Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the Er,Cr:YSGG irradiation and 980-nm diode lasers on the surface roughness (SR) and volume loss (VL) of dentin subjected to cariogenic challenge. Subsequently, 130 specimens of bovine dentin were divided into the following 13 groups: NT: no treatment; FG: fluoride gel; FV: fluoride varnish; Di: 980-nm diode; Di + FG; Di + FV; FG + D; FV + Di; Er: Er,Cr:YSGG; Er + FG; Er + FV; FG + Er and FV + Er. Er,Cr:YSGG laser parameters were as follows: 0.25 W; 5.0 Hz; 4.46 J/cm2 without water and 55% air. Furthermore, the 980-nm diode laser parameters were 2.0 W; 2.0 Hz; 21.41 J/cm2. The samples from each group were subjected to pH cycling. A confocal laser scanning microscope was used to evaluate SR and VL. Difference between the volume of the reference and treated areas + DES/RE was used to determine SR and VL. The mean values of the different groups were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey’s post-hoc test. The VL values were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn post-hoc test (p < 0.05). The SR of the reference area did not show a statistically significant 1807-3107-bor-38-e025treatment and cariogenic challenge (p > 0.05). Moreover, VL in the FV + Di and FV + Er groups showed a statistically significant difference compared with areas submitted to different types of treatment and cariogenic challenge (p > 0.05). Er,Cr:YSGG and 980-nm diode lasers associated with fluoride varnishes decreased dentin VL in bovine teeth submitted to cariogenic challenge. Er,CrYSGG ErCrYSGG Er,Cr YSGG Cr 980nm nm 980 (SR (VL Subsequently 1 NT gel varnish D follows 025 0 25 0.2 W 50 5 5. Hz 446 4 46 4.4 Jcm2 Jcm J cm2 cm J/cm 55 air Furthermore 20 2 2. 2141 21 41 21.4 cycling DESRE DES RE Tukeys Tukey s posthoc post hoc KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 05 0.05) 18073107bor38e025treatment boretreatment 1807 3107 bor 38 e025treatment e Moreover CrYSGG ErCr 98 02 0. 44 4. 214 21. 00 0.0 180 310 3 etreatment 9 18 31

Resumo Este estudo transversal teve como objetivo investigar a associação entre defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte (DDE) e polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) nos genes que codificam o receptor da vitamina D (VDR) e o hormônio da paratireoide (PTH). Pacientes ortodônticos em tratamento em uma escola Odontologia foram selecionados por amostragem de conveniência. Os DDEs foram avaliados e classificados por um examinador calibrado (Kappa>0,80) através de fotografias intraorais de acordo com os critérios propostos por Ghanim et al. (2015). Os tipos de DDE considerados para análise foram: hipoplasia de esmalte, hipomineralização molar-incisivo (HMI), hipomineralização de segundos molares decíduos (HSMD) e opacidades demarcadas não-HMI/HSMD. O DNA gnômico foi extraído de células bucais. Os SNPs em VDR (rs7975232) e PTH (rs694, rs6256 e rs307247) foram genotipados por PCR em tempo real. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o software PLINK (versão 1.03, concebido por Shaun Purcell, EUA). Foram feitos teste de qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher com um nível de significância de 5%. Foram incluídos noventa e um (n=91) pacientes (49 do sexo feminino e 42 do sexo masculino) (idade média de 14,1±5,8 anos). A frequência de DDE foi de 38,5% (35 pacientes). As distribuições genotípicas estavam em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante entre os DDEs e os SNPs avaliados. Foi observada uma associação limítrofe (p=0,09) entre a DDE e o haplótipo CC para o SNP rs7975232 no VDR. Em conclusão, os SNPs seleccionados nos genes VDR e PTH não foram associados à DDE nas amostras estudadas. (DDE (SNPs (VDR PTH. . (PTH) conveniência Kappa>0,80 Kappa080 Kappa 0 80 (Kappa>0,80 al 2015. 2015 (2015) molarincisivo molar incisivo HMI, HMI , (HMI) HSMD (HSMD nãoHMI/HSMD. nãoHMIHSMD HMI/HSMD. não-HMI/HSMD bucais rs (rs7975232 rs694, rs694 (rs694 rs625 rs307247 real versão 103 1 03 1.03 Purcell EUA. EUA EUA) quiquadrado qui quadrado 5 5% n=91 n91 n 91 (n=91 49 (4 4 masculino idade 14158 14 8 14,1±5, anos. anos anos) 385 38 38,5 35 (3 pacientes. pacientes) HardyWeinberg. HardyWeinberg Hardy Weinberg. Weinberg Hardy-Weinberg p=0,09 p009 p 09 (p=0,09 rs797523 conclusão estudadas (PTH Kappa>0,8 Kappa08 (Kappa>0,8 201 (2015 (HMI nãoHMI nãoHMI/HSMD HMIHSMD HMI/HSMD (rs797523 rs69 (rs69 rs62 rs30724 10 1.0 n=9 n9 9 (n=9 ( 1415 14,1±5 3 38, p=0,0 p00 (p=0,0 rs79752 Kappa>0, Kappa0 (Kappa>0, 20 (201 (rs79752 rs6 (rs6 rs3072 1. n= (n= 141 14,1± p=0, p0 (p=0, rs7975 Kappa>0 (Kappa>0 2 (20 (rs7975 (rs rs307 (n 14,1 p=0 (p=0 rs797 Kappa> (Kappa> (2 (rs797 rs30 14, p= (p= rs79 (Kappa (rs79 rs3 (p rs7 (rs7

Abstract This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between developmental defects of enamel (DDE) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Orthodontic patients receiving treatment at a dental school were selected through convenience sampling. Intra-oral photographs were used to assess DDE, which were classified according to the criteria proposed by Ghanim et al. (2015) by a single calibrated examiner (Kappa>0.80). Enamel hypoplasia, molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH), hypomimineralized second primary molar (HSPM), and non-MIH/HSPM demarcated opacities were considered for the analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal cells. The SNPs in VDR (rs7975232) and PHT (rs694, rs6256, and rs307247) were genotyped using real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Statistical analyses were performed using the PLINK software (version 1.03, designed by Shaun Purcell, EUA). Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were performed at a significance level of 5%. Ninety-one (n=91) patients (49 females and 42 males) (mean age of 14.1±5.8 years) were included. The frequency of DDE was 38.5% (35 patients). Genotype distributions were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No significant statistical association was found between DDE and the SNPs evaluated. A borderline association (p=0.09) was observed between DDE and the CC haplotype for SNP rs7975232 in VDR. In conclusion, the selected SNPs in VDR and PTH genes were not associated with DDE in the studied samples. crosssectional cross sectional (DDE (SNPs (VDR PTH. . (PTH) sampling Intraoral Intra oral al 2015 (2015 Kappa>0.80. Kappa080 Kappa Kappa>0.80 0 80 (Kappa>0.80) hypoplasia molarincisor incisor MIH, MIH , (MIH) HSPM, HSPM (HSPM) nonMIH/HSPM nonMIHHSPM non MIH/HSPM analysis cells rs (rs7975232 rs694, rs694 (rs694 rs6256 rs307247 realtime real time PCR. PCR (PCR) version 103 1 03 1.03 Purcell EUA. EUA EUA) Chisquare Chi square Fishers Fisher s 5 5% Ninetyone Ninety one n=91 n91 n 91 (n=91 49 (4 4 males mean 14158 14 8 14.1±5. years included 385 38 38.5 35 (3 patients. patients) HardyWeinberg Hardy Weinberg equilibrium evaluated p=0.09 p009 p 09 (p=0.09 rs797523 conclusion samples (PTH 201 (201 Kappa08 Kappa>0.8 (Kappa>0.80 (MIH (HSPM nonMIH MIHHSPM (rs797523 rs69 (rs69 rs625 rs30724 (PCR 10 1.0 n=9 n9 9 (n=9 ( 1415 14.1±5 3 38. p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 rs79752 20 (20 Kappa0 Kappa>0. (Kappa>0.8 (rs79752 rs6 (rs6 rs62 rs3072 1. n= (n= 141 14.1± p=0. p0 (p=0. rs7975 2 (2 Kappa>0 (Kappa>0. (rs7975 (rs rs307 (n 14.1 p=0 (p=0 rs797 Kappa> (Kappa>0 (rs797 rs30 14. p= (p= rs79 (Kappa> (rs79 rs3 (p rs7 (Kappa (rs7

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify whether an infiltrant resin used to inactivate white spot lesions (WSL) on enamel can resist the abrasive challenges promoted by tooth brushing with different dentifrices. Material and Methods: WSL was induced on bovine enamel samples (pH cycling) and then treated with an infiltrant resin (ICON). Afterward, half of the sample was protected. The other half underwent an abrasive challenge using an electric toothbrush with soft bristles., using dentifrices with different abrasiveness (n=10): Group 1: Colgate Maximum Cavity Protection; Group 2: Sensodyne Repair & Protect; Group 3: Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief; Group 4: Colgate 2 in 1 Watermelon Flavor; e Group 5: Colgate Luminous White Advanced. The wear profile after brushing was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (µm), and the enamel/resin interface was observed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Profilometry data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α=5%). Results: Brushing produced more significant wear on group 5 (3.96±0.26) when compared to groups 1 (3.45±0.21), 2(3.22±0,4) and 4(3.11±0.34). Data from Group 3 (3.82±0.6) was similar to G5 but higher than G1, G2, and G4. SEM analysis showed that the adhesive interface remained intact in all groups after the abrasive challenge. Conclusion: Dentifrices with a higher relative dentin abrasiveness produced more significant wear of the infiltrant, but the composite/enamel interface was not altered after the abrasive challenges. Objective (WSL Methods pH cycling ICON. ICON . (ICON) Afterward protected bristles bristles. n=10 n10 n 10 (n=10) Protection Protect ProRelief Pro Relief Pro-Relief 4 Flavor Advanced µm, µm , (µm) enamelresin SEM. (SEM) oneway one way Tukeys Tukey s α=5%. α5 α α=5% (α=5%) Results 3.96±0.26 396026 96 0 26 (3.96±0.26 3.45±0.21, 345021 3.45±0.21 45 21 (3.45±0.21) 23.22±0,4 232204 3.22±0,4 22 2(3.22±0,4 43.11±0.34. 4311034 3.11±0.34 11 34 4(3.11±0.34) 3.82±0.6 38206 82 6 (3.82±0.6 G G1 G2 G4 Conclusion compositeenamel composite (ICON n=1 n1 (n=10 (µm (SEM α=5 (α=5% 3.96±0.2 39602 9 (3.96±0.2 34502 3.45±0.2 (3.45±0.21 23 23.22±0, 23220 32204 3.22±0, 2(3.22±0, 43 43.11±0.34 431103 311034 3.11±0.3 4(3.11±0.34 3.82±0. 3820 8 (3.82±0. n= (n=1 α= (α=5 3.96±0. 3960 (3.96±0. 3450 3.45±0. (3.45±0.2 23.22±0 2322 3220 3.22±0 2(3.22±0 43.11±0.3 43110 31103 3.11±0. 4(3.11±0.3 3.82±0 382 (3.82±0 (n= (α= 3.96±0 396 (3.96±0 345 3.45±0 (3.45±0. 23.22± 232 322 3.22± 2(3.22± 43.11±0. 4311 3110 3.11±0 4(3.11±0. 3.82± 38 (3.82± (n (α 3.96± 39 (3.96± 3.45± (3.45±0 23.22 32 3.22 2(3.22 43.11±0 431 311 3.11± 4(3.11±0 3.82 (3.82 3.96 (3.96 3.45 (3.45± 23.2 3.2 2(3.2 43.11± 31 3.11 4(3.11± 3.8 (3.8 3.9 (3.9 3.4 (3.45 23. 3. 2(3. 43.11 3.1 4(3.11 (3. (3.4 2(3 43.1 4(3.1 (3 2( 43. 4(3. ( 4(3 4(

Abstract This study evaluated how Er,Cr:YSGG laser, associated or not with 5% fluoride varnish, influences the surface roughness and volume loss of bovine root dentin submitted to erosive and/or abrasive wear. One hundred and twenty dentin specimens were divided into the groups: without preventive treatment (WPT), 5% fluoride varnish (FV); Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation (L), and varnish combined with laser (FV + L). The specimens (n = 10) were subdivided into: 1 = erosion (E); 2 = abrasion (A); and 3 = erosion followed by abrasion (E + A). The erosive solution used was a soft-drink (pH = 2.42 at 4ºC) applied in 5-min cycles twice a day for 10d. Abrasive wear involved brushing for 60s with an electric brush (1,600-oscillations/s) at a load of 2.0N. Surface roughness and volume loss were evaluated using a laser scanning confocal microscope. Roughness data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test. For volume loss, the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post-hoc tests were used (α = 5%). The lowest values of roughness were found in the control areas of all subgroups (p > 0.05). In the experimental area, the [(WPT) + (E+A)] subgroup had a significantly higher roughness (5.712 ± 0.163 μm 2 ) than the other subgroups (p < 0.05). The L and (FV + L) groups had statistically similar roughness, regardless of the type of wear. The (FV + L) group had the lowest volume loss, regardless of the type of wear performed: [(FV + L) + (E)] = 7.5%, [(FV + L) + (A) = 7.3%, and [(FV + L) + (E + A)] = 8.1%. The subgroup [(WPT) + (E + A)] had the highest volume loss (52.3%). The proposed treatments were effective in controlling dentin roughness. Laser irradiation can be an effective method to increase root dentin resistance after challenges and limit problems related to non-carious lesions.

The use of erbium lasers to prevent caries in enamel has shown positive results. However, it is not known if Er,Cr:YSGG laser can also be used to increase acid resistance of root dentine, which is another dental tissue susceptible to the action of cariogenic bacteria. Objective: To analyze the effects of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser (λ=2.78 μm, 20 Hz) irradiation associated with 2% neutral sodium fluoride (NaF) to prevent root dentin demineralization. Material and Methods: One hundred human root dentin samples were divided into 10 groups (G) and treated as follows: G1: no treatment; G2: NaF; G3: laser (4.64 J/cm2) with water cooling (WC=5.4 mL/min); G4: laser (4.64 J/cm2) without WC; G5: laser (8.92 J/cm2) with WC; G6: laser (8.92 J/cm2) without WC; G7: laser (4.64 J/cm2) with WC and NaF; G8: laser (4.64 J/cm2) without WC and NaF; G9: laser (8.92 J/cm2) with WC and NaF; G10: laser (8.92 J/cm2) without WC and NaF. The NaF gel was applied alone or after 4 min of irradiation. After 14 days of acid challenge, the samples were sectioned and the Knoop microhardness (KHN) test was done at different depths (30, 60, 90 and 120 μm) from the outer dentin surface. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Fisher’s test (α=5%). Results: The results showed that G8 and G10 presented higher KHN than the G1 for the depths of 30 and 60 μm, indicating an increase of the acid resistance of the dentin in up to 35% (p<0.05). Conclusions: The use of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation at 4.64 J/ cm2 and 8.92 J/cm2 without water cooling and associated with 2% NaF can increase the acid resistance of human root dentin.

A alteração da microestrutura do implante durante seu manuseio pode reduzir o potencial do tratamento superfícial na osteoindução e consequentemente na osseointegração. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do torque de inserção e do ensaio de arrancamento, na microestrutura de implantes odontológicos de diferentes formatos, por meio de espectometria de energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDS). Para a realização do estudo foram selecionados quatro modelos de implantes Conexão(r) (n=8): Cônico com tratamento de superfície (COTS), Cilíndrico com tratamento de superfície (CTS), Cilíndrico com duplo tratamento de superfície (CTSD) e Cilíndrico com superfície usinada (CSU). Antes e após a realização dos ensaios mecânicos, os parafusos foram submetidos à análise da composição química de suas superfícies, por meio de EDS. Os resultados obtidos com a análise microestrutural demonstraram a presença de três elementos químicos principais: Ti, C e O. Foi verificada alteração estatisticamente significante na concentração dos elementos Ti e C. O implante com duplo tratamento de superfície (CTSD) foi o que apresentou a maior redução do Ti e maior aumento do C. A partir dos dados obtidos foi possível concluir que a manipulação mecânica pode alterar a superfície dos implantes quanto à sua microestrutura. Sendo assim, o planejamento cirúrgico deve levar em conta a escolha do tratamento de superfície, pois uma vez que o implante é inserido e removido do leito ósseo suas características podem ser alteradas.

The change in the implant microstructure during handling may reduce the potential of surface treatment on the osteoinduction and, therefore, on the osseointegration. The aim of this study was to evaluate by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) the effect of insertion torque and pullout test on the microstructure of dental implants with different shapes. Four shapes of implants (n=8) were selected: conical with surface treatment (COTS), cylindrical with surface treatment (CTS), cylindrical with double surface treatment (CTSD) and cylindrical with machined surface (CSU). Before and after performing the mechanical tests, the screw surfaces were subjected to analysis of chemical composition by EDX. The results obtained by the microstructural analysis showed presence of three main chemical elements: Ti, C and O. There was a significant change in the concentration of Ti and C. The implant with double surface treatment (CTSD) showed the greatest Ti reduction and the greatest C increase. It may be concluded that the mechanical manipulation may alter the implant surfaces as regards their microstructure. Therefore, surgical planning should take into consideration the choice of surface treatment because the characteristics of the implants may be modified as they are inserted and removed from the bone site.