ABSTRACT The potential effects of climate change on agricultural yields require a greater understanding of cropping systems that include underutilized agricultural crops with greater adaptive capacity to water and thermal stresses, such as grain amaranth (Amaranthus sp.). The aim of this work was to evaluate how the planting arrangement affects the agronomic performance of grain amaranth BRS Alegria (Amaranthus cruentus L.) grown under semi-arid conditions. One experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with five repetitions in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme (two row spacings - 30 and 40 cm; three plant spacings - 20; 30 and 40 cm); in two crop years, 2019 and 2020 in the municipality of Pentecoste, CE, Brazil. The evaluated characteristics were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh matter yield, aboveground biomass yield (dry weight), grain yield, thousand-grain weight, lipid content, and harvest and lodging indexes. The evaluated planting arrangements did not affect plant height and number of leaves, but did affect stem diameter and lodging index, as the 40 cm plant spacing resulted in greater stem diameter and lower lodging index. Narrow spacing (30 x 20 cm) resulted in a higher lodging index but also resulted in a higher fresh matter yield, aboveground biomass, grain yield, harvest index and lipid content. Thousand-grain weight was greater at 30 x 40 cm spacing. The 30 x 20 cm arrangement can be recommended for the cultivation of grain amaranth in the study area. stresses Amaranthus sp.. sp sp. . sp.) L. L semiarid semi arid conditions 4 years 201 202 Pentecoste CE Brazil leaves dry , weight) thousandgrain thousand content indexes (3 Thousandgrain Thousand area (

RESUMO Os potenciais efeitos das mudanças climáticas sobre a produção agrícola requerem maior compreensão dos sistemas agrícolas que incluem culturas subutilizadas com maior capacidade de adaptação a estresses hídricos e térmicos, como o amaranto (Amaranthus sp.). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar como os arranjos espaciais afetam o desempenho agronômico do amaranto BRS Alegria (Amaranthus cruentus L.) no semiárido. Um experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados com cinco repetições em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (dois espaçamentos entre linhas - 30 e 40 cm; três espaçamentos entre plantas - 20; 30 e 40 cm); nos anos 2019 e 2020, no município de Pentecoste-CE. As características avaliadas foram altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, rendimento de matéria fresca, matéria seca, produtividade, peso de mil grãos, teor de lipídios nos grãos, índices de colheita e acamamento. Os arranjos espaciais não afetaram a altura das plantas e o número de folhas, mas afetaram o diâmetro do caule e índice de acamamento e o espaçamento de 40 cm entre plantas resultou em um maior diâmetro do caule e menor índice de acamamento. O espaçamento mais estreito (30 x 20 cm) resultou em maior índice de acamamento, porém também resultou em maior teor de matéria fresca, matéria seca, produtividade, índice de colheita e teor de lipídios. O peso de mil grãos foi maior no espaçamento 30 x 40 cm. O arranjo espacial 30 x 20 cm pode ser recomendado para o cultivo do amaranto na área de estudo. térmicos Amaranthus sp.. sp sp. . sp.) L. L semiárido dois 4 201 2020 PentecosteCE. PentecosteCE Pentecoste CE. CE Pentecoste-CE planta folhas fresca seca produtividade (3 estudo 202 (

RESUMO Os programas de melhoramento vegetal têm investido no desenvolvimento de cebolas com alto padrão comercial e para tal dependem dos recursos genéticos disponíveis para a obtenção de híbridos comerciais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros genéticos, diversidade genética e as correlações fenotípicas e genotípicas de caracteres relacionados à produção de cebola. O experimento foi realizado em Uberlândia - Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram avaliadas 53 linhagens de cebola. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Foram avaliadas 13 características de planta e bulbo. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa Genes e R. Observou-se a existência de variabilidade genética entre os genótipos para a maioria dos caracteres ao nível de 1% pelo teste F. A herdabilidade da maioria dos caracteres apresentou valores moderados a altos (≥ 70%) e relação CVg/CVe alta (≥1). O método UPGMA possibilitou separar os genótipos em 20 grupos e de forma semelhante o método de Tocher separou os mesmos em 19 grupos. Os grupos que mais se destacaram foram V, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX e XX. Houve seis correlações fenotípicas significativas pelo teste t com grau de associação baixo a moderado, e as correlações genotípicas, em sua maioria, mostraram-se superiores às fenotípicas e apresentaram o mesmo sinal. A partir dos parâmetros genéticos estudados existe alta possibilidade de ganhos na seleção. Há ampla variabilidade genética para os caracteres estudados o que permitiu a separação de grupos de genitores divergentes. Adicionalmente, as correlações fenotípicas e genotípicas mostraram inviabilidade para seleção indireta.

ABSTRACT Plant breeding programs have been investing in the development of high commercial standard onions; thus, they depend on the genetic resources available for obtaining commercial hybrids. The objective of this study was to evaluate genetic parameters and diversity, and phenotypic and genotypic correlations of characters related to onion production. The experiment was conducted in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Fifty-three onion strains were evaluated, and a randomized block design was used. The number of plant and bulb characteristics evaluated was 13. The statistical analyses were performed using Genes and R software. A genetic variability among the genotypes was found for most of the characters at 1% level of significance in the F test. The heritability of most characters presented moderate to high values (≥ 70%) and high CVg/CVe ratio (≥ 1). The UPGMA method separated the genotypes into 20 groups, while the Tocher method separated them into 19 groups. The groups that stood out were V, XIV, XV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, and XX. The results of t-test showed six significant phenotypic correlations with low to moderate degree of association, and the genotypic correlations, in most cases, were higher than the phenotypic ones and showed the same sign. From the genetic parameters studied, the possibility of gains in the selection is high. The separation of groups of divergent genitors was possible due to the wide genetic variability for the studied characters. Moreover, the phenotypic and genotypic correlations showed that indirect selection is not feasible.

Abstract The greatest challenge in onion breeding programs is achieving gains from plant selection in an efficient manner. Selection indices are already in use for many species but are rare in onion. The aim of this study was to characterize the gain from selection in onion germplasm through nonparametric indices. To bring about this dynamic, four experiments were conducted with different sets of genotypes. Several agronomic characteristics were evaluated. Estimates of gains and selection of genotypes were obtained from the selection index based on rank sum, from the genotype-ideotype distance index, and from the multiplicative index. To test the efficiency of the indices used, the coefficient of coincidence was calculated. The total gains from selection were greater through use of the multiplicative index, with values of 31.84% for the advanced lines and 37.4% for the segregating genotypes. It was possible to select superior onion lines in each experiment. The coefficients of coincidence, all with values greater than 0.5, confirmed that the indices provided a margin of safety in the selection of superior genotypes.

Resumen El mayor desafío en los programas de mejoramiento de cebollas es obtener beneficios de la selección de manera satisfactoria. Los índices de selección ya se utilizan en diversas especies, pero son raros en cebolla. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la ganancia de la selección en germoplasma de cebolla a través de índices no paramétricos. Para lograr esta dinámica, se llevaron a cabo cuatro experimentos con diferentes conjuntos de genotipos. Se evaluaron varias características agronómicas. Las estimaciones de ganancias y selección de genotipos se obtuvieron a partir del índice de selección basado en la suma de rangos, del índice de distancia genotipo-ideotipo y del índice multiplicativo. Para probar la eficiencia de los índices utilizados, se calculó el coeficiente de coincidencia. Las ganancias totales de la selección fueron mayores mediante el uso del índice multiplicativo, siendo los valores de 31,84% para las líneas avanzadas y 37,4% para los genotipos segregantes. Fue posible seleccionar líneas de cebolla superiores en cada experimento. Los coeficientes de coincidencia, todos con valores superiores a 0,5, confirmaron que los índices proporcionaron un margen de seguridad en la selección de genotipos superiores.

The collection time could be an important target for optimizing technological processes in obtaining essential oils of interest to agribusiness. The objective of this study was to distinguish the time for the collecting of Achillea millefolium L. leaves, which provides the highest yield and quality of the essential oil. Also, identify the type of polyethylene packaging and leaf storage period during the one-year period that would maintain the essential oil characteristics. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric studies were performed into two steps trial to detect changes in chemical profile induced by different conditions. First, an analysis of the leaf collection time was performed using chromatographic data from six different gathering times throughout the day. After determining the best time to collect from the leaves, the essential oil was extracted in five storage periods over a year. The highest oil content was observed in leaves harvested between 11 and 15 h, with a maximum of 39 min after 13 h. Therefore, it is recommended to perform extraction in the early afternoon. There was no significant statistical differentiation related to polyethylene packages. In addition, it is recommended that the essential oil can be stored without significant changes for up to six months.

RESUMEN Se evaluaron las características físicas de los anacardos enanos, considerando que los consumidores primero aprecian los productos por su atractivo visual. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar pedúnculos de clones de anacardos enanos obtenidos del Programa de Mejoramiento Genético de la Agroindustria Embrapa, realizado en el área experimental de Cruz-CE, con el propósito de hacer inferencias sobre sus características físicas, para luego indicar los mejores clones destinados al consumo fresco y / o procesamiento. Las variables analizadas fueron: masa total de anacardo (MT), masa de nuez (MN), masa del pedúnculo (MP), diámetro apical (DA), diámetro basal (DB), longitud y firmeza. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar con 25 tratamientos (clones) con 3 repeticiones, y se cosecharon hasta 12 anacardos por parcela (la parcela tenía un total de cuatro plantas). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y comparación de medias con la prueba de Scott y Knott. Al analizar los valores de MT, se encontró que el 100% de los clones se clasificaron como tipo 4 (aproximadamente 150 g), 5 (aproximadamente 120 g) y 6 (aproximadamente 80 g) anacardos/bandeja, excepto 149-1. En cuanto a la MN hubo una variación de 8,18 a 15,08 g. Promedios generales de 95,16; 50,07 y 41,38 mm, para las variables longitud, DB y DA del pedúnculo, respectivamente. Se concluye que, en general, todos los clones mostraron buenas características, sin embargo, el clon 108-6 es de mayor preferencia para los consumidores, ya que presenta color rojo como el control (CCP 76). Por lo tanto, todos los clones mostraron características deseables para el consumo y/o procesamiento fresco.

ABSTRACT The physical characteristics of cashew-dwarf peduncles were evaluated to later indicate the best clones for natural consumption and/or processing, considering that consumers appreciate products for their visual attractiveness. The objective of this study was to analyze peduncles of dwarf cashew clones obtained from the Genetic Improvement Program of Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Cruz-CE experimental area, in order to make inferences about the physical characteristics and indicate the best clones for natural consumption and/ or processing. The analyzed variables were: total mass of the cashew (MT), chestnut mass (MC), peduncle mass (MP), apical diameter (DA), basal diameter (DB), length and firmness. The experiment design was a randomized complete block design with 25 treatments (clones) with 3 replications and up to 12 cashews per plot (four plants in total). The analysis of variance and the comparison of the means by the Scott and Knott test was realized. When analyzing the MT values, it was found that 100% of the clones were classified as types 4 (approximately 150 g), 5 (approximately 120 g) and 6 (approximately 80 g) cashews/tray, except 149-1. As for MC, there was a variation from 8.18 to 15.08 g. General averages of 95.16, 50.07 and 41.38 mm were found for the variables length, DB and DA of peduncle, respectively. It is concluded that, in general, all clones presented good characteristics; however, clone 108-6 is the preference for most consumers since it has red staining, as did the control (CCP 76). Therefore, all clones presented desirable characteristics for natural consumption and/or processing.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar os efeitos das combinações de plantio durante dois anos agrícolas no acúmulo de massa e rendimentos da cultivar de quinoa ‘BRS Piabiru’. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na área experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal do Ceará, no Campus do Pici, em Fortaleza, CE nos anos agrícolas 2014/2015 (de outubro a fevereiro) e 2015/2016 (de setembro a janeiro). Os tratamentos resultaram de um esquema fatorial 3x3 (espaçamentos 20, 40 e 60 cm e densidade 10, 15 e 20 cm), sendo esses tratamentos distribuídos em quatro repetições. Avaliou-se a área foliar, índice de área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea, relação grão panícula, percentual de óleo nos grãos e produtividade de panículas. Os experimentos foram analisados de forma conjunta para os ciclos de cultivo. O melhor arranjo espacial para crescimento e produção de biomassa de quinoa é 20 x 10 cm. O menor espaçamento combinado com o aumento da densidade na linha (20 x 10 cm) resulta em elevação do índice de área foliar (4,08) e produtividade de panículas (4.229,17 kg ha-1).

The objective of this research was to verify the effects of planting combinations and of the agricultural years on the accumulation of mass and yields of BRS Piabiru quinoa cultivar. The experiments were conducted in the experimental area of the Phytotechnology Department of the Federal University of Ceará, at Campus do Pici, in Fortaleza, CE for the agricultural years 2014/2015 (from October to February) and 2015/2016 (from September to January). The treatments resulted from a 3x3 factorial scheme (spacings 20, 40 and 60 cm and density 10, 15 and 20 cm), and these treatments were distributed in four replicates. The leaf area, leaf area index, aerial part dry matter, panicle grain ratio, percentage of oil in the grains and panicle productivity were evaluated. The experiments were analyzed together for the crop cycles. The best spatial arrangement for growth and production of quinoa biomass is 20 x 10 cm. The smaller spacing combined with increased line density (20 x 10 cm) resulted in increased leaf area index (4.08) and panicle productivity (4,229.17 kg ha-1).

ABSTRACT Cashew apple physical quality variables include different external characteristics, such as appearance, size, color, shape, and firmness, among others, which are very important in commercialization because they are the first characteristics perceived by consumers, who usually buy what attracts them most. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the region, production year and genotype on the physical characteristics of dwarf cashew cashews (cashew apple + nut). The experiment design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme with repeated measurements over time, applying the confounding technique, with three clones (CCP 09, BRS 265 and PRO 555-1) in two different regions, sertão (Alto Santo-CE) and coast (Beberibe-CE), with four replications, collected in 2013 and 2014. In the laboratory, the cashews were evaluated for total mass (nut and cashew apple) (g), nut and cashew apple mass (g), length (mm), apical and basal diameters of the cashew apple (mm) and firmness of the cashew apple (N). It was observed that the region and the production year influenced the physical quality of the cashews. Among the clones that were studied, CCP 09 was the only one that presented a similar behavior in both regions, showing that it can obtain satisfactory quality in different environments. The other clones differed, presenting superior physical quality on the coast. In the sertão region, the best adapted clone was CCP 09 and, on the coast, it was the PRO 555-1 clone.

RESUMO As variáveis de qualidade física do pedúnculo de cajueiro consistem em diferentes características externas, como aparência, tamanho, coloração, formato, firmeza, entre outros. Esses apresentam grande importância na comercialização, uma vez que são os principais atributos que atraem o consumidor no momento da compra. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da região, ano de produção e do genótipo sobre as características físicas em cajus de cajueiro-anão. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial com medida repetida no tempo, aplicando-se a técnica de confundimento, sendo três clones (CCP 09, BRS 265 e PRO 555-1) em dois locais diferentes, sertão (Alto Santo-CE) e litoral (Beberibe-CE), com quatro repetições, colhidos nos anos de 2013 e 2014. No laboratório os cajus foram avaliados quanto a massa total (castanha e pedúnculo) em (g), massa da castanha (g), massa do pedúnculo (g), comprimento (mm), diâmetro apical e basal do pedúnculo (mm) e firmeza do pedúnculo (N). Observou-se que a região e o ano de produção influenciam na qualidade física do caju. Entre os clones estudados, o CCP 09 foi o único que apresentou comportamento semelhante em ambas as regiões. Isso mostra que o mesmo consegue expressar qualidade satisfatória em diferentes ambientes. Os demais apresentaram qualidade física superior quando cultivados no litoral. No sertão, o clone que se mostrou melhor adaptado foi o CCP 09, e no litoral o clone PRO 555-1.

ABSTRACT Melon is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world. With short cycle in a system of phased planting, phytosanitary control is compromised, and a great volume of agricultural chemicals is used to control vegetable leafminer. Genetic control is an ideal alternative to avoid the damage caused by this insect. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate Cucumis accessions in regard to resistance to leafminer and correlate the variables analyzed. Fifty-four accessions and four commercial hybrids of melon were tested. The study was divided into two experiments: with and with no choice. The following characteristics were evaluated: with choice, in field - subjective score based on the infestation and the number of mines per leaf; and with no choice, in cage - number of mines per leaf, chlorophyll content, and leaf colorimetry. The results showed variability among the accessions and some genotypes showed favorable results for resistance in both experiments. There was correlation between the two variables in the experiment in the field. The accessions CNPH 11-282, CNPH 06-1047, and CNPH 11-1077 are the most recommended for future breeding programs with aim on introgression of resistance to vegetable leafminer in melon.

A ação de produtos naturais sobre fitopatógenos tem sido investigada visando-se avaliar sua eficácia no controle alternativo de doenças, principalmente na agricultura orgânica. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos óleos essenciais de alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides) e capim citronela (Cymbopogonwinterianus) no controle de Meloidogyne incognita raça 2, em tomate (Solanumlycopersicum) e celósia (Celosia plicata). Para tanto, conduziu-se ensaio em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, com cinco repetições. O ensaio foi realizado em casa de vegetação do Setor de Fitossanidade do Departamento de Fitotecnia/CCA/UFC, no período de abril a junho de 2007. As mudas utilizadas neste ensaio foram transplantadas para vasos plástico contendo 2 kg de solo estéril, nos quais, 24 horas após o transplantio, foram inoculados com 4.000 ovos/J2 de M. incognita, raça 2, exceto as testemunhas negativas. Em 50% do número de vasos, aplicou-se, logo em seguida, 100 ml das soluções de cada óleo essencial em cada vaso na concentração de 2,5 ml L-1. Esperaram-se mais 48 horas para aplicação da mesma quantidade nos vasos restantes. Este volume corresponde a 60% da capacidade de campo desse substrato, que foi previamente calculada. A avaliação final do ensaio deu-se aos 45 dias após a inoculação. Analisou-se em relação ao nematoide: número de galhas (NG), número de ovos (NO), índice de massas de ovos (IMO), fator de reprodução (FR), redução no fator de reprodução (RFR). Quanto ao desenvolvimento das plantas mensurou-se: altura da planta, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e massa fresca do sistema radicular. Verificou-se que a reprodução do nematoide, mostrou-se menos eficiente em tomate. Os óleos essenciais empregados reduziram a taxa reprodutiva do nematoide em 83 e 29%, em tomate e celósia, respectivamente. As épocas de aplicação dos óleos essenciais diferiram quanto à reprodução do nematoide, para número de galhas e fator de reprodução.

The action of natural products on plant pathogens has been investigated with the aim of evaluating their effectiveness in the alternative control of diseases, especially in organic agriculture. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils of rosemary pepper (Lippia sidoides) and citronella grass (Cymbopogon winterianus) on the control of M. Incognita race 2, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and celosia (Celosia plicata). Thus, an assay was conducted in 6 x 2 factorial arrangement, with five replicates. It was carried out in a greenhouse of the Plant Health Sector of the Department of Phytotechny/CCA/UFC, in the period from April to June 2007. The seedlings used in this test were transplanted into plastic pots containing 2 kg of sterile soil, in which, at 24 hours after transplanting, 4,000 eggs/J2 of M. incognita, race 2, were inoculated, except for negative controls. For 50% of the number of pots, 100 ml of the solutions of each essential oil were soon applied to each pot at the concentration of 2.5 ml L-1. After 48 hours, the same amount was applied to the remaining pots. This volume corresponds to 60% of the field capacity of this substrate, which was previously calculated. The final evaluation was at 45 days after inoculation. The following variables were analyzed in relation to the nematode: number of galls (NG), number of eggs (NE), egg mass index (EMI), reproduction factor (RF), reproduction factor reduction (RFR). Regarding the development of plants, the measured parameters were: plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, and fresh weight of the root system. The nematode reproduction revealed to be less efficient in tomato. The employed essential oils reduced the reproductive rate of the nematode by 83 and 29% in tomato and celosia, respectively. The times of application of essential oils differed as to the nematode reproduction for the number of galls and the reproduction factor.

A espécie Gypsophila paniculata L., é conhecida popularmente como branquinha ou mosquitinho, pertence à família Caryophyllaceae e tem sido cultivada comercialmente como flor de corte. Sua propagação se dá através de mudas (estacas enraizadas). Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o pó de coco e a casca de arroz carbonizada, isolados ou em misturas como substratos visando um bom enraizamento de estacas de Gypsophila paniculata. O trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Plurinvest Agropecuária e Turismo Ltda, Trairi-CE. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado, sendo oito tratamentos e quatro repetições (10 estacas cada). Os tratamentos foram: pó de coco; pó de coco solarizado; pó de coco tratado com fungicida (Propamocarbe); pó de coco solarizado e tratado com fungicida; casca de arroz carbonizada; casca de arroz carbonizada tratada com fungicida; casca de arroz carbonizada + pó de coco solarizado; casca de arroz carbonizada + pó de coco solarizado e a mistura tratada com fungicida. Após 24 dias, em casa de vegetação com sombrite a 50% e sob irrigação por nebulização, foi avaliada matéria seca radicular (g), comprimento da maior raiz (cm) e comprimento da parte aérea (cm). Para as variáveis matéria seca da raiz, comprimento de raiz e comprimento de parte aérea, os substratos casca de arroz carbonizada (0,099 g; 5,50 cm e 6,2 cm respectivamente) e casca de arroz carbonizada + pó de coco solarizado (0,097 g; 5,40 cm e 6,1cm respectivamente) proporcionaram os melhores resultados na propagação vegetativa da Gypsophila paniculata.

The species Gypsophila paniculata L., popularly known as baby's breath, branquinha or mosquitinho, belongs to the Caryophyllaceae family and has been grown commercially for sale as a cut flower. Its propagation is by means of rooted cuttings. The objective of this study was to evaluate coir dust and charred rice husks as substrates, both separate and in mixture, with an aim to the good rooting of Gypsophila paniculata cuttings. The work was caried out at the Fazenda Plurinvest Agropecuária e Turismo Ltda farm, located in Trairi, Ceará. The experimental design was completely randomized, with eight treatments and four replications (of 10 cuttings each). The treatments were: coir dust; solarised coir dust; coir dust treated with fungicide (Propamocarbe); solarised coir dust treated with fungicide; charred rice husks; charred rice husks treated with fungicide; charred rice husks and solarised coir dust; charred rice husks and solarised coir dust, the mixture treated with fungicide. After 24 days in a greenhouse in 50% shade and under irrigation by misting, the root dry-matter (g), longest root length (cm) and shoot length (cm) were evaluated. For the root dry-matter, root length and shoot length variables, the substrates of charred rice husks (0.099 g, 5.50 cm and 6.2 cm respectively) and charred rice husks with solarised coir dust (0.097 g, 5.40 cm and 6.1 cm respectively) gave the best results for the vegatative propagation of Gypsophila paniculata.

Cereus jamacaru, uma cactácea encontrada comumente no nordeste brasileiro, é amplamente usada como planta forrageira e como ornamental e medicinal. No entanto, existem poucas informações sobre os aspectos fisiológicos e bioquímicos relacionados à sua germinação. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a mobilização de reservas durante a germinação e o crescimento inicial de plântulas de C. jamacaru. Para isso, as sementes foram germinadas em câmaras de germinação e coletadas aos 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 e 12 dias após a germinação para as análises fisiológicas e bioquímicas. As sementes quiescentes apresentaram tegumento espesso e rugoso e embriões curvados. Os lipídios foram as reservas mais abundantes, correspondendo aproximadamente a 55% e 65% da massa seca dos cotilédones e eixo hipocótilo-radícula, respectivamente. Os açúcares solúveis e o amido foram as reservas menos abundantes, correspondendo aproximadamente a 2,2% da massa seca dos cotilédones, embora suas reservas tenham apresentado mudanças significativas durante a germinação. As proteínas solúveis corresponderam a 40% da massa seca dos cotilédones, que foi reduzida a 81% no período final de germinação comparado a sementes quiescentes. As sementes de C. jamacaru podem ser consideradas oleaginosas devido ao seu alto conteúdo de lipídios. Além disso, os lipídios foram as principais reservas mobilizadas durante a germinação porque seus níveis foram fortemente reduzidos durante esse período, enquanto que as proteínas foram a segunda reserva mais utilizada nesse processo.

Cereus jamacaru, a Cactaceae found throughout northeast Brazil, is widely used as cattle food and as an ornamental and medicinal plant. However, there has been little information about the physiological and biochemical aspects involved in its germination. The aim of this study was to investigate its reserve mobilization during germination and early seedling growth. For this, C. jamacaru seeds were germinated in a growth chamber and collected at 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 days after imbibition for morphological and biochemical analyses. Dry seeds had wrinkled seed coats and large, curved embryos. Lipids were the most abundant reserve, comprising approximately 55% and 65% of the dry mass for cotyledons and the hypocotylradicle axis, respectively. Soluble sugars and starch were the minor reserves, corresponding to approximately 2.2% of the cotyledons' dry mass, although their levels showed significant changes during germination. Soluble proteins corresponded to 40% of the cotyledons' dry mass, which was reduced by 81% at the final period of germination compared to dry seeds. C. jamacaru seed can be classified as an oil seed due to its high lipid content. Moreover, lipids were the main reserve mobilized during germination because their levels were strongly reduced after seed germination, while proteins were the second most utilized reserve in this process.

Cereus jamacaru is a widespread Cactaceae of northeast Brazil, largely used as cattle food, and as ornamental and medicinal plant. Despite its distinguished importance, until now, there has been little information about the physiological aspects involved on its germination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of light and temperature interaction on the seed germination and seedling establishment of this plant. The evaluated variables were germination percentage at 7 (% G7) and at 14 days after imbibition (% G14), germination average time index (GSI), germination average time (GAT), germination accumulated frequency (GAF), seedling dry mass and height. The highest % G14 and GSI were at 25 ºC in white light, whereas the highest GAT values were in darkness for all evaluated temperatures. On the other hand, % G14, GSI and GAF had the lowest values in darkness. Seeds germinated even in darkness, being however stimulated by the presence of light. The combination of white light and temperature of 25 or 30 °C is the most appropriate condition for seed germination tests.

O cártamos (Carthamus tinctorius L.), pertencente à família Compositae ou Asteraceae, atualmente é utilizado também com fins ornamentais. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a biometria, descrever e ilustrar a morfologia externa da semente, e da plântula de cártamos. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análises de Sementes do Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará. Foram realizadas a pesagem de mil sementes e a determinação do teor de água das sementes. Foram feitas medições individuais de comprimento, largura e espessura das sementes para determinações biométricas e a caracterização morfológica de suas partes internas e externas, além da caracterização da plântula e de suas respectivas estruturas. O peso de mil sementes deste lote foi de 33,75g e o teor de água foi de 8,6%. Observou-se que a semente de cártamos é eurispérmica, com dimensões médias de comprimento de 6,84 mm, largura de 4,21 mm e espessura de 3,37 mm. O tipo de germinação é epígea e a plântula é fanerocotiledonar.

The safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) belongs to the Compositae or Asteraceae family, nowadays, it is used to adornment. The objective of this experiment was to determinate the biometry, to describe and to illustrate the external morphology of the seed. The essay was conducted at the Laboratory of Analysis of Seeds of the Phytotechny Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences of the Federal University of Ceara State. It was calculated the weight of 1000-seeds and the water content of the seeds. It was made the individual measuring of the length, of the breadth and of the thickness to the biometric determinations and determined the morphologic characterization of their external parts. The 1000-seeds weight of this lot was 33.75 g and the water content was 8.6%. It was observed that the safflower seed is eurispermic, with the following dimensions: length equal to 6.84 mm, width equal to 4.21 mm and thickness equal to 3.37 mm. The germination is phanero-epigeal.

Resumo O tamanho das sementes pode influenciar a emergência e o vigor das plântulas. Assim, avaliou-se a emergência e desenvolvimento de cártamos em função do tamanho da semente. A separação das sementes foi realizada em peneiras de crivo circular de diâmetros de 3,18; 3,57; 3,97 e 4, 36 mm. Fez-se a pesagem das sementes retidas em cada peneira para observação da proporção de cada tamanho de semente no lote. Para cada classe de tamanho foi determinado o peso de mil sementes e o teor de água. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, com 30 sementes cada. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: percentual, índice de velocidade, tempo médio de emergência, altura e matéria seca da parte aérea da plântula. As contagens ocorreram diariamente até o 10º dia após a semeadura. O teor de água manteve-se constante e o peso de mil sementes aumentou, proporcionalmente, com o tamanho das sementes. As sementes retidas na peneira de crivo de 3,18 mm de diâmetro apresentam menor proporção, enquanto as de 3,97 mm apresentam maior representatividade no lote. O tamanho das sementes não interfere na qualidade fisiológica e vigor das plântulas de cártamos.

Abstract The seed size can influence the seedlings emergency and vigor. It was evaluated the emergency and the development of safflower in function of the seed size. The classification was obtained using sieves with round role with diameters of 3.18; 3.57; 3.97 and 4.36 mm. It was made the weighting to observe the proportion of each seed size in the lot. To each size class were determined the 1000-seeds weight and the water content. It was used a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replication with 30 seeds each one. The variables analyzed were the percentage, the speed index and the average time of emergency. The counting were made daily until the 10th day after the seeding. The water content kept the same and the 1.000-seeds weight grew-up with the seed size. It was evaluated the dry matter of the aerial part and the height of the seedlings. It was observed that the water content kept constant with the variation of the seed size. The 1.000-seeds weight grew-up proportionally according to the seed size. The seeds kept in the sieve with diameter equal to 3.18 mm present the smallest proportion in the lot, while those seeds kept in the sieve with diameter equal to 3.97 mm have the highest representativeness in the lot. The seed size does not interfere on the physiologic quality and vigor of safflower seedlings.

Avaliou-se o tempo adequado de secagem e o horário ideal de colheita da alfavaca-cravo (Ocimum gratissimum L.) em Pentecoste (CE), observando sua influência nas características do óleo essencial e os principais componentes durante o processo. No primeiro experimento foram testados cinco tempos de secagem (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16 dias), com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se as variáveis umidade, teor de óleo essencial e seus principais constituintes. Para o segundo experimento utilizaram-se cinco horários de colheita (7:00, 9:00, 11:00, 13:00 e 15:00 h), com quatro repetições, sendo cada bloco considerado como um dia. Foram analisados a umidade, massa fresca, massa seca, teor de óleo essencial e seus principais constituintes. Os resultados do primeiro experimento sugerem que a alfavaca-cravo não deve ser submetida ao processo de secagem, devendo ser processada rapidamente para evitar perdas do princípio ativo de interesse, o eugenol. Os diferentes horários de colheita testados não influenciaram no teor de óleo essencial, nem de seus principais constituintes (eugenol e 1,8 cineol).

The appropriate drying period and the ideal harvest moment of Ocimum gratissimum L. were determined in Pentecoste, Brazil, observing the influence on the essential oil and its main components during this process. In the first experiment five drying periods were tested, represented by the number of days that the material was submitted to the process: control treatment (zero day of drying), 4, 8, 12 and 16 days, with four replicates in each treatment. The percentage of humidity, essential oil content and its main components were evaluated. The second experiment consisted of five different harvest moment (7:00, 9:00, 11:00, 13:00 and 15:00 hours), with four replications, where days were considered as blocks. In this experiment humidity, fresh mass, dry mass, essential oil content and its main components were analyzed. The results of the first experiment suggest that Ocimum gratissimum L. should not be dried but should be processed quickly to reduce the loss of eugenol, the main active component. The various harvesting moments did not influence the essential oil content and its main components (eugenol, 1,8 cineol).