Abstract Introduction Invasive fungal diseases represent important causes of morbidity and mortality among pediatric oncohematological patients. Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis is a rare and aggressive disease that occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients. The mortality rate is high and therefore, accurate and early diagnosis is essential. Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis among pediatric oncohematological patients and characterize them with confirmed diagnoses. Methods This was a retrospective study that analyzed the medical records of pediatric patients diagnosed with oncohematological diseases and suspected fungal infections, who were included after obtaining informed consent, from January to December 2017, in the pediatric unit of a tertiary university hospital. Data collected from medical record analysis included the following: underlying diagnosis, absolute neutrophil count, clinical presentation, culture and biopsy results, surgical procedures performed, survival and mortality. Results A total of 27 patients were evaluated, with three suspected cases of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Histopathological and microbiological analyses confirmed two cases. In both cases, the pathogen isolated in the culture was Fusarium sp. The two confirmed cases were female, aged 12 and 14 years, both with an absolute neutrophil count of 10 cells/μL. The underlying disease of the first patient was acute myeloid leukemia (subtype M5), whereas the second patient presented idiopathic bone marrow aplasia. Conclusion Both confirmed cases of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis presented with constitutional symptoms and signs of nasal and sinusital inflammation. This demonstrates the importance of fever as a symptom in immunocompromised patients and it should prompt otorhinolaryngological investigation.

RESUMO Objetivo: desenvolver programa de treinamento em cirurgia minimamente invasiva, baseado em simulação e com ênfase na aquisição de competências laparoscópicas. Métodos: trata-se de estudo prospectivo observacional que foi realizado em hospital universitário de Belo Horizonte, Brasil, entre abril de 2020 e janeiro de 2021. Foram recrutados residentes de clínicas cirúrgicas para treinamento progressivo estruturado de acordo com princípios instrucionais de promoção da aprendizagem, como: motivação, ativação, demonstração, aplicação e integração. Testes de habilidades foram filmados no início, meio e final do programa, e, então, avaliados em anonimato por perito em educação cirúrgica. As performances individuais foram pontuadas por meio das ferramentas de avaliação global “GOALS” e “checklist específico de sutura”. Ao final, todos participantes receberam feedbacks individuais e preencheram questionário destinado a avaliar o impacto do treinamento, baseado no modelo de Kirkpatrick. Resultados: 43 residentes concluíram o treinamento. A evolução das performances foi crescente e evidente entre os testes. Os aproveitamentos médios foram: 29% no teste inicial; 43% no teste intermediário; e 88% no teste final, com diferenças significativas entre todas as médias de pontuação, sendo H=97,59; GL=2; p<0,0001. A avaliação do programa e percepções de aprendizagem foram excelentes, mas apenas 10,7% dos residentes sentiram-se totalmente capazes a realizar cirurgia laparoscópica de baixa complexidade sem supervisão ao final do treinamento. Conclusões: o programa de treinamento desenvolvido nesse estudo mostrou-se factível e promissor como estratégia de ensino da cirurgia laparoscópica.

ABSTRACT Objective: to develop a training program in minimally invasive surgery, based on simulation and with an emphasis on the acquisition of laparoscopic competences. Methods: this was a prospective, observational study carried out at a university hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, between April 2020 and January 2021. We recruited residents of surgical specialties for structured, progressive training according to instructional principles to promote learning, such as motivation, activation, demonstration, application, and integration. We filmed the skill tests at the program’s beginning, middle, and end, which were then anonymously evaluated by a surgical education expert. Individual performances were scored using the global assessment tools “GOALS” and “specific checklist for suture”. At the end, all participants received individual feedback and completed a questionnaire to assess the impact of training on the Kirkpatrick model. Results: 43 residents completed the program. The evolution of performances was evident and grew between tests. The average achievements were 29% in the initial test, 43% in the intermediate test, and 88% in the final test, with significant differences between all mean scores, with H=97.59, GL=2, p<0.0001. The program evaluation and learning perceptions were excellent, but only 10.7% of residents felt fully capable of performing unsupervised, low-complexity laparoscopic surgery at the end of training. Conclusions: the training program developed in this study proved to be feasible and promising as a strategy for teaching laparoscopic surgery.

Abstract The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been prioritized in relation to other illnesses considered critical, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases/stroke, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. The management of patients with these diseases involves dental care to reduce systemic complications caused by odontogenic infections, and/or to treat oral manifestations of systemic comorbidities. In this regard, the dental care of these individuals must be guaranteed during the pandemic. Although a high risk of exposure to and catching of COVID-19 is expected to befall dental professionals, biosafety guidelines reduce the likelihood of infection. Thus, the current scenario poses challenges, and offers decision-making approaches and tools that facilitate the management of individuals with oral manifestations of chronic and/or critical diseases, using hospital-based services. This article presents an overview for hospital service providers who are at the forefront of COVID-19 care, including a secure protocol, and clinical guidelines based on the experience of the Hospital das Clínicas in Belo Horizonte, a public referral service, supported by the Brazilian National Health System.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados a eventos adversos (EA) relacionados à ventilação mecânica (VM) invasiva em pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) de hospital público terciário. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado entre julho de 2016 e junho de 2018, com dados coletados ao longo da rotina de atendimento dos pacientes na unidade pela equipe assistencial. Neste estudo, foram analisados características demográficas, clínicas, ventilatórias e os EA ocorridos. O modelo de regressão logística foi utilizado para análise multivariada quanto aos fatores associados aos EA. Resultados: Neste estudo, foram incluídos 306 pacientes, com tempo de ventilação total de 2.155 dias. Ocorreram EA em 66 pacientes (21,6%), dos quais 11 (16,7%) sofreram dois EA, totalizando 77 eventos (36 EA por mil dias de ventilação). O EA mais comum foi o estridor pós-extubação (25,9%), seguido da extubação não planejada (16,9%). Os episódios ocorreram predominantemente no turno da tarde (49,3%) e associados a grau de dano leve (54,6%). Na análise multivariada, observou-se maior ocorrência de EA associado a tempo de internação igual ou superior a sete dias (Odds Ratio [OR]=2,6, intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%)]1,49-4,66, p=0,001). Conclusões: Evidenciou-se número significativo de EA que podem ser prevenidos, destacando-se o estridor pós-extubação e a extubação acidental, com ocorrência mais frequentemente associada ao maior tempo de internação.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with adverse events (AE) related to invasive mechanical ventilation in patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary public hospital. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study from July 2016 to June 2018, with data collected throughout patients’ routine care in the unit by the care team. Demographic, clinical and ventilatory characteristics and adverse events were analysed. The logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis regarding the factors associated with AE. Results: Three hundred and six patients were included, with a total ventilation time of 2,155 days. Adverse events occurred in 66 patients (21.6%), and in 11 of those (16.7%) two AE occurred, totalling 77 events (36 AE per 1000 days of ventilation). The most common AE was post-extubation stridor (25.9%), followed by unplanned extubation (16.9%). Episodes occurred predominantly in the afternoon shift (49.3%) and associated with mild damage (54.6%). Multivariate analysis showed a higher occurrence of AE associated with length of stay of 7 days or more (Odds Ratio [OR]=2.6; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.49-4.66; p=0.001). Conclusions: The results of the present study show a significant number of preventable adverse events, especially stridor after extubation and accidental extubation. The higher frequency of these events is associated with longer hospitalization.

Resumo A compreensão dos determinantes sociais das principais doenças infecto-parasitárias é necessária para seu controle efetivo. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com dados de primeira consulta de prontuários médicos das crianças atendidas no Centro de Referência em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias Orestes Diniz UFMG/PBH, com objetivo de investigar a prevalência e os determinantes das principais doenças infecto-parasitárias na população pediátrica. Foram obtidos dados de 173 prontuários, sendo que 78,6% eram crianças com menos de 2 anos de idade. A maioria dos pacientes (74,5%) apresentava infecções congênitas: 27,7% por sífilis, 21,3%, por toxoplasmose, 20,8%, pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana, dentre outras. Esse ambulatório recebe crianças de todas as faixas etárias, de todo o estado, sendo sua maioria acometida por infecções congênitas. A qualificação do pré-natal leva tanto a um diagnóstico precoce quanto a um acompanhamento, tratamento adequado e à prática de medidas preventivas, reduzindo a incidência dessas infecções.

Abstract The comprehension of the social determinants of the main infectious diseases is necessary for its effective control. A transversal study has been designed with data from medical registers concerning the first appointment of the pediatric patients on “Centro de Referência em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias Orestes Diniz UFMG/PBH”, with the objective of investigating the prevalence and determinants of the major infectious diseases among these children. Data from 173 registers was obtained, from which 78.6% were less than 2 years old. Most patients (74.5%) presented congenital infections: 27.7% with syphilis, 21.3% with toxoplasmosis and 20.8% exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus. This practice offers care to children of all ages, from the entire state, and most of them present congenital infections. A quality pre-natal care leads to both a precocious diagnose of these diseases, with appropriate monitoring and treatment, and the practice of preventive measures, hence reducing the incidence of those infections.

Resumo Objetivo Rever as taxas de transmissão vertical (TV) do HIV-1 na área metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Brasil, de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2014. Métodos Estudo descritivo de uma coorte prospectiva de gestantes infectadas pelo HIV-1 e seus filhos, monitorados pelo Grupo de Pesquisa em HIV/Aids Materno-Infantil, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Resultados A taxa geral de TV foi de 1,9% (13/673; intervalo de confiança [IC] 95%: 1,0-3,3). O uso extensivo de terapia antirretroviral combinada (TARVc) (89,7%; 583/ 650) impactou fortemente a redução de TV durante este período. Carga viral materna superior a 1.000 cópias/mL mostrou associação significante com TV (OR: 6,6; IC 95%:1,3-33,3). A amamentação materna foi descrita em 10 casos nesta coorte (1,5%; IC 95%: 0,7-2,7), mas não foi associada à TV. Conclusão Os dados atuais da coorte foram coerentes com a baixa taxa de TV descrita em outras populações globais, e foi consideravelmentemenor em comparação com os resultados da mesma coorte no período de 1998-2005, quando a taxa de TV foi de 6,2%. Esses dados confirmam a eficiência das Diretrizes Nacionais, e enfatizam a importância de adotar os procedimentos internacionais recomendados para a prevenção da transmissão do HIV da mãe para o filho.

Abstract Objective To revise HIV-1 vertical transmission (VT) rates in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, from January of 2006 to December of 2014. Methods Descriptive study of a prospective cohort of HIV-1-infected pregnant women and their children, monitored by the Maternal and Child HIV/Aids Research Group of Research Group at Faculty of Medicine of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Results The VT general rate was 1.9% (13/673; confidence interval [CI] 95%: 1.0-3.3). The extensive use of combined highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (89.7%; 583/650) strongly impacted the reduction of VT during this period. Maternal viral load (VL) higher than 1,000 copies/mL showed significant association with VT (OR:6.6; CI 95%:1.3-33.3). Maternal breastfeeding was described in 10 cases in this cohort (1.5%; CI 95%: 0.7-2.7), but it was not associated with VT. Conclusion The present cohort data were coherent with the low VT rate described in other global populations, and it was considerably lower in comparison to the results of the same cohort during the period of 1998-2005, when the VT rate was 6.2%. These data confirm the efficiency of the National Guidelines, and emphasize the importance of adopting the international recommended procedures for prevention of mother-tochild transmission (MTCT) of HIV.

This study is aimed at evaluating the potential to detect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in amniotic fluid (AF) collected at delivery from 40 HIV-positive pregnant women. Thirty patients had a plasma viral load (VL) below 1,000 copies/mL at delivery. VL was positive in three AF samples. No significant association was found between the HIV-1 RNA in AF and the maternal plasma samples. There was no HIV vertical transmission detected.

Significant decrease in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vertical transmission has been observed worldwide in centers where interventions such as antiretroviral therapy (ART), elective cesarean section, and avoidance of breastfeeding have been implemented. This prospective cohort study aimed to assess the determinants of and the temporal trends in HIV-1 vertical transmission in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Brazil from January 1998 to December 2005. The rate of HIV-1 vertical transmission decreased from 20% in 1998 to 3% in 2005. This decline was associated with increased use of more complex ART regimens during pregnancy. Multivariate analysis restricted to clinical variables demonstrated that non ART, neonatal respiratory distress/sepsis and breastfeeding were independently associated with HIV-1 vertical transmission. When laboratory parameters were included in the model, high maternal viral load and non maternal ART were associated with HIV-1 vertical transmission. The results from this study confirm the impact of ART in the reduction of HIV-1 vertical transmission and indicate the need for improvement in the care and monitoring of mother and infant pairs affected by HIV-1.

OBJETIVOS: identificar gestantes infectadas pelo HIV em centro de referência e investigar características refe-rentes à infecção e paridade. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, que abrangeu toda a população de gestantes infectadas pelo HIV assistidas no Pré-Natal de Alto Risco do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, em 2004. Foram coletados dados demográficos, epidemiologia da infecção pelo HIV e história obstétrica. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o SPSS 12.0. RESULTADOS: foram identificadas 85 mulheres com média de idade de 29,1 anos e 90 gestações. Em 55 gestações (61,1%), as mulheres tinham conhecimento prévio da infecção. Sessenta e quatro (71,1%) informavam união estável. Provavelmente, todas adquiriram o HIV em relações heterossexuais. Cinqüenta e quatro (60%) tiveram o diagnóstico durante alguma gravidez. A média global de gestações foi 3,5, sendo 1,71 após o diagnóstico. Pacientes com diagnóstico prévio apresentaram maior média de gestações, em relação àquelas com diagnóstico na gestação estudada (p = 0,002). Oitenta e seis gestantes usaram anti-retroviral, sendo 56,7% por indicação terapêutica. Não foram verificados casos de transmissão vertical. CONCLUSÕES: novas gestações em mulheres infectadas pelo HIV não são raras, apesar dos recursos de contracepção oferecidos. Assim, outras investigações são necessárias para a identificar suas dificuldades não abordadas durante a assistência médica de rotina.

OBJECTIVES: identify HIV infected pregnant women in a referral center and investigate characteristics related to infection and parity. METHODS: a cross-sectional study comprising all HIV infected women treated at the High Risk Prenatal Care in the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, in 2004. Demographic data, HIV epidemiology infection and obstetrical history were collected. For statistical analysis SPSS 12.0 was used. RESULTS: eighty five women median aged 29.1 and 90 pregnancies were followed-up. In 55 pregnancies (61.1%) women had prior information of the infection. Sixty four (71.1%) informed they lived together. Probably they all acquired HIV in heterosexual relations. Fifty four (60%) were diagnosed during one of the pregnancies. The global pregnancies median was 3.5, and 1.71 following diagnosis. Patients with prior diagnosis had a higher pregnancy median as compared to those who were diagnosed during their pregnancies (p = 0.002). Eighty six pregnant women made use of anti-retroviral medication, 56.7% through therapeutic indication. No vertical transmission cases were determined. CONCLUSIONS: new pregnancies in HIV infected women are not rare notwithstanding contraceptive resources offered. Therefore, further investigations are necessary to identify what difficulties not previously approached they have during routine medical assistance.

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a transmissão vertical do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e os fatores de risco associados à infecção perinatal. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo de 170 gestantes infectadas pelo HIV e seus 188 recém-nascidos, admitidas na Maternidade do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG, no período de junho de 1994 a setembro de 2004. Foram analisados as características demográficas, o perfil sorológico e a via de parto das gestantes, assim como os resultados perinatais. As crianças foram acompanhadas por período de 18 meses após o nascimento. Os dados foram armazenados e analisados no Epi-Info, Versão 6.0. Estabeleceu-se intervalo de confiança a 95% (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV foi confirmado durante a gestação em 84 (45,4%) pacientes. A carga viral era inferior a 1000 cópias/mL em 60,4% das pacientes. O esquema predominante de uso dos anti-retrovirais foi a terapia tríplice (65,5%). Foi alta a taxa de cesariana: 79,5%. A taxa de prematuridade foi 18,2%. Entre os 188 recém-natos houve 184 (97,8%) nativivos e quatro (2,2%) mortes perinatais. Dos nascidos vivos, 97,8% receberam zidovudina após o nascimento. A taxa global de transmissão materno-fetal global foi 3,8%. As taxas de transmissão vertical do vírus, por período, foram: 60%, até 1996; 28%, entre 1996 e 1998; 0,68%, entre 1999 e 2004. Não foram encontrados fatores de risco significativamente associados à infecção perinatal pelo HIV, devido ao pequeno número de recém-nascidos infectados (n=6). CONCLUSÃO: houve grande redução da transmissão vertical do HIV no período analisado. A taxa atual de transmissão é zero, confirmando que, adotando-se medidas adequadas, pode-se prevenir a transmissão perinatal do vírus.

PURPOSE: to evaluate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vertical transmission and risk factors related to perinatal infection. METHODS: descriptive study of 170 HIV-infected pregnant women and their 188 neonates, admitted from June 1994 to September 2004 at the "Maternidade do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG". Demographic characteristics, mother's serologic state, mode of delivery and perinatal results were analyzed. Children were followed for 18 months after birth. Data were stored and analyzed by Epi-Info, version 6.0. Confidence interval was established at 95% (p<0.05). RESULTS: HIV infection was confirmed in 84 (45.4%) patients during gestation. Viral load was below 1,000 copies/mL in 60.4% patients. Highly active antiretroviral therapy was the predominant antiretroviral regimen (65.5%). C-section rate was high: 79.5%. Prematurity rate was 18.2%. There were 184 (97.8%) live births and four (2.2%) perinatal deaths among 188 neonates. Among live neonates 97.8% received zidovudine after birth. Global mother-to-child transmission rate was 3.8%. Virus vertical transmission rates for each period were: 60%, until 1996; 28% between 1996 and 1998; 0.68%, between 1999 and 2004. Significant risk factors were not found related to perinatal HIV-infection because there was a small number of infected neonates (n=6). CONCLUSION: there was a great reduction of HIV vertical transmission during the analyzed period. Current transmission rate is zero. This confirms that by adopting adequate measures perinatal virus transmission can be prevented.