance-covariance analyses. Piglets weighed between 8.4 and 15.8 kg and were assessed at 29.4-48.3 days of age. The addition of OAC, BLE, and SAL to the diets improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of piglets (P<0.001) by 5.3%, 3.6%, and 3.6%, respectively, compared to CON. Challenged piglets consumed 7.7% less feed (P<0.05) than the non-challenged piglets. Addition of OAC to diets reduced stomach pH by 8.6% (P<0.05) compared to CON piglets. The OAC and BLE diets reduced jejunum pH by 2.7% and 2.1% (P<0.05), respectively, compared to CON piglets. Challenged piglets had a 14.8% lower (P<0.01) villus height in the ileum compared non-challenged piglets. Acidifiers reduced the crypt depth in the jejunum of piglets by 17.4% (P<0.05) compared to the CON group. Acidifiers in the diet of nursery piglets improve performance by reducing pH in the gastrointestinal tract and indirectly improving intestinal integrity. Blends improved the performance of nursery piglets. nonchallenged non 18597 18 597 18,59 1300 1 300 1,30 12 198 202 metaanalysis. metaanalysis meta analysis. analysis CON, , (CON) (OAC) SAL, (SAL) BLE. . (BLE) + (+ (- considered graphical correlation variancecovariance variance covariance analyses 84 8 4 8. 158 15 15. 29.448.3 294483 29.4 48.3 29 48 3 29.4-48. age FCR (FCR P<0.001 P0001 P 0 001 (P<0.001 53 5 5.3% 36 6 3.6% respectively 77 7 7.7 P<0.05 P005 05 (P<0.05 86 8.6 27 2 2.7 21 2.1 P<0.05, 148 14 14.8 P<0.01 P001 01 (P<0.01 174 17 17.4 group integrity 1859 59 18,5 130 30 1,3 19 20 (CON (OAC (SAL (BLE ( 448 29.448. 29448 294 29. 483 48. 29.4-48 P<0.00 P000 00 (P<0.00 5.3 3.6 7. P<0.0 P00 (P<0.0 2. 14. 17. 185 18, 13 1, 44 29.448 2944 29.4-4 5. 3. P<0. P0 (P<0. 29.44 29.4- P<0 (P<0 P< (P< (P

Abstract The aim of this study was to classify the sows for longevity based on the total number of piglets born alive in the first parities. Data comprising the period from January 2017 to March 2020 were obtained from a commercial farm with 5,500 sows. A total of 8,869 sows were used in the analyses. The animals were divided into three parity groups according to the 1st and 3rd quartiles of the total number of piglets born alive in the first and second farrowing: parity 1 - 1L (low): <12 piglets, 1M (medium): 12 to 16 piglets, and 1H (high): >16 piglets; parity 2 - 2L: <12 piglets; 2M: 12 to 16 piglets, and 2H: >16 piglets. Sows exhibiting high performance in the first parity continued to do so up to the sixth parity. Regarding parity 1 classification, 1H sows (>16 piglets) produced more piglets than the other classes up to the fifth parity. When the parity 2 classification was added, 1H2H and 1H2M sows produced more piglets up to the fourth parity. Comparison of the length of stay of sows in the herd showed a longer mean stay of the 1H2M class. The main reasons for culling were cystitis, uterine prolapse, hoof problems, and physical condition. In general, the results demonstrated that it is possible to use the number of piglets born alive in the first two parities of sows to predict the productivity of subsequent parities. The method is able may therefore help to maintenance of the sow in the herd or culling of sows. 201 202 5500 5 500 5,50 8869 8 869 8,86 analyses st rd farrowing L low (low) <1 M medium (medium) H (high) >1 2L 2M 2H (>1 added HH HM class cystitis prolapse problems condition general 20 550 50 5,5 886 86 8,8 (low < (medium (high > (> 55 5, 88 8, (

RESUMO: Neste estudo, o objetivo foi avaliar diferentes abordagens de sistematização e meta-análise sobre o uso de ácidos cítrico e ascórbico no desempenho de leitões de creche. O estudo incluiu 24 publicações entre 1985 e 2018 (moda 1998), totalizando 4215 leitões de creche. O índice de Higgins indicou alta heterogeneidade entre os estudos envolvendo ácido cítrico (96,9%) e ácido ascórbico (91,4%). Na análise por forest plot a adição de ácido ascórbico em dietas de leitões não melhora (P > 0.05) o ganho de peso de leitões em creche. Na abordagem de meta-análise proposta por LOVATTO et al. (2007) e SAUVANT et al. (2008) não houve efeito significativo (P > 0.05) da adição de ácidos cítrico e de ascórbico no desempenho dos leitões. Numericamente, observou-se aumento do ganho de peso (Δ > 0) relacionado aos ácidos (suplementado em relação aos tratamentos controle) observado em 59.7% (acido ascórbico) e 46.6% (ácido cítrico) das comparações do ganho de peso diário. A suplementação de ácido ascórbico em relação ao tratamento controle no período total de creche teve variação de 0,98%, 1,07% e -1,3% para ADFI, ADG e FCR, respectivamente. A adição de ácido cítrico em relação ao tratamento controle teve variação de 1,67%, 4,40% e -2,29 para ADFI, ADG e FCR. A adição de ácidos cítrico e ascórbico em dietas para leitões de creche não altera o desempenho, independentemente da abordagem de meta-análise utilizada.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated different meta-analytical approaches tousing citric and ascorbic acids in the performance of nursery piglets. The study included 24 publications between 1985 and 2018 (mode 1998), totaling 4215 nursery piglets. The Higgins index indicated high heterogeneity (98.5%) among the studies concerning citric acid (96.9%) and ascorbic acid (91.4%). In variances and forest plot analysis, using citric and ascorbic acids and their analogs was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on piglet weight gain. In the meta-analysis approach proposed by LOVATTO et al. (2007) and SAUVANT et al. (2008), there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) of the addition of citric and ascorbic acids on piglet performance. Numerically, was observed an increased ADG (Δ > 0) related to acids (supplemented over control treatments) in 59.7% (ascorbic acid) and 46.6% (citric acid) of the ADG comparisons. The effect of ascorbic supplementation on the respective control treatment of the overall nursery period was on average 0.98%, 1.07%, and -1.3% for ADFI, ADG, and FCR, respectively. Citric acid supplementation to the respective control treatment of the overall nursery period was on average 1.67%, 4.40%, and -2.29% for ADFI, ADG, and FCR. Adding citric and ascorbic acids in diets for nursery piglets does not alter performance regardless of the meta-analysis method used.

RESUMO: Realizou-se a meta-análise com o objetivo de determinar o nível recomendado de lisina digestível e sua influência sobre o desempenho produtivo de porcas primíparas lactantes. A base de dados composta por 26 publicações, 138 dietas e 3.820 fêmeas foi desenvolvida a partir de artigos sobre a associação entre, lisina, proteína bruta e porcas primíparas lactantes. Os níveis de lisina digestível dos estudos variaram de 0,22 a 1,43% com valores médios de 0,85% de lisina digestível nas dietas, com consumo de 41,25 g dia-1. O consumo de lisina digestível das porcas apresentou correlação positiva (P<0,05) com o consumo de ração, aminoácidos essenciais, proteína bruta, energia metabolizável, perda de peso corporal da porca, produção de leite, número e peso de leitões ao desmame. O consumo de lisina indicou correlação negativa (P<0,05) para espessura de toucinho ao desmame e intervalo desmame-cio. Observou-se efeito quadrático (P<0,01) da perda de peso corporal da porca e ganho de peso diário dos leitões e efeito quadrático (P<0,01) do peso dos leitões ao desmame em função do aumento do nível de lisina da dieta. O nível de 1,04% de lisina digestível indica a menor perda de peso da porca. O maior peso dos leitões ao desmame e maior ganho de peso diário dos leitões é verificado com a inclusão de 1,30 e 1,07% de lisina digestível na dieta, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT: A meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the recommended levels of digestible lysine and its influence on the productive performance of primiparous lactating sows. The database consisted of 26 publications, 138 diets and 3,820 sows was developed from articles on the association between, lysine, crude protein and lactating primiparous sows. The digestible lysine levels of the studies ranged from 0.22 to 1.43% with average values of 0.85% digestible lysine in the diet, with consumption of 41.25 g day-1. The digestible lysine intake of sows was positively correlated (P<0.05) with feed intake, essential amino acids, crude protein, metabolizable energy, body weight loss sows, milk production, number and weight of piglets at weaning. Digestible lysine intake showed negative correlation (P<0.05) with backfat thickness at weaning and weaning to oestrus interval. It was observed a quadratic effect (P<0.01) of body weight loss sow and daily weight gain of piglets and a quadratic effect (P<0.01) in the weight of piglets at weaning due to increased dietary lysine level. The level of 1.04% of digestible lysine indicates less weight loss sows. The greater weight of piglets at weaning and increased daily weight gain of piglets was verified with the addition of 1.30 and 1.07% digestible lysine in the diet, respectively.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, avaliar criticamente e resumir os dados disponíveis da literatura primária sobre resistência anti-helmíntica a lactonas macrocíclicas injetáveis em bovinos. Uma meta-análise foi realizada para estimar o “Odds Ratio” e Intervalos de Confiança (95%). Dos 1504 resumos selecionados para elegibilidade, 80 foram considerados relevantes para a revisão completa da publicação. Treze publicações foram incluídas na síntese qualitativa, as quais foram avaliadas quanto ao viés sistemático. Apenas cinco estudos foram incluídos na análise quantitativa porque apresentaram um baixo risco de produzir resultados tendenciosos em todos os parâmetros. O gráfico de floresta indicou quatro estudos que apresentaram resistência anti-helmíntica (P <0,05), enquanto um não apresentou (P <0,05). A estimativa combinada mostrou uma maior probabilidade de publicações de estudos que relatam resistência anti-helmíntica no valor de 0,59 (95%: 0,8, 0,47) do que estudos relatando tratamento anti-helmíntico eficaz. Os dados apresentaram baixa heterogeneidade (I2 = 25%). A resistência anti-helmíntica a lactonas macrocíclicas é uma realidade. Há a necessidade de melhorar a metodologia dos estudos, pois é um problema para os trabalhos que envolvem revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises (RS-MA).

Abstract The purpose of this work was to identify, critically assess, and summarize available data from primary research about the anthelmintic resistance of injectable macrocyclic lactones in cattle. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled Odds Ratio and 95% Confidence Intervals. Of the 1504 abstracts screened for eligibility, 80 were deemed relevant for full publication review. Thirteen publications were included in the qualitative synthesis and assessed for systematic bias. Only five studies were included in the quantitative analysis because they showed a low risk of producing biased results in all the parameters. The forest plot indicated four studies that discuss anthelmintic resistance (P<0.05), while only one study did not discuss anthelmintic resistance (P<0.05). The pooled estimate showed 0.59 (95% Confidence intervals: 0.08, 0.47) times higher odds for studies that report anthelmintic resistance than for studies reporting efficacious anthelmintic treatment, with significant and substantially low heterogeneity (I2=25%). Anthelmintic resistance to injectable macrocyclic lactones is a reality. There are need to improve methodological reporting in studies, which is a problem for investigations that involves systematic review and meta-analysis (SR-MA).

Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of suckling piglets subjected to oral administration of citrus extracts (CE). Twenty sows were used with ten sucking piglets on average initial weight of 1.26 kg (± 0.32) for 21 days. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with two treatments: Negative Control (without antimicrobials) and Citrus Extracts (ascorbic acid + flavonoids, oral administration of 0.3 mg kg of BW via pigdoser) with ten repetitions each. The number of live-born piglets in females PO5 was 21% higher than in PO3 sows. Sows where piglets received CE showed a 10% higher (P <0.05) feed intake in the last week of lactation. From 8 to 21 days, the feed conversion of NC sows was 23 and 38% lower (P <0.05) than sows where piglets received CE. Piglet mortality was 13.4% in NC group and 3.9% in CE group in a single dose on the third day of life. The villous length in the duodenum was 24% higher (P <0.01) in piglets receiving CE. The administration of CE increased 19% (P = 0.02) the villous length of the ileum region of suckling piglets. Frequency of normal feces was higher (P<0.05) in piglets CE group. Oral administration of CE containing flavonoids and ascorbic acid to suckling piglets not improves the piglet growth. However, it alters the gut morphology, and reduces the frequency of diarrhea during suckling period. Parity order interferes on feed intake, feed conversion of sows and performance of litters.

ABSTRACT Little is known about the toxicity of concomitantly occurring mycotoxins in pig diets. This study was conducted to evaluate, through meta-analysis, the individual and the combined effects of mycotoxins on pig performance. The meta-analysis followed three sequential analyses (graphical, correlation, and variance-covariance) based on a database composed of 85 published papers, 1,012 treatments and 13,196 animals. Contamination of diets with individual mycotoxins reduced (p < 0.05) feed intake by 14 % and weight gain by 17 %, while combined mycotoxins reduced the same responses by 42 % and 45 %, respectively, in comparison with the non-challenged group. The correlation (p < 0.05) between reduction in weight gain (ΔG) and reduction in feed intake (ΔFI) was 0.67 in individual challenges and 0.93 in combined challenges. The estimated ΔG was –6 % in individual challenges and –7 % in combined challenges when ΔFI was zero, suggesting an increase in the maintenance requirements of challenged animals. Most of ΔG (58 % in individual challenges and 84 % in combined challenges) was attributed to the changes in feed efficiency. The association of mycotoxins enhances individual toxic effects and the ΔFI is important in explaining the deleterious effects on the growth of challenged pigs.

A determinação do perfil animal de cenários de produção, por modelagem, é imprescindível para melhorar a produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi modelar e avaliar o desempenho zootécnico, o fornecimento e as exigências de nutrientes para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação em cenários de produção reais. Foram selecionados seis cenários com total de 2.200 animais que consumiram seis dietas ad libitum. Os dados coletados nos cenários de produção foram modelados com base na média animal. Os animais foram alojados com 65±7 dias de idade e 22,11±1,41kg de peso e foram abatidos com 159±10 dias e 121,18±7kg. A média dos cenários foi superior a 0,27kg em consumo e 0,12kg em ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar foi equivalente ao perfil animal padrão (PAP). Os cenários foram superiores em 1,60g para exigência e 2,67g para fornecimento de lisina digestível diária por animal em relação ao PAP. Os cenários de produção apresentam diferenças para desempenho zootécnico, fornecimento e exigências de nutrientes para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. A modelagem é uma ferramenta que pode ser utilizada para descrever e comparar as especificidades em cada cenário de produção.

Determination of animal profile from production scenarios by modeling is essential to improve production. The objective of this study was to model and evaluate the performance, the supply and nutrients requirements for pigs, during the growing and finishing phases, in real production scenarios. Six scenarios with 2,200 animals, which consumed six ad libitum diets, were selected. The collected data from the production scenarios were modeled based on the average animal. Animals were housed at 65±7 days old and weighing 22.11±1.41kg and were slaughtered at 159±10 days old and weighing 121.18±7kg. Average of the scenarios was greater than 0.27kg for consumption and 0.12kg for weight gain; feed conversion was equivalent to the standard animal profile (SAP). Scenarios were 1.60g higher for the requirement and 2.67g higher for daily digestible lysine per animal when compared to the SAP. Production scenarios showed differences between performance, supply and nutrient requirements for pigs during the growing and finishing phases. Modeling is a tool that can be used to describe and compare the characteristics of each production scenario.

<p>Uma meta-análise foi desenvolvida para estudar o desempenho, características de carcaça e interações com variáveis nutricionais em suínos machos castrados, inteiros e imunocastrados. Para a base de dados, foram utilizados 27 artigos totalizando 2.917 animais. A meta-análise foi realizada através de análises gráficas, de correlação e de variância-covariância. Suínos machos inteiros apresentaram consumo de ração 9% inferior (P<0,05) aos castrados e 11% inferior (P<0,05) em relação aos imunocastrados. O ganho de peso foi maior (P<0,05) nos suínos imunocastrados em relação aos machos inteiros (9%) e castrados (12%) e apresentou correlação positiva (P<0,05) com a ingestão de proteína bruta em todas as categorias estudadas. Interceptos das equações que estimavam o consumo de lisina total em função do ganho de peso dos animais foram 15,3; 20,4 e 22,3g para suínos machos castrados, imunocastrados e inteiros, respectivamente, indicando empiricamente que animais inteiros apresentam maior exigência de lisina para mantença em relação aos animais castrados. O peso de carcaça quente e rendimento de carcaça não diferiram (P>0,05) entre as categorias sexuais estudadas. Porém, suínos machos castrados apresentaram conteúdo de carne magra 5% inferior (P<0,05) aos imunocastrados e 7% inferior (P<0,05) em relação aos inteiros. A espessura de toucinho dos suínos castrados foi 21% superior (P<0,05) em relação aos imunocastrados e 27% superior (P<0,05) aos inteiros. As respostas de desempenho diferem em suínos machos castrados, inteiros e imunocastrados. Esta meta-análise indicou que as variáveis nutricionais e exigências de mantença nas diferentes categorias sexuais dos suínos devem ser consideradas em pesquisas futuras.</p>

<p>A meta-analysis was carried out in order to study performance, carcass characteristics and nutritional interactions in castrated, entire and immunocastrated males. A total of 27 studies were used in the database, totaling 2917 animals. The meta-analysis followed three sequential analyses: graphical, correlation and variance–covariance. Entire males showed feed intake 9% lower (P<0.05) than surgically castrated males and 11% lower (P<0.05) than immunocastrated pigs. Weight gain was higher (P<0.05) in immunocastrated pigs in comparison to entire (9%) and castrated (12%) males. Daily weight gain showed positive correlation (P<0.05) with crude protein intake in all sex categories. The intercepts in the equations estimating the total lysine intake depending on the weight gain were 15.3; 20.4 and 22.3g for surgically castrated, immunocastrated and entire males, respectively, indicating empirically that the entire males have higher lysine requirement for maintenance in comparison to surgically castrated pigs. Hot carcass weight and carcass yield did not differ (P>0.05) between treatments. However, castrated males showed lower lean meat content (P<0.05) in comparison to immunocastrated (5%) and entire (7%) males. The backfat thickness of surgically castrated pigs was 21% higher (P<0.05) relative to immunocastrated and 27% higher (P<0.05) in comparison to entire pigs. Performance responses differ in surgically castrated, entire and immunocastrated male pigs. The meta-analysis indicated that the nutritional variables and maintenance requirements in different sexual categories of pigs should be considered in future research studies.</p>

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho animal, as características de carcaça e os custos para suínos alimentados com dietas ajustadas, para condições brasileiras, através do modelo InraPorc®. Foram utilizados 36 suínos castrados e 36 fêmeas, nas fases de crescimento e terminação, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram dietas controles e dietas ajustadas para machos e fêmeas. O programa alimentar e o perfil animal foram adicionados ao modelo para parametrização e definição das estratégias nutricionais e alimentares nas dietas ajustadas. O desempenho e as características de carcaça não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. O custo médio de alimentação para os animais que receberam a dieta controle foi 3,4% e 2,4% superior para os machos e para as fêmeas, respectivamente. Na comparação entre as dietas, o custo médio de alimentação para os animais que receberam a dieta controle foi 2,9% superior. A receita líquida foi R$0,19 e R$0,66 superior para os machos e fêmeas que receberam a dieta ajustada, respectivamente. As dietas ajustadas através do InraPorc® para suínos em crescimento e terminação não influenciam no desempenho e nas características de carcaça, contudo reduzem os custos de alimentação, o que gera aumento da receita líquida de produção.

The objective of this study was to evaluate animal performance, carcass characteristics and costs for pigs fed diets adjusted to Brazilian conditions, through the model InraPorc®. We used 36 barrows and 36 females, during the growing and finishing in a completely randomized design. The treatments were control diets and diets adjusted for both males and females. The feeding program and the animal profile were added to the model parameterization and define strategies and nutritional feed in the diets adjusted. The performance and carcass traits were not affected by treatments. The average cost to feed the animals that received the control diet was higher in 3.4% and 2.4% for the males and females respectively. Comparing the diets, the average cost to feed the animals that received the control diet was 2.9% higher. Net income was R$0.19 and R$0.66 higher for males and females which received the diet adjusted, respectively. Diets adjusted through InraPorc® for the growing and finishing pigs did not influence the performance and carcass traits, however reduced feed costs which generates higher net production.

Uma meta-análise foi realizada para avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade de carcaça e carne de suínos em função do sistema de alojamento nas fases de crescimento/terminação. Foram selecionadas publicações indexadas com resultados de experimentos comparando variáveis de desempenho e de pós-abate de suínos alojados em sistemas intensivos convencionais ou ao ar livre. A base de dados contemplou 27 artigos publicados entre 1997 e 2009. Ao total, foram considerados 2.985 animais e 701 médias na análise de dados. A meta-análise foi realizada através de duas análises sequenciais: gráfica e de variância-covariância. O sistema de criação de suínos ao ar livre aumentou em 9% (P<0,05) o consumo de ração, reduziu em 2% (P<0,01) o ganho de peso diário e piorou em 3% (P<0,05) a conversão alimentar dos animais em relação ao sistema confinado. As características de carcaça (peso de carcaça quente, rendimento, espessura de toucinho e percentual de carne magra) e de carne no Longissimus dorsi (perda por gotejamento e cozimento, pH, temperatura inicial, força de cisalhamento, marmoreio dureza, maciez e suculência) não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelo sistema de alojamento dos suínos. Concluiu-se que o sistema de criação influencia no desempenho dos suínos, mas não interfere nas características de carcaça e carne estudadas.

A meta-analysis was carried out to study performance and characteristics of carcass and meat in pigs in function of housing system during the growing/finishing period. Indexed publications with results of experiments comparing performance and post-slaughter variables of pigs housed in outdoor or conventional intensive systems were selected. In total, 2.985 animals and 701 averages were considered in the data analysis. Meta-analysis followed two sequential analyses: graphic and variance. The outdoor productive system increased in 9% (P<0.05) feed intake, reduced in 2% (P<0.01) daily weight gain and worsened in 3% (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio of pigs in comparison to animals in the confined system. Characteristics of carcass (hot carcass weight, yield, backfat thickness and lean meat percentage) and Longissimus dorsi meat (drip and cooking loss, pH, the initial temperature, shear force, marbling, hardness, juiciness and tenderness) were not affected (P>0.05) by the housing system. It is concluded that the housing system influences the pig performance, but does not interfere in characteristics of carcass and meat.

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho e o custo do alimento de suínos machos castrados e inteiros suplementados ou não com aminoácidos. Foram utilizados 48 animais com peso vivo inicial de 38,8±0,2kg, distribuídos num delineamento de blocos ao acaso em três tratamentos, sendo machos castrados (MC), machos inteiros (MI) e MI suplementados com 5% de aminoácidos (MI+5%AA). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre o peso vivo e o ganho de peso dos suínos. O consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e o custo do alimento diferiram (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos. O consumo médio de ração foi de 2,43kg, sendo que os MC apresentaram consumo superior (P<0,05) em 5,5 e 5,2% em relação aos MI e aos MI+5%AA, respectivamente. A conversão alimentar média foi 2,28; sendo que os MC apresentaram pior conversão (P<0,05) em 6,2 e 11,6% em relação aos MI e aos MI+5%AA, respectivamente. O custo médio do alimento foi de R$ 1,82 kg-1, sendo superior (P<0,05) para os MC em relação aos MI e MI +5%AA. O tipo sexual do macho (castrado ou inteiro) e a suplementação aminoacídica não afetam o peso vivo e o ganho de peso, mas alteram o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e o custo de alimento.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance and feed cost of barrows and boars fed or not with amino acid supplemented diets. Forty-eight animals were used with initial weight of 38.8±0.2kg distributed in a randomized block design with three treatments, being barrows males (CM), boars males (IM) and IM supplemented with 5% of amino acids (IM+5% AA). The treatment had no effect on body weight and weight gain. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost were different (P<0.05) among treatments. Average feed intake was of 2.43kg, and the intake observed on CM (P<0.05) was higher at 5.5 and 5.2% in relation to IM and IM+5%AA, respectively. Feed conversion ratio was of 2.28, and the CM showed the worse conversion (P<0.05) at 6.2 and 11.6% in relation to IM and IM+5%AA, respectively. Average feed cost was of R$ 1,82kg-1, being higher (P<0.05) for the CM in relation to IM and IM+5%AA. The sex category (barrows or boars) and amino acid supplementation did not affect body weight and weight gain, but alter feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feed cost.

Foi realizado um experimento para avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de dietas e o metabolismo de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo bentonita sódica submetidos a diferentes programas alimentares. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos castrados, meio irmãos paternos, com peso vivo médio inicial de 42,2kg, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com três níveis de bentonita sódica (0,0; 0,3 e 0,5%) e dois programas alimentares (restrito e à vontade), com oito repetições cada. A adição de bentonita sódica não alterou (P>0,05) o consumo de ração e os balanços da energia e do nitrogênio. O consumo de ração diferiu (P<0,01) entre a alimentação restrita e à vontade (1,17 vs. 2,19kg d-1). O programa alimentar alterou (P<0,05) o balanço do N, mas não afetou (P>0,05) a retenção de N pelos animais. A alimentação à vontade alterou (P<0,05) o balanço da energia, sobretudo a energia retida (3.825 vs. 3.013kcal d-1). A adição de 0,5% de bentonita sódica nas dietas reduziu em 9% (P<0,01) a excreção fecal de fósforo. A adição de bentonita sódica nas dietas de suínos não altera os balanços da energia e do N nem as digestibilidades aparentes do Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu e Mn. A adição de bentonita sódica reduz a excreção fecal de fósforo. Não há interação entre o programa alimentar e a adição de bentonita sódica nas dietas.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the digestibility of diets and metabolism of pigs fed diets containing sodium bentonite subjected to different feeding programs. Twenty-four barrows were used, littermates, 42.2kg initial live weight, housed in metabolic cages. Experimental design was completely randomized with three sodium bentonite levels (0.0; 0.3 and 0.5%) and two feeding programs (restricted and ad libitum), with eight replications each. Addition of sodium bentonite didn't affect (P>0.05) the feed intake, the energy and N balance. The feed intake differ (P<0.01) between restricted and ad libitum feeding (1.17 vs. 2.19kg d-1). The feeding program alter (P<0.05) the N balance, but don't affected (P>0.05) the N retention in pigs. Ad libitum feeding alter (P<0.05) the energy balance, mainly the retained energy (3,825 vs. 3,013kcal d-1). Addition of 0.5% of sodium bentonite in diets reduced in 9% (P<0.01) the fecal phosphorus excretion. Sodium bentonite in diets doesn't alter the energy and N balance neither apparent digestibility of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu and Mn. Sodium bentonite in diets reduce the fecal phosphorus excretion. There is no interaction between the feeding program and the addition of sodium bentonite in diets.