Abstract Introduction: Step-based tests are commonly utilized to assess the exercise capacity of individuals with respiratory diseases. However, the feasibility and safety of the step tests have not yet been studied in individuals after COVID-19. Objective: To investigate the feasibility and safety of the six-minute step test (6MST) and the modified incremental step test (MIST) in assessing exercise capacity at home in individuals after hospitalization for COVID-19, and to identify factors associated with performance in these tests. Methods: Cross-sectional multicenter study with individuals hospitalized for COVID-19 fifteen days after hospital discharge. Participants performed spirometry, 6MST, and MIST during a single home visit. Adverse events were registered during and immediately after the tests. Results: Sixty-five participants were studied (50 ± 10 years old, 55% male). The feasibility was 96.9% and the incidence of adverse events was 13.8% in 6MST and 6.2% in MIST. The individuals performed 76.9% of the predicted on the 6MST, with 40% of the participants reaching 80% of the maximum HR and 31% presenting exercise-induced oxygen desaturation. In the MIST, the individuals performed 20% of the predicted, 23% of the participants reached 80% of the maximum heart rate, and 17% presented exercise-induced oxy-gen desaturation. Length of hospital stay and the use of mechanical ventilation were associated with test performance. Conclusion: 6MST and MIST are feasible, safe, and can be used to assess exercise capacity in a home environment in individuals after hospitalization for COVID-19. The performance in these tests was associated with a prolonged hospital stay and the use of mechanical ventilation. Introduction Stepbased Step based diseases However COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 Objective sixminute six minute MST (6MST (MIST COVID19, 19, Methods Crosssectional Cross sectional COVID-1 discharge spirometry visit Results Sixtyfive Sixty five 50 (5 1 old 55 male. male . male) 969 96 9 96.9 138 13 8 13.8 62 6 2 6.2 769 76 76.9 40 80 31 exerciseinduced induced desaturation 20 23 rate 17 oxy gen Conclusion feasible safe COVID1 COVID- 5 ( 96. 13. 6. 7 76. 4 3

Resumo Introdução: Testes baseados em degraus são comumente utilizados para avaliar a capacidade de exercício de indivíduos com doenças respiratórias. No entanto, a viabilidade e segu-rança dos testes de degrau ainda não foram estudadas em indivíduos após hospitalização por COVID-19. Objetivo: In-vestigar a viabilidade e segurança do teste do degrau de seis minutos (TD6) e do teste do degrau incremental modificado (TDIM) na avaliação da capacidade de exercício no domicílio em indivíduos após hospitalização por COVID-19, e identificar fatores associados ao desempenho nesses testes. Métodos: Estudo transversal multicêntrico com indivíduos internados por COVID-19 quinze dias após a alta hospitalar. Os participantes realizaram espirometria, TD6 e TDIM durante uma única visita domiciliar. Eventos adversos foram registrados durante e ime-diatamente após os testes. Resultados: Foram estudados 65 participantes (50 ± 10 anos, 55% do sexo masculino). A via-bilidade foi de 96,9% e a incidência de eventos adversos foi de 13,8% no 6MST e 6,2% no TDIM. Os indivíduos realizaram 76,9% do previsto no TD6, sendo que 40% dos participantes atingiram 80% da frequência cardíaca máxima e 31% apresen-taram dessaturação de oxigênio induzida pelo exercício. No TDIM, os indivíduos realizaram 20% do previsto, 23% dos participantes atingiram 80% da frequência cardíaca máxima e 17% apresentaram dessaturação de oxigênio induzida pelo exercício. O tempo de internação e o uso de ventilação mecâni-ca estiveram associados ao desempenho do teste. Conclusão: O TD6 e o TDIM são viáveis, seguros e podem ser usados para avaliar a capacidade de exercício em ambiente domiciliar em indivíduos após hospitalização por COVID-19. O desempenho nesses testes esteve associado ao tempo prolongado de internação e ao uso de ventilação mecânica. Introdução respiratórias entanto segu rança COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 Objetivo Investigar In vestigar TD (TD6 (TDIM COVID19, 19, Métodos COVID-1 hospitalar espirometria imediatamente ime diatamente Resultados 6 50 (5 1 anos 55 masculino. masculino . masculino) via bilidade 969 96 9 96,9 138 13 8 13,8 MST 62 2 6,2 769 76 76,9 40 80 31 apresen taram 20 23 17 mecânica mecâni ca Conclusão viáveis COVID1 (TD COVID- 5 ( 96, 13, 6, 7 76, 4 3

RESUMEN La fatiga es uno de los síntomas más frecuentes en los individuos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), pero su evaluación sigue siendo deficiente. Uno de los principales instrumentos utilizados para medir la fatiga es la Functional assessment of chronic illness therapy fatigue scale (FACIT-F). Sin embargo, este instrumento aún no ha sido validado para la población con EPOC en Brasil. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la validez de la escala de fatiga FACIT-F en individuos con EPOC. El estudio transversal evaluó el impacto de los síntomas (COPD Assessment Test -CAT), de la disnea (escala modificada del Consejo de Investigación Médica -MRC), de la capacidad funcional (prueba de pasos de seis minutos -6MST), de la fatiga de esfuerzo (escala modificada de Borg al final de la 6MST) y de la escala FACIT-F para evaluar la fatiga multidimensional. La validez concurrente se evaluó asociando la escala con el CAT, y la validez convergente la asoció con el número de pasos, la fatiga al esfuerzo percibida y la disnea. La validez discriminante se evaluó comparando la fatiga con los estratos de gravedad de la disnea. Se estudió a 92 participantes (69,9±8,8 años, VEF1: 48,4% del predicho). La FACIT-F tuvo una puntuación media de 30,1±10,9, fuerte validez concurrente con el CAT (r=-0,80), fuerte validez convergente con la disnea (r=-0,66) y baja con la capacidad de ejercicio (r=0,40) y con la fatiga de esfuerzo (r=-0,44). La FACIT-F fue eficaz para distinguir grupos con diferentes intensidades de disnea, por lo que muestra ser un instrumento válido para evaluar la fatiga en la población brasileña con EPOC. EPOC, , (EPOC) deficiente FACITF. FACITF FACIT F . (FACIT-F) embargo Brasil contexto COPD -CAT) MRC, MRC -MRC) prueba 6MST, 6MST MST -6MST) multidimensional 9 69,9±8,8 69988 69 8 (69,9±8, años VEF1 VEF 484 48 4 48,4 predicho. predicho predicho) 301109 30 1 10 30,1±10,9 r=0,80, r080 r r= 0,80 0 80 (r=-0,80) r=0,66 r066 0,66 66 (r=-0,66 r=0,40 r040 40 (r=0,40 r=0,44. r044 0,44 44 (r=-0,44) (EPOC (FACIT-F -CAT -MRC -6MST 69,9±8, 6998 6 (69,9±8 48, 30110 3 30,1±10, r=0,80 r08 080 0,8 (r=-0,80 r=0,6 r06 066 0,6 (r=-0,6 r=0,4 r04 (r=0,4 r=0,44 044 0,4 (r=-0,44 69,9±8 699 (69,9± 3011 30,1±10 r=0,8 r0 08 0, (r=-0,8 r=0, 06 (r=-0, (r=0, 04 (r=-0,4 69,9± (69,9 301 30,1±1 r=0 (r=-0 (r=0 69,9 (69, 30,1± (r=- (r= 69, (69 30,1 (r (6 30, (

ABSTRACT Fatigue is one of the most prevalent symptoms in individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), but it is poorly evaluated. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Scale (FACIT-F) is one of the main instruments used to measure fatigue. However, this instrument has not yet been validated for the Brazilian population with COPD. This study aimed to investigate the validity of the FACIT-F fatigue scale in individuals with COPD. In a cross-sectional study, the impact of symptoms (COPD Assessment Test - CAT), dyspnea (modified Medical Research Council - MRC scale), functional capacity (six-minute step test - 6MST), exertional fatigue (Borg modified scale at the end of 6MST), and the FACIT-F scale to assess multidimensional fatigue were evaluated. Concurrent validity was assessed by associating the FACIT-F with the CAT, and convergent validity by associating it with the number of steps, perceived exertional fatigue, and dyspnea. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing fatigue with the dyspnea severity strata. In total, 92 participants were studied (69.9±8.8 years, FEV1: 48.4% of predicted). The FACIT-F presented an average of 30.1±10.9 points, strong concurrent validity with the CAT (r=-0.80), strong convergent validity with dyspnea (r=−0.66), and low with exercise capacity (r=0.40) and fatigue on exertion (r=-0.44). FACIT-F was effective in discriminating groups with different intensities of dyspnea. Conclusion: The FACIT-F is a valid tool for assessing fatigue in the Brazilian population with COPD. COPD, COPD , (COPD) evaluated FACITF FACIT F (FACIT-F However crosssectional cross sectional CAT) scale, scale) sixminute six minute 6MST, 6MST MST 6MST) Borg steps strata total 9 69.9±8.8 69988 69 8 (69.9±8. years FEV1 FEV 484 48 4 48.4 predicted. predicted . predicted) 301109 30 1 10 30.1±10. points r=0.80, r080 r r= 0.80 0 80 (r=-0.80) r=−0.66, r066 r=−0.66 66 (r=−0.66) r=0.40 r040 40 (r=0.40 r=0.44. r044 0.44 44 (r=-0.44) Conclusion 69.9±8. 6998 6 (69.9±8 48. 30110 3 30.1±10 r=0.80 r08 080 0.8 (r=-0.80 r06 r=−0.6 (r=−0.66 r=0.4 r04 (r=0.4 r=0.44 044 0.4 (r=-0.44 69.9±8 699 (69.9± 3011 30.1±1 r=0.8 r0 08 0. (r=-0.8 r=−0. (r=−0.6 r=0. (r=0. 04 (r=-0.4 69.9± (69.9 301 30.1± (r=-0. r=−0 (r=−0. r=0 (r=0 69.9 (69. 30.1 (r=-0 r=− (r=−0 (r= 69. (69 30. (r=- (r=− (r (6 (

RESUMO A fadiga é um dos sintomas mais prevalentes nos indivíduos com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC), porém, ainda é pouco avaliada. Um dos principais instrumentos utilizados para mensurar a fadiga é a functional assessment of chronic illness therapy fatigue scale (Facit-F). Entretanto, este instrumento ainda não foi validado para a população com DPOC no Brasil. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a validade da escala de fadiga Facit-F em indivíduos com DPOC. Em um estudo transversal, foram avaliados o impacto dos sintomas (COPD Assessment Test - CAT), a dispneia (escala do Medical Research Council - MRC modificada), a capacidade funcional (teste do degrau de seis Minutos - TD6), a fadiga no esforço (escala de Borg modificada ao final do TD6) e a escala Facit-F para avaliar a fadiga multidimensional. A validade concorrente foi avaliada pela associação da escala com o CAT, e a validade convergente pela associação desta com o número de degraus, percepção de fadiga no esforço e a dispneia. A validade discriminante foi avaliada comparando a fadiga com os estratos da gravidade da dispneia. Foram estudados 92 participantes (69,9±8,8 anos, VEF1: 48,4% do previsto). A Facit-F apresentou uma média de 30,1±10,9 pontos, validade concorrente forte com o CAT (r=-0,80), validade convergente forte com a dispneia (r=-0,66) e baixa com a capacidade de exercício (r=0,40) e com a fadiga ao esforço (r=-0,44). A Facit-F foi eficaz em discriminar grupos com diferentes intensidades de dispneia, portanto é um instrumento válido para a avaliação da fadiga na população brasileira com DPOC. DPOC, , (DPOC) porém FacitF. FacitF Facit F . (Facit-F) Entretanto Brasil forma transversal COPD CAT) modificada, modificada) teste TD6, TD6 TD multidimensional degraus 9 69,9±8,8 69988 69 8 (69,9±8, anos VEF1 VEF 484 48 4 48,4 previsto. previsto previsto) 301109 30 1 10 30,1±10, pontos r=0,80, r080 r r= 0,80 0 80 (r=-0,80) r=0,66 r066 0,66 66 (r=-0,66 r=0,40 r040 40 (r=0,40 r=0,44. r044 0,44 44 (r=-0,44) (DPOC (Facit-F 69,9±8, 6998 6 (69,9±8 48, 30110 3 30,1±10 r=0,80 r08 080 0,8 (r=-0,80 r=0,6 r06 066 0,6 (r=-0,6 r=0,4 r04 (r=0,4 r=0,44 044 0,4 (r=-0,44 69,9±8 699 (69,9± 3011 30,1±1 r=0,8 r0 08 0, (r=-0,8 r=0, 06 (r=-0, (r=0, 04 (r=-0,4 69,9± (69,9 301 30,1± r=0 (r=-0 (r=0 69,9 (69, 30,1 (r=- (r= 69, (69 30, (r (6 (

ABSTRACT Background: The aim of this research was to investigate the efficiency of methods to overcome primary dormancy and biochemical processes associated with germination of Erythrina falcata Benth seeds. Seeds were submitted to dormancy overcoming treatments and the water uptake pattern was analysed. We then evaluated the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and APX, and quantified lipid peroxidation levels, hydrogen peroxide content and total protein content. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized design and the statistical analysis used was Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Results: Mechanical scarification with sandpaper leads to approximately 94% of germination in E. falcata, while control non-scarified seeds show only approximately 37% of germination. Treatments with hot water led to high mortality in E. falcata seeds. Rapid water absorption was observed in the first 18 hours of imbition when the seeds were scarified with sandpaper, and radicle emergence was observed after 36 hours. During imbibition there was an increase of antioxidant enzyme activity and a decrease in lipid peroxidation and H2O2 production, suggesting an efficient mechanism for regulating imbibition damage. A decrease in the total protein content was observed during germination of E. falcata seeds. Conclusions: Mechanical scarification is an efficient method for breaking dormancy of E. falcata seeds. During germination of E. falcata seeds there is a reduction in the production of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation, and an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The total protein content decreased along the germination time. Background analysed SOD CAT APX levels ScottKnott Scott Knott 5 probability Results 94 E nonscarified non 37 1 3 HO H O H2O damage Conclusions time 9

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to translate and cross-culturally adapt the telehealth usability questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate its psychometric properties. METHODS: This was a methodological validation study carried out in two phases. In phase 1, the telehealth usability questionnaire was cross-culturally adapted with 10 participants comprising the expert committee members, including 5 healthcare professionals with theoretical and practical knowledge of telehealth, 1 methodologist, and 4 translators. This phase was performed at Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Physiotherapy Clinic School. In phase 2, the psychometric properties of telehealth usability questionnaire Brazil were analyzed. This phase included in-person assessments at Márcio Cunha Hospital, Minas Gerais. The recruitment period for both phases was from April 2020 to February 2021. Content validity, reliability, internal consistency, and criterion validity were analyzed. The criterion validity was evaluated using correlation with a validated instrument: the system usability scale. RESULTS: The telehealth usability questionnaire was adequately translated and cross-culturally adapted. The telehealth usability questionnaire Brazil presented an excellent content validity index of 0.96 with percentages of understanding higher than 90%. The telehealth usability questionnaire Brazil demonstrated great internal consistency (α=0.94 and ω=0.94), excellent intra-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.85, 95%CI 0.75–0.91), no difference between the test and retest [T (0.425), p>0.673], and no proportional bias (p=0.205). There was a moderate correlation between telehealth usability questionnaire Brazil and the system usability scale (r=0.52, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The telehealth usability questionnaire was adequately translated and cross-culturally adapted into Brazilian Portuguese and showed adequate psychometric properties for use in telehealth clinical practice and research in Brazilian-Portuguese-speaking individuals. OBJECTIVE crossculturally cross culturally METHODS members methodologist translators School 2 analyzed inperson person Hospital Gerais 202 2021 instrument RESULTS 096 0 96 0.9 90 90% α=0.94 α094 α 94 (α=0.9 ω=0.94, ω094 ω ω=0.94 , ω=0.94) intrarater intra rater intraclass coefficient085 coefficient 85 coefficient=0.85 95CI CI 95 0.75–0.91, 075091 0.75–0.91 75 91 0.75–0.91) T 0.425, 0425 0.425 425 (0.425) p>0.673, p0673 p p>0.673 673 p>0.673] p=0.205. p0205 p=0.205 . 205 (p=0.205) r=0.52, r052 r 52 (r=0.52 p<0.0001. p00001 p<0.0001 0001 p<0.0001) CONCLUSION BrazilianPortuguesespeaking speaking individuals 20 09 9 0. α=0.9 α09 (α=0. ω09 ω=0.9 coefficient08 8 coefficient=0.8 07509 0.75–0.9 7 042 0.42 42 (0.425 p067 p>0.67 67 p020 p=0.20 (p=0.205 r=0.52 r05 (r=0.5 p0000 p<0.000 000 α=0. α0 (α=0 ω0 ω=0. coefficient0 coefficient=0. 0750 0.75–0. 04 0.4 (0.42 p06 p>0.6 6 p02 p=0.2 (p=0.20 r=0.5 r0 (r=0. p000 p<0.00 00 α=0 (α= ω=0 coefficient=0 075 0.75–0 (0.4 p0 p>0. p=0. (p=0.2 r=0. (r=0 p00 p<0.0 α= (α ω= coefficient= 07 0.75– (0. p>0 p=0 (p=0. r=0 (r= p<0. 0.75 (0 p> p= (p=0 r= (r p<0 0.7 ( (p= p< (p

RESUMO As modificações no uso-ocupação do solo e as demandas hídricas no Brasil têm sido acompanhadas com bastante atenção em virtude das consequências para o sistema água-energia-alimento, afetando especificamente a disponibilidade hídrica para esse sistema. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar evidências de interdependências bilaterais entre demandas hídricas, usos e ocupações do solo e disponibilidade hídrica na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Grande. Por meio do modelo hidrológico soil and water assesment tool (SWAT), o uso e ocupação do solo e o uso da água foram espacializados sobre 102 sub-bacias na área de estudo, para estimar seus impactos nas séries históricas de postos fluviométricos disponíveis. As correlações entre os usos e disponibilidade da água e uso do solo, denominados sistema água-energia-alimento, foram obtidas por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e do seu limiar de significância. Observou-se que as mudanças no uso e ocupação do solo, ao longo das últimas décadas, provocaram redução de 40% do escoamento superficial simulado, enquanto o uso da água aumentou cerca de 30 m3/s. O antagonismo entre pastagens e cana-de-açúcar e os usos da água relativos a essas atividades, associado à diminuição da oferta hídrica, evidencia que a substituição das culturas teve papel significante na variação do escoamento superficial na bacia do Rio Grande. Potenciais conflitos pelo uso da água podem advir, tanto de maneira localizada como de forma geral na bacia hidrográfica, podendo afetar até mesmo bacias hidrográficas a jusante.

ABSTRACT Changes in land use-occupation and water demands in Brazil have been closely monitored due to the consequences for the water-energy-food system, specifically affecting the water availability for this system. The objective of this study was to seek evidence of bilateral interdependencies between water demands, land uses and occupations, and water availability in the Rio Grande watershed. Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model, land use and occupation and water use were spatialized over 102 sub-basins in the study area, in order to estimate their impacts within the historical series of available fluviometric stations. The correlations between uses and availability of water and land use, called the water-energy-food system, were obtained through Pearson's correlation coefficient and its significance threshold. It was observed, over the last few decades, that changes in land use and occupation led to a 40% reduction in the simulated surface runoff, while water use increased by around 30 m³/s. The antagonism between pastures and sugarcane and the uses of water related to these activities, associated with the decrease in water supply, shows that crop substitution played a significant role in the variation of surface runoff in the Rio Grande basin. Potential conflicts over water use may arise, both locally and generally in the watershed, and may even affect downstream watersheds.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estabelecer valores normativos e uma equação de referência para o número de degraus subidos no teste do degrau de seis minutos (TD6) em adultos saudáveis, bem como avaliar a confiabilidade do teste e da equação. Métodos: Estudo transversal multicêntrico com 468 voluntários saudáveis (faixa etária: 18-79 anos) recrutados na comunidade geral em seis laboratórios de pesquisa em diferentes regiões do Brasil, um país de dimensões continentais. O TD6 foi realizado duas vezes (com 30 min de intervalo entre uma e outra), e foram avaliadas variáveis clínicas, demográficas e funcionais. Uma amostra independente composta por 24 voluntários foi avaliada para testar a equação de referência a posteriori. Resultados: O número de degraus subidos apresentou excelente confiabilidade teste-reteste [coeficiente de correlação intraclasse = 0,96 (IC95%: 0,95-0,97)], e a média de degraus subidos foi de 175 ± 45, sendo 14% maior no sexo masculino. O melhor desempenho no teste correlacionou-se com as seguintes variáveis: idade (r = −0,60), sexo (r = 0,28), peso (r = 0,13), estatura (r = 0,41), IMC (r = −0,22), circunferência da cintura (r = −0,22), circunferência da coxa (r = 0,15), CVF (r = 0,54) e nível de atividade física (r = 0,17; p < 0,05 para todos). Na análise de regressão, idade, sexo, estatura e peso explicaram 42% da variabilidade do TD6. Foram estabelecidos valores normativos para o TD6 de acordo com a idade e o sexo. Não houve diferença entre os valores do TD6 na amostra independente e os valores previstos (157 ± 29 vs. 161 ± 25 degraus subidos; p = 0,47; 97% dos valores previstos). Conclusões: Os valores normativos e a equação de referência para o TD6 neste estudo parecem adequados para predizer com precisão o desempenho físico funcional em adultos no Brasil.

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish normative values and a reference equation for the number of steps climbed during the six-minute step test (6MST) in healthy adults, and to assess the reliability of the test and of the equation. Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study involving 468 healthy volunteers (age range: 18-79 years) recruited from the general community in six research laboratories across different regions of Brazil, which is a country with continental dimensions. The 6MST was performed twice (30-min interval), and clinical, demographic, and functional variables were evaluated. An independent sample of 24 volunteers was evaluated to test the reference equation a posteriori. Results: The number of steps had excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.96 [95%CI: 0.95-0.97]), and the mean number of steps was 175 ± 45, the number being 14% greater in males than in females. The best performance on the test was correlated with age (r = −0.60), sex (r = 0.28), weight (r = 0.13), height (r = 0.41), BMI (r = −0.22), waist circumference (r = −0.22), thigh circumference (r = 0.15), FVC (r = 0.54), and physical activity level (r = 0.17; p < 0.05 for all). In the regression analysis, age, sex, height, and weight explained 42% of the variability of the 6MST. Normative values were established for the 6MST according to age and sex. There was no difference between the 6MST values from the independent sample and its predicted values (157 ± 29 steps vs. 161 ± 25 steps; p = 0.47; 97% of predicted values). Conclusions: The normative values and the reference equation for the 6MST in this study seem adequate to accurately predict the physical functional performance in adults in Brazil.

Resumo: Vários estudos têm utilizado com sucesso o polietilenoglicol (PEG) e/ou ácido abscísico (ABA) para induzir a tolerância à dessecação em sementes germinadas de espécies ortodoxas, melhorando nosso entendimento dos mecanismos que fundamentam essa característica. Nesse contexto, tratamentos com PEG e ABA foram testados para avaliar sua eficiência em reduzir a sensibilidade à dessecação e aumentar o período de armazenamento das sementes de Magnolia ovata. A secagem das sementes a 10% de teor de água não afetou significativamente a germinação, independentemente de terem sido previamente tratadas ou não com ABA. No entanto, sementes tratadas com PEG apresentaram menor viabilidade. Após o armazenamento, as sementes tratadas com ABA e dessecadas a 5% de teor de água, apresentaram maiores taxas de germinação, sendo que o tratamento com ABA 100 µM proporcionou a maior capacidade de armazenamento. Não foram observadas alterações na atividade da catalase, peroxidase ou superóxido dismutase ou na abundância de proteínas totais ou resistentes ao calor.

Abstract: Several studies have successfully used polyethylene glycol (PEG) and/or abscisic acid (ABA) to reinduce desiccation tolerance in germinated seeds of orthodox species, improving our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this trait. In this context, treatments with PEG and ABA were tested to assess their efficiency in reducing the sensitivity to desiccation and increasing the storage period of Magnolia ovata seeds. The drying of seeds to 10% water did not significantly affect germination, nor was germination impaired in seeds that were dried and treated with ABA. However, seeds treated with PEG had lower viability. After storage, ABA-treated seeds with as low as 5% water content (WC) had higher germination rates, the treatment with 100 µM ABA providing the greatest storage capacity. No changes were observed in the activity of catalase, peroxidase, or superoxide dismutase or in the abundance of total or heat-resistance proteins.

ABSTRACT Background: The germination ecology of P. guajava seeds collected in two regions of Brazil was investigated aiming to (1) characterize the seed batches; (2) determine the best temperature for germination; and (3) assess variations in seed desiccation tolerance (DT). For each batch, we determined seed water content and initial germination. To evaluate temperature effects, we tested seed germination. After, we generated the imbibition curves for the two provenance. To evaluate the loss of DT, the seeds were left to germinate along different time intervals. We monitored water loss by regularly weighing the seeds until achieving stabilization, keeping them under these conditions for 72 hours. After drying, the seeds were pre-hydrated and submitted to the germination test. Results:We identified variations in physiological characteristics between the seeds from north and southeast batches. At the temperature extremes, the seeds from both provenance failed to germinate. The highest germination percentages were observed at 20 and 25 °C (constant) and between 20-30 °C (alternating) for the two batches and, for the southeast batch specifically, at 30 °C. The imbibition curve displayed a triphasic pattern with a rapid increase in seed fresh weight in the first 48 hours. Conclusion: The southeast provenance seeds lost DT abruptly, until its complete loss after radicle protrusion, which occurred in both batches. The highest values of germination speed index (GSI) of both provenance were observed after a 9-day imbibition period, suggesting seed hydration memory. Drying resulted in necrosis of the root tissue and death of the seeds with visible roots.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a validade dos testes de caminhada de campo para identificar dessaturação durante o exercício, comparando os testes de exercício laboratoriais e clínicos de campo quanto às respostas cardiorrespiratórias e percepção de esforço em indivíduos com bronquiectasia não fibrocística. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 72 participantes não dependentes de oxigênio (28 homens; média de idade: 48,3 ± 14,5 anos; média do VEF1: 54,1 ± 23,4% do previsto). Os participantes foram submetidos ao teste de exercício cardiopulmonar (TECP) incremental em esteira e ao constant work-rate exercise testing (CWRET, teste de exercício com carga constante) em esteira, com intervalo de 1 h. Em outra visita, foram submetidos ao incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT, teste de caminhada incremental) e ao endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT, teste de caminhada de resistência), com intervalo de 1 h. A definição de dessaturação foi uma redução da SpO2 ≥ 4% do repouso ao pico do exercício. Resultados: O TECP e o ISWT resultaram em dessaturação de magnitude comparável (−7,7 ± 6,3% vs. −6,6 ± 5,6%; p = 0,10), assim como o fizeram o CWRET e o ESWT (−6,8 ± 5,8% vs. −7,2 ± 6,3%; p = 0,50). Houve concordância entre o TECP e o ISWT quanto ao número de participantes que apresentaram e não apresentaram dessaturação, respectivamente (42 e 14; p < 0,01), bem como entre o CWRET e o ESWT (39 e 16; p < 0,01). A magnitude da dessaturação foi semelhante nos participantes que atingiram ≥ 85% da FC máxima prevista ou não. Conclusões: Os testes de exercício de campo apresentaram boa precisão para detectar dessaturação. Os testes de campo podem ser uma alternativa aos testes de laboratório quando o objetivo é investigar a dessaturação durante o exercício em indivíduos com bronquiectasia.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the validity of field walking tests to identify exercise-induced hypoxemia and to compare cardiorespiratory responses and perceived effort between laboratory-based and field-based exercise tests in subjects with bronchiectasis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 72 non-oxygen-dependent participants (28 men; mean age = 48.3 ± 14.5 years; and mean FEV1 = 54.1 ± 23.4% of the predicted value). The participants underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a treadmill and constant work-rate exercise testing (CWRET) on the same day (1 h apart). In another visit, they underwent incremental shuttle walk testing (ISWT) and endurance shuttle walk testing (ESWT; 1 h apart). Desaturation was defined as a reduction in SpO2 ≥ 4% from rest to peak exercise. Results: CPET results were compared with ISWT results, as were CWRET results with ESWT results. There was no difference in the magnitude of desaturation between CPET and ISWT (−7.7 ± 6.3% vs. −6.6 ± 5.6%; p = 0.10) and between CWRET and ESWT (−6.8 ± 5.8% vs. −7.2 ± 6.3%; p = 0.50). The incremental tests showed an agreement in the magnitude of desaturation in the desaturation and no desaturation groups (42 and 14 participants, respectively; p < 0.01), as did the endurance tests (39 and 16 participants; p < 0.01). The magnitude of desaturation was similar among the participants who did or did not reach at least 85% of the maximum predicted HR. Conclusions: Field exercise tests showed good precision to detect desaturation. Field tests might be an alternative to laboratory tests when the clinical question is to investigate exercise-induced desaturation in subjects with bronchiectasis.

Abstract Some species of the Lauraceae family produce seeds that are generally sensitive to desiccation, which makes them difficult to store. The objective of this study was to characterize changes in seed quality of C. aschersoniana from two lots, as well in the physiological and cellular aspects during 12 months of storage. Seeds were stored with their original moisture content (MC) or after pre-drying to 35% MC in a cold chamber (5 °C) at a relative humidity of 40%. Seeds were sampled and tested at time 0, 3, 6 and 12 months of storage regarding to moisture content, germination and ultrastructural features. The seeds were dispersed with dormancy that was overcame by the cold storage condition and the reserves in undried seeds were partly consumed during storage. Both undried and pre-dried seeds remained viable for at least 12 months.

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to compare the performance, metabolic, hemodynamic, and perceived exertion during the 6-minute step test (6MST) conducted with different step heights in healthy subjects and also to compare the performance between different age groups for each step height. The association between age, body mass index, level of physical activity, and lower limb measurements with performance were also evaluated. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measures, physical performance, and cardiovascular stress were evaluated during a self-paced 6MST with different step heights in healthy subjects in the age group of 18-59. All the participants underwent three-step tests (15 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm) on the same day, in a randomized order. Results: Forty participants (20 men and 20 women) performed the tests. The performance in the test for the highest step was significantly lower compared to the step with the lowest height (152 ± 24 vs. 173 ± 27 and 184 ± 33; p < 0,05). The estimated peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) increased by ∼2.5 mL.kg−1·min−1 with the increase in step height. Hemodynamic variables, such as percent of maximum heart rate (%HRmáx), and systolic blood pressure increased as the step height increased. There was a fair correlation between performance and the level of physical activity in the test with a step height of 15 cm and 20 cm. Conclusion: A higher step height caused greater cardiovascular stress, without exceeding the submaximal levels of the test, indicating that the 6MST can be used as an accurate instrument for evaluating aerobic capacity in healthy individuals.

RESUMO: Os estudos de percepção ambiental destacam-se como importante estratégia para conhecer a relação entre ser humano e natureza, a fim de oportunizar o estudo reflexivo das questões ambientais. A perspectiva fenomenológica relaciona-se aos estudos de percepção ambiental, tendo em vista que considera as formas individuais de sentir e perceber o espaço vivido. Este estudo buscou refletir sobre a importância dos estudos de percepção ambiental e seus aspectos dialéticos, axiológicos e fenomenológicos, no que diz respeito à educação formal e não formal. Para isso, foi feita uma análise documental sobre os assuntos pertinentes às temáticas percepção e educação ambiental, a partir do diálogo entre marcos teóricos da literatura. Consideramos que seja possível, com as contribuições da percepção ambiental para a educação formal e não formal, reinventar uma ordem social que seja mais justa, democrática e ambientalmente segura.

ABSTRACT: Studies of environmental perception stand out as an important strategy to know the relationship between human beings and nature, in order to provide a reflective study of the issues environmental. The phenomenological perspective is related to environmental perception studies, as it considers the individual ways of feeling and perceiving the lived space. This study attempts to reflect about the importance of environmental perception studies and their dialectical, axiological and phenomenological aspects, with regard to formal and non-formal education. For this, a documental analysis was made on the issues relevant to the thematic perception and environmental education, based on the dialogue between theoretical frameworks of the literature. We believe that it is possible, with the contributions of environmental perception to the formal and non-formal education, to reinvent a social order that is more just, democratic and environmentally safe.

RESUMEN: Los estudios de percepción ambiental se destacan como una importante estrategia para conocer la relación entre el ser humano y la naturaleza, a fin de posibilitar el estudio reflexivo de las cuestiones ambientales. La perspectiva fenomenológica se relaciona con los estudios de la percepción ambiental, ya que considera las formas individuales de sentir y percibir el espacio vivido. Este estudio buscó reflexionar sobre la importancia de los estudios de percepción ambiental y sus aspectos dialécticos, axiológicos y fenomenológicos, con respecto a la educación formal y no formal. Para ello, se realizó un análisis documental sobre los temas relevantes para la percepción y la educación ambiental, a partir del diálogo entre marcos teóricos de la literatura. Consideramos que es posible, con los aportes de la percepción ambiental a la educación formal y no formal, reinventar un orden social más justo, democrático y ambientalmente seguro.

ABSTRACT Pteridium aquilinum is an invasive species that stands out for its aggressiveness, invading pastures, agricultural areas and forests. In order to improve this situation, several techniques have been tested, although not common to tropical climate areas. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the survival of eleven tree species according to their density, planting model, and way of bracken removal, in the restoration of an Atlantic Forest area invaded by the species after a fire. The experiment was installed in a randomized block design, in a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (planting × density × bracken removal methods). Bracken cover and survival were evaluated nine months after planting. In conclusion, more densified plantations with fast-growing species, together with bracken removal by harrowing, were more effective in establishing the species in bracken-dominated areas.

RESUMO Comparou-se o desempenho no shuttle walk teste incremental realizado no corredor (SWTI-C) e na esteira (SWTI-E) em indivíduos saudáveis e comparar as respostas fisiológicas durante as sessões de treinamento aeróbio com as velocidades estimadas em ambos os testes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com cinquenta e cinco participantes saudáveis. Os participantes foram randomizados para realizar os testes com 24 horas de intervalo. As sessões de treinamento foram realizadas na esteira com 75% da velocidade obtida no SWTI-C e no SWTI-E. As avaliações incluíram a distância da caminhada, consumo de oxigênio (VO2), produção de dióxido de carbono (VCO2), frequência cardíaca (FC) e ventilação (VE). Houve uma diferença significante entre as distâncias caminhadas (SWTI-E: 823,9 ± 165,2 m e SWTI-C: 685,4 ± 141,4 m), mas respostas fisiológicas semelhantes para o VO2 (28,6 ± 6,6 vs. 29,0 ± 7,3 ml-1.kg-1.min-1), VCO2 (1,9 ± 0,7 vs. 1,9 ± 0,5 1), HR (158,3 ± 17,8 vs. 158,6 ± 17,7 bpm) e VE (41,5 ± 10,4 vs. 43,7 ± 12,9 1). As velocidades estimadas foram diferentes para as sessões de treinamento (5,5 ± 0,5xkm/h e 4,9 ± 0,3 km/h), assim como o VO2, VCO2, VE e FC. Concluiu-se que em adultos jovens saudáveis, SWTI realizados no corredor e na esteira não são intercambiáveis. Uma vez que o SWTI-E determinou uma menor velocidade, a intensidade do treinamento baseada neste teste pode subestimar as respostas de um paciente ao treinamento aeróbio.

ABSTRACT The performances of healthy individuals in an incremental shuttle walking test performed in a hallway (ISWT-H) and on a treadmill (ISWT-T) were compared to assess their physiological responses during aerobic training sessions with the speeds estimated from both tests. This was a cross-sectional study with 55 healthy subjects, who were randomized to perform the ISWT tests with 24 hours between them. Training sessions were held using a treadmill at 75% of the speeds obtained from the ISWT-H and ISWT-T. Measurements included walking distance, oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide (VCO2) production, heart rate (HR), and ventilation (VE). There was a significant difference between walking distances (ISWT-T: 823.9±165.2 m and ISWT-H:685.4±141.4 m), but similar physiological responses for VO2 (28.6±6.6 vs. 29.0±7.3 ml-1.kg-1.min-1), VCO2 (1.9±0.7 vs. 1.9±0.5 1), HR (158.3±17.8 vs. 158.6±17.7 bpm), and VE (41.5±10.4 vs. 43.7±12.9 1). The estimated speeds were different for the training sessions (5.5±0.5 km/h and 4.9±0.3 km/h), as well as the VO2, VCO2, VE, and HR. It was concluded that in healthy young adults, ISWTs carried out in a hallway and on a treadmill are not interchangeable. Since the ISWT-H was determined to have lower speed, the training intensity based on this test may underestimate a patient’s responses to aerobic training.

RESUMEN Se trata de una comparación del rendimiento en la prueba incremental shuttle walk llevado a cabo en el pasillo (SWPI-P) y en la cinta caminadora (SWPC) entre individuos sanos, para evaluar las respuestas fisiológicas durante las sesiones de entrenamiento aeróbico con velocidades estimadas en ambas pruebas. Estudio transversal con 55 individuos sanos. A los participantes se les eligieron al azar para realizar las pruebas con intervalo de 24 horas. Se llevaron a cabo sesiones de entrenamiento en la cinta caminadora con el 75 % de la velocidad obtenida en SWPI-P y en SWPC. Se incluyen entre las evaluaciones la distancia de la caminata, el consumo de oxígeno (VO2), la producción de dióxido de carbono (VCO2), la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) y la ventilación (VE). Hubo una diferencia significativa entre las distancias recorridas (SWPC: 823,9 ± 165,2 m y SWPI-P: 685,4 ± 141,4 m), pero similares a las respuestas fisiológicas del VO2 (28,6 ± 6,6 vs. 29,0 ± 7,3 ml-1.kg-1. min-1), VCO2 (1,9 ± 0,7 vs. ± 1,9 0,5 1), HR (158,3 ± 17,8 vs. 158,6 ± 17,7 bpm) y VE (41,5 ± 10,4 vs. 43,7 ± 12,9 1). Las velocidades estimadas fueron diferentes en las sesiones de entrenamiento (5,5 ± 0,5 km/h y 4,9 ± 0,3 km/h), así como VO2, VCO2, VE y FC. Se concluyó que, en los adultos jóvenes sanos, la SWPI llevada a cabo en el pasillo y en la cinta caminadora no pueden ser intercambiables. Dado que la SWPC determinó una menor velocidad, la intensidad de entrenamiento de esta prueba puede subestimar las respuestas de un paciente en el entrenamiento aeróbico.

RESUMO A ausência de planejamento e da integração entre as entidades responsáveis pelo gerenciamento da infraestrutura urbana associada à ocupação inadequada do espaço da cidade ocasiona sobrecargas em determinados trechos da rede pluvial. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho hidráulico do sistema de drenagem de águas pluviais urbanas do Campus Universitário “Professor Zeferino Vaz”, de tal forma que sejam identificados quais trechos apresentam sobrecarga e eventualmente inundações locais. Normalmente, em áreas urbanas, os dados hidrológicos disponíveis restringem-se aos dados pluviométricos. Dessa forma, são necessários métodos de transformação de chuva-vazão para o cálculo das vazões afluentes à rede de drenagem. Após a determinação das vazões afluentes, foram avaliadas as condições hidráulicas de operação em regime permanente variado. Por meio de índices de desempenho hidráulico reportados na literatura, foram avaliados graus de sobrecarga em cada trecho da rede de drenagem urbana. Além disso, a elaboração da matriz da contribuição hidráulica da rede de drenagem possibilitou identificar as causas das sobrecargas em cada trecho. As avaliações das redes do campus realizadas com período de retorno de 5 anos mostraram que o campus possui pelo menos 12 pontos de alagamento. Nesse sentido, o índice de desempenho hidráulico e a matriz de contribuições poderão constituir um importante instrumento também para uma eventual reabilitação dessas redes.

ABSTRACT The lack of effective planning and integration between the urban infrastructure administrations associated with the widespread soil development provokes surcharge over the storm sewer pipe network. This work aimed to assess the hydraulic performance of an urban stormwater sewer pipe network located at the main campus of the State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, in such a manner that it is possible to identify those surcharged reaches and eventually local floods. Since flow rates are not available in urban watersheds, the overland flow was estimated by rainfall-runoff transformation methods. Next, the steady state hydraulic analysis was used to estimate the hydraulic heads in the pipe network. Hydraulic performance index, the ratio of overcharge in each pipe network segment and the hydraulic contribution matrix showed what segments cause each manhole surge. The results for the five-years return period rainfall show that there are at least 12 manhole surge locations in the area, which are vulnerable to local floods. In this sense, the hydraulic performance index and the contribution matrix may be important instruments also for an eventual rehabilitation work to the stormwater sewer pipe network in this area.