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ABSTRACT Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In Brazil, TB is a public health problem, and the treatment dropout rate contributes to it. Methods: This systematic review investigated the factors associated with TB treatment dropout in Brazil using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. The databases used were Bireme, Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), and Latin-American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS). The search was conducted on May 16, 2021. Nine articles were reviewed, and all were published within the last 5 years in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Results: The sample sizes in the studies ranged from 148 to 77,212 individuals, and the studies enrolled only adult patients (aged 18-59 years) in Brazil. Evidence suggests that the significant risk factors associated with TB treatment dropout are male sex, black race/ethnicity, age between 19 and 49 years, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection, low education (<8 years), use of alcohol and illicit drugs, and unsupervised treatment. This study’s limitations were the small number of articles published on this topic with stronger study designs, use of secondary data sources in most articles, and a moderate to high risk of bias in most papers. Conclusions: There was a significant association between abandonment of TB treatment and HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome co-infection; socioeconomic factors (low education and homelessness); use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs; and failure to use directly observed treatment. These results can guide more efficient measures to prevent dropout. Background (TB tuberculosis problem it Methods MetaAnalyses Meta Analyses PRISMA (PRISMA method Bireme Scopus PubMed Medline PanAmerican Pan American PAHO, PAHO , (PAHO) LatinAmerican Latin LILACS. LILACS . (LILACS) 16 2021 reviewed English Spanish Portuguese Results 14 77212 77 212 77,21 individuals aged 1859 18 59 18-5 sex raceethnicity race ethnicity race/ethnicity 1 4 HIV (HIV coinfection, coinfection co infection, infection co-infection <8 8 (< drugs studys s designs papers Conclusions HIVacquired acquired homelessness homelessness) tobacco (PAHO (LILACS 202 7721 7 21 77,2 185 18- < ( 20 772 2 77,