Abstract Objective To investigate the role of optimism, hope, and gratitude as psychosocial factors for healthy development, especially with regard to anxiety in college students in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods This is a quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Brazilian Gratitude Scale (Escala Brasileira de Gratidão [B-GRAT]), and the Brazilian versions of an anxiety subscale, the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), Hope Index Scale, and BIG-FIVE were administered. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman correlations, and hierarchical linear regression. Results A total of 297 students were assessed. The relationship between gratitude and anxiety became positive in the hierarchical linear analysis, contradicting the initial negative association between these variables according to the Spearman coefficients. This contradiction may be a result of the suppression effect. When gratitude was added to the model, these three variables together accounted for 38% of the variance in anxiety. This indicates that optimism, hope, and gratitude together are significant predictors, although optimism alone accounts for the greater part of the variance in decreased anxiety. Conclusion The data confirm that family and religiosity are protective factors against mental illness, specifically non-adaptive anxiety. Furthermore, developing optimism as a protective factor makes it possible to experience less anxiety while hope has the potential to provide the individual with multiple pathways to healthy development. This study highlights that gratitude plays a dual role in these relationships as it has the potential to be associated with anxious feelings with likely negative outcomes while at the same time it can drive positive psychosocial factors of optimism and hope, decreasing anxiety. development 201 COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19 . (COVID-19) quantitative crosssectional cross sectional questionnaire Escala BGRAT, BGRAT B GRAT , [B-GRAT]) subscale LOTR, LOTR LOT R (LOT-R) BIGFIVE BIG FIVE administered MannWhitney Mann Whitney test KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis correlations regression 29 assessed analysis coefficients effect model 38 predictors illness nonadaptive non adaptive Furthermore 20 COVID1 1 (COVID-19 [B-GRAT] (LOT-R 2 3 (COVID-1 [B-GRAT (COVID- (COVID

Resumen Este estudio exploró cómo los siguientes aspectos influyen en la satisfacción de vida de los profesores de educación básica: autoestima, autoeficacia, autocompasión, sentimientos positivos y negativos, competencia moral, apoyo social, relación positiva con compañeros, compromiso laboral, edad, experiencia profesional, tiempo de enseñanza en la misma escuela, número de escuelas y número de estudiantes. Cien profesores de educación básica (74 mujeres) participaron en el estudio (edad media 40,9 años; DS = 10,01). El análisis de red proporcionó un modelo con los seis aspectos más relevantes para la vida y el trabajo: satisfacción con la vida, autoeficacia, autoestima, afecto positivo, compromiso en el trabajo y proporcionar apoyo social instrumental. Además, el modelo mostró que la autoeficacia tiene la relación más cercana con la satisfacción en la vida. Los resultados son discutidos con base en estudios previos sobre la autoeficacia. Las intervenciones dirigidas a profesores de educación básica pueden beneficiarse al incluir la autoeficacia como parte del programa. autoestima autocompasión negativos moral compañeros laboral edad profesional escuela estudiantes 74 (7 mujeres 409 40 9 40, años 10,01. 1001 10,01 . 10 01 10,01) positivo instrumental Además programa 7 ( 4 100 10,0 1 0 10,

Abstract This study explored how the following aspects may influence basic education teachers’ life satisfaction: self-esteem, general self-efficacy, self-compassion, positive and negative feelings, moral competence, social support, positive relationships with a colleague, work engagement, age, professional experience (in years), time teaching in the same school, number of schools currently teaching, and approximate number of students per week. One hundred primary and high-school teachers (74 women) participated in the study (mean age 40.9; SD = 10.01). Network analysis provided a model which encompasses the six most relevant aspects that interfere in the life and work of basic education teachers: life satisfaction, self-efficacy, self-esteem, positive affects, work engagement, and giving instrumental social support. In addition, the yielded model showed that self-efficacy presented the closest relationship with life satisfaction. We discuss the results in line with previous studies on self-efficacy. Interventions directed at basic education teachers may be more effective if self-efficacy is part of the program. satisfaction selfesteem, selfesteem self esteem, esteem self-esteem selfefficacy, selfefficacy efficacy, efficacy selfcompassion, selfcompassion compassion, compassion self-compassion feelings competence support colleague engagement years, years , years) school week highschool high 74 (7 women mean 40.9 409 40 9 10.01. 1001 10.01 . 10 01 10.01) affects addition selfefficacy. efficacy. program 7 ( 40. 4 100 10.0 1 0 10.

Resumo Este estudo explorou como os seguintes aspectos influenciam a satisfação de vida de professores da educação básica: autoestima, autoeficácia, autocompaixão, sentimentos positivos e negativos, competência moral, suporte social, relacionamento positivo com colega, engajamento no trabalho, idade, experiência profissional, tempo de ensino na mesma escola, número de escolas e de estudantes. Cem docentes do ensino básico (74 mulheres) participaram do estudo (média de 40,9 anos de idade; DP = 10.01). A análise de rede proporcionou um modelo com os seis aspectos mais relevantes para a vida e o trabalho de professores: satisfação de vida, autoeficácia, autoestima, afetos positivos, engajamento no trabalho e dar suporte social instrumental. Além disso, o modelo mostrou que a autoeficácia apresentou a relação mais próxima com satisfação de vida. Os resultados são discutidos com base em estudos prévios sobre autoeficácia. Intervenções dedicadas a docentes da educação básica podem se beneficiar da inclusão da autoeficácia como parte da programação. autoestima autocompaixão negativos moral colega idade profissional escola estudantes 74 (7 mulheres média 409 40 9 40, 10.01. 1001 10.01 . 10 01 10.01) instrumental disso programação 7 ( 4 100 10.0 1 0 10.

Abstract This study aimed to evidence the validity and reliability ofthe Ecuadorian version ofthe Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, one of the most studied concepts of positive psychology. The adaptation process included translation and semantic and idiomatic validation. For content validation, an expert review and focus group were conducted. The questionnaire was applied to 2423 workers in Ecuador with a mean age of 37 years (SD = 9.04), and 65.6% were women. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the validity of the scale’s dimensionality. The reliability and convergent and discriminant validity were also evaluated. In order to investigate the best solution for an Ecuadorian version ofthe Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, four structural models were assessed. The unidimensional solution was the most adequate structure for the scale. The internal consistency of the scale was adequate. The Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS) was developed to assess this positive psychological state and has been the most used tool in many contexts. To our knowledge, this study is the first to adapt the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale into the Ecuadorian context and evaluate its validity. The findings support its reliability, factorial, and construct validity in the Ecuadorian context. Furthermore, the results show that dispositional hope acts as a protective factor, promoting work engagement and preventing burnout. psychology validation 242 3 SD 9.04, 904 9.04 , 9 04 9.04) 656 65 6 65.6 women scales s dimensionality evaluated assessed ADHS (ADHS contexts knowledge factorial Furthermore burnout 24 90 9.0 0 65. 2 9.

Resumo O artigo teve como objetivo apresentar um levantamento sobre o perfil dos psicólogos brasileiros que utilizam testes psicológicos no que tange a sua(s) área(s) de atuação, ao uso que fazem dos instrumentos psicológicos em suas práticas e aos testes que utilizam com maior frequência no exercício profissional. Participaram do estudo 668 psicólogos, que exerciam a profissão, em média, a 14,06 anos (DP = 11,34). Os dados foram coletados em plataforma on-line, por meio de questionário que está sendo utilizado em vários países da América do Sul, divulgado a todos os psicólogos brasileiros com apoio de órgãos da classe. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que a Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde são as áreas mais prevalentes de atuação principal dos psicólogos brasileiros. Testes psicológicos são utilizados principalmente para fins psicodiagnósticos. Os grupos etários mais frequentemente cobertos pelas avaliações realizadas são adultos. Os testes psicológicos mais utilizados são destinados a avaliação de personalidade ou inteligência. A lista inclui Teste Palográfico, HTP, Rorschach, Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade e as Escalas Wechsler de Inteligência. Os testes projetivos/expressivos ou gráficos são os mais usuais para avaliação da personalidade. A maioria das respostas obtidas na análise dos cinco testes mais utilizados refere-se a algum teste considerado favorável para uso pelo Satepsi. Destaca-se a extensão da lista dos testes citados, o que indica que os psicólogos estão atentos aos novos instrumentos e às opções de que dispõem para qualificar as avaliações realizadas. Contudo, é grande o número de instrumentos utilizados que não têm avaliação certificada de suas propriedades técnicas.

Abstract This article presents a survey on the profile of Brazilian psychologists who use psychological tests regarding their area(s) of action, their use of psychological instruments in their practices and the tests they use more frequently in their professional practice. A total of 668 psychologists who practiced the profession participated in this study, having average 14.06 years (SD = 11.34). The data were collected with use of an online platform via a questionnaire that is being used in several countries of South America divulged to all Brazilian psychologists with the support of institutions related to the field. The results obtained evidenced that Clinical and Health Psychology are the most prevalent areas of action of Brazilian psychologists. Psychological tests are mainly used for psychodiagnostic purposes. The age groups most frequently covered by the assessments are adults. The most commonly used psychological tests serve for the evaluation of personality or intelligence. The list includes Palographic Test, HTP, Rorschach, Factorial Personality Battery and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. Projective/expressive or graphical tests are the most common for personality assessment. Most of the answers obtained in the analysis of the five most used tests refer to some test considered favorable for use by Satepsi. It is worth noting the list of cited tests, which indicates that psychologists are attentive to new instruments and the options available to qualify the evaluations performed. However, there is a large number of instruments used that have no certified evaluation of their technical properties.

Resumen El artículo tuvo como objetivo presentar una encuesta sobre el perfil de los psicólogos brasileños que utilizan pruebas psicológicas en lo que se refiere a su/s área/s de actuación, al uso de los instrumentos psicológicos en sus prácticas y a las pruebas que utilizan con mayor frecuencia en el ejercicio profesional. Participaron en el estudio 668 psicólogos, que ejercían la profesión en un promedio de 14,06 años (DE = 11,34). Los datos fueron recopilados en la plataforma online por medio de un cuestionario que está siendo utilizado en varios países de América del Sur, divulgado a todos los psicólogos brasileños con apoyo de órganos profesionales. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que la Psicología Clínica y de la Salud son las áreas más prevalentes de actuación principal de los psicólogos brasileños. Las pruebas psicológicas se utilizan principalmente para fines de psicodiagnóstico. Los grupos de edad más frecuentemente cubiertos por las evaluaciones realizadas son adultos. Las pruebas psicológicas más utilizadas se destinan a evaluar la personalidad o la inteligencia. La lista incluye Prueba Palográfica, HTP, Rorschach, Batería Factorial de Personalidad y las Escalas Wechsler de Inteligencia. Las pruebas proyectivas/expresivas o gráficas son las más usuales para evaluar la personalidad. La mayoría de las respuestas obtenidas en el análisis de las cinco pruebas más utilizadas se refieren a alguna prueba considerada favorable para su uso por Satepsi. Se destaca la extensión de la lista de las pruebas citadas, lo que indica que los psicólogos están atentos a los nuevos instrumentos y a las opciones de que disponen para calificar las evaluaciones realizadas. Sin embargo, hay un gran número de instrumentos utilizados que no tienen una evaluación certificada de sus propiedades técnicas.

Resumo A Teoria da Autodeterminação (TAD) é uma teoria organísmica e dialética que considera os indivíduos como ativos no processo de desenvolvimento, com potencial para o crescimento e integração. Para tanto é fundamental que três necessidades básicas sejam satisfeitas: autonomia, relação e competência. É através do interjogo das características pessoais e dos nutrientes dados pelo meio que irá permitir ou não o bom desenvolvimento e integração. Este trabalho propõe-se a discutir os preceitos da TAD e a forma como a satisfação dessas necessidades repercute ao longo do desenvolvimento.

Abstract Self-determination Theory (SDT) has an organismic and dialectical framework for the study of personality growth and development. From SDT’s perspective, individuals are prone to develop towards an active and integrative way. Therefore, there are three basic needs that must be satisfied: autonomy, relatedness and competence. Through the association between personal characteristics and the satisfaction of needs development and integration will be allowed. This paper will discuss SDT precepts and how the satisfaction of these needs reverberates throughout development.

Resumen La Teoría de la Autodeterminación (TAD) es una teoría organicista y dialéctica que considera como individuos activos en el proceso de desarrollo, con un potencial de crecimiento e integración. Por lo tanto, es esencial que se cumplan tres necesidades básicas: autonomía, relación y competencia. Es a través de la interacción de las características personales y los datos de los nutrientes a través que va a permitir o no permitir el desarrollo y la integración con éxito. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo discutir los preceptos del TAD y como la forma de satisfacer esas necesidades reverbera a lo largo del desarrollo.

Resumo À luz da Psicologia Positiva Organizacional e do Trabalho, flow e engajamento estão relacionados a bem-estar e sucesso empresarial. Esse estudo examina as relações entre flow e engajamento no trabalho e apresenta as principais conceituações a respeito deles. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura. A coleta de dados baseou-se na procura por produções com os descritores “flow” e “engajamento”, “recursos pessoais”, “recursos do trabalho” e termos relacionados. Essa busca resultou em 49 estudos, os quais foram lidos e classificados de acordo com informações sobre conteúdo, ano da publicação, definições, tipos e conceitos associados. Dentre os achados, flow e engajamento estão ligados a resultados superiores nos negócios das empresas, no desempenho do trabalhador e em sua satisfação de vida. Os estudos apontam para uma ampla gama de aplicações, mas ainda há necessidade de novas pesquisas.

Abstract In the light of Positive Organizational and Work Psychology, flow and engagement are related with well-being and business success. This study examines the relationships between flow and work engagement,while presenting the main concepts about them. A literature review was carried out. Data collection were based on the research for studies with the descriptors “flow” and “engagement”, “personal resources”, “labor resources” and related terms. This search resulted in 49 studies, which were read and classified according to information about content, year of publication, definitions, types and associated concepts. Among the findings, flow and engagement are linked to superior results in business, worker performance and life satisfaction. Studies point to a wide range of applications, but there is still a need for further research.

Resumen Según la Psicología Positiva Organizacional y del Trabajo, flujo y compromiso están relacionados con bienestar y éxito empresarial. Este estudio examina las relaciones entre flujo y compromiso, y presenta las principales concepciones sobre ellos. Para esto, se realizó una revisión de literatura. La recolección de datos se basó en la búsqueda por producciones con los descriptores “flujo” y “compromiso”, “recursos personales”, “recursos del trabajo” y términos relacionados. Esta búsqueda tuvo como resultado 49 estudios, los cuales fueron leídos y clasificados de acuerdo con informaciones sobre contenido, año de publicación, definiciones, tipos y conceptos asociados. Entre los hallazgos, flujo y compromiso están ligados a resultados superiores en los negocios de las empresas, en el desempeño del trabajador y en la satisfacción de vida. Los estudios revelan una amplia gama de aplicaciones, pero todavía hay necesidad de nuevas investigaciones.

Resumo Este artigo realiza uma revisão sistemática nos estudos brasileiros e internacionais para a avaliação de fatores psicossociais, entre 2009 e 2015, com ênfase na análise de instrumentos de avaliação. Um dos interesses principais nessa revisão foi identificar a utilização dos princípios da Psicologia Positiva na análise dos fatores de prevenção, promoção e proteção à saúde dos trabalhadores nos artigos investigados. Foram encontrados 5.724 artigos. Foram excluídos trabalhos repetidos e não escritos em português, inglês ou espanhol. Restaram 410 artigos. Destes foram selecionados 69 que tratavam diretamente sobre avaliação dos fatores psicossociais do trabalho. A maioria dos estudos lida com a patogênese dos fatores psicossociais, mas há uma produção crescente combinando análises de fatores patogênicos com fatores motivacionais na promoção da saúde e no estudo de aspectos positivos preservados. Constatou-se que embora os achados indiquem um movimento incipiente de considerar alguns fatores protetivos (suporte social, criatividade, engajamento, etc.), ainda há poucos estudos no enfoque da Psicologia Positiva. Sugere-se que estudos futuros testem modelos teóricos integrativos ou fatores estressores e motivacionais para aprofundar o entendimento dos fatores de proteção e aspectos positivos associados a fatores psicossociais no trabalho.

Abstract This paper presents a systematic review of Brazilian and international studies on the assessment of psychosocial factors, published between 2009 and 2015, with emphasis on the analysis of assessment instruments. One of the main interests of this review was to identify, in the published articles, the use of principles of Positive Psychology in the analysis of factors of prevention, promotion and health protection of workers. A total of 5,724 articles were found. Articles that were repeated or not written in Portuguese, English or Spanish were excluded. Thus, after analysis, 410 articles remained. Of these, 69 articles that dealt directly with the evaluation of psychosocial factors at work were selected. Most studies address the pathogenesis of psychosocial factors, but there is increasing number of studies that combine the analyses of pathogenic factors with motivational factors in health promotion and in the study of preserved positive aspects. We found that although the findings indicate an incipient movement concerning some protective factors (social support, creativity, engagement, etc.), there are still few studies in the Positive Psychology approach. We suggest that further studies test integrative theoretical models or stressors and motivational factors to deepen the understanding of the protective factors and positive aspects associated with psychosocial factors at work.

Resumo O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar as relaçõesentre autocompaixão, autoestima e autoeficácia e diferenças de sexo, idade e de outras variáveis sociodemográficas na autocompaixão. Participaram 432 adultos (50% mulheres), de 24 estados brasileiros, preenchendo dados sociodemográficos e um conjunto de três escalas: autocompaixão, autoestima e autoeficácia. Comparações de médias da autocompaixão por grupos compostos a partir dos dados sociodemográficos permitiram observar maior autocompaixão em: homens, com idade entre 31 e 66 anos, sem uso de medicação psiquiátrica, sem atividade remunerada e com filhos. Os resultados também mostraram que autocompaixão apresenta correlações elevadas com autoeficácia e autoestima. Salienta-se que os resultados são atinentes a esta amostra e que mais estudos precisam ser conduzidos no Brasil sobre autocompaixão.

Abstract This study investigated relationships between self-compassion, self-efficacy, and self-esteem, as well as age and sex differences and other sociodemographic variables in relation to self-compassion. Four-hundred and thirty-two Brazilian adults (50% women) from nearly all country states participated in the study filling out a sociodemographic survey and three scales: self-compassion, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Comparisons of means between self-compassion and pairs of groups designed by sociodemographic data showed higher self-compassion in men, people aged from 31 to 66 years-old, not under psychiatric medication, without a job, and with children. Results also showed that self-compassion is highly correlated with self-esteem and self-efficacy. We highlight that results are sample dependent and further studies on self-compassion need to be conducted in Brazil.

Resumen El presente trabajo investigó las relaciones entre autocompasión, autoestima y autoeficacia y las diferencias entre sexo, edad y otras variables sociodemográficas en la autocompasión. Participaron 432 adultos (50% mujeres) de 24 Estados brasileños, llenando datos sociodemográficos y un conjunto de tres escalas: autocompasión, autoestima y autoeficacia. Comparaciones de promedios de la autocompasión en grupos compuestos a partir de los datos sociodemográficos, permitieron observar mayor autocompasión en: hombres con edad entre 31 y 66 años, sin uso de medicamento psiquiátrico, sin actividad remunerada y con hijos. Los resultados también mostraron que autocompasión presenta correlaciones elevadas con autoeficacia y autoestima. Se resalta que los resultados son relacionados con esta muestra y que más estudios necesitan ser conducidos en Brasil, con respecto a la autocompasión.

Abstract The Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) is used to assess authentic leadership (AL). Although ALQ is often used in empirical research, cross-cultural studies with this measure are scarce. Aiming to contribute to filling this gap, this study assesses the invariance of the ALQ measure between samples of Brazilian (N= 1019) and Portuguese (N= 842) employees. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was performed, and the results showed the invariance of the first- and second-order factor models between the Brazilian and Portuguese samples. The results are discussed considering their cultural setting, with the study’s limitations and future research directions being pointed out.

Abstract Item response theory (IRT) has become a popular methodological framework for modeling response data from assessments in education and health; however, its use is not widespread among psychologists. This paper aims to provide a didactic application of IRT and to highlight some of these advantages for psychological test development. IRT was applied to two scales (a positive and a negative affect scale) of a self-report test. Respondents were 853 university students (57 % women) between the ages of 17 and 35 and who answered the scales. IRT analyses revealed that the positive affect scale has items with moderate discrimination and are measuring respondents below the average score more effectively. The negative affect scale also presented items with moderate discrimination and are evaluating respondents across the trait continuum; however, with much less precision. Some features of IRT are used to show how such results can improve the measurement of the scales. The authors illustrate and emphasize how knowledge of the features of IRT may allow test makers to refine and increase the validity and reliability of other psychological measures.

Abstract The present longitudinal study tested hypotheses about the relationship of subjective well-being and neuroticism with rumination, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress in university students after a large scale disaster. Measures of subjective well-being and personality were obtained two months before the 2013 Santa Maria’s fire. Measures of rumination, PTSD and anxiety were collected five months after the disaster with the same students. The results provide evidence that life satisfaction correlated negatively with rumination, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress. Positive affect presented similar but slightly smaller negative correlations with these variables, while negative affect presented higher correlations with rumination, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress. These findings provide evidence that subjective well-being components may constitute important predictors of psychopathological symptomatology after a disaster and may be helpful to plan clinical interventions.

Abstract The social conduct of an individual comprises all the interpersonal behaviors that he or she exhibits in the social contexts he or she is exposed to. The Social Conduct Scale (SCS) is a self-report instrument developed to provide researchers and clinicians with information on prosocial, antisocial and oppositional-defiant tendencies of Portuguese-speaking children and adolescents. In the present study, we conducted an analysis of the criterion validity of the SCS by comparing the scores obtained from a large population-based sample (N= 1,172) against an offender (N= 129), a scholar (N= 31), and a clinic-referred (N= 24) sample of adolescents with marked previous conduct problems. As expected, antisocial youths had significantly higher means on antisocial behaviors and lower means on prosocial tendencies when compared to the population-based sample. Overall, findings supported the hypothesized criterion validity of the SCS. The instrument might play a role as a helpful resource for researchers, clinicians and practitioners interested in assessing the social conduct of Brazilian children and adolescents.

Abstract We investigated differences in IQ and visual-constructive skills in school-age children evaluated as developmentally delayed or typically developed in early childhood. Sixty-four participants from a Brazilian cohort were evaluated in IQ (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) and tasks of visual-spatial memory and visual-constructive skills through the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) at school age. Neuropsychomotor development at 4 years of age was measured by Denver II. Developmentally delayed children showed lower IQs, lower scores, and more errors in copy and memory BVRT tasks when compared to typically developed children. Delay in neuropsychomotor development in early childhood may affect the subsequent cognitive development of children.

<p>O otimismo, a partir da sabedoria popular, passando pelas discussões filosóficas até os estudos empíricos em Psicologia está fortemente associado a uma visão positiva da vida, especialmente diante de adversidades. O presente trabalho visa apresentar duas abordagens teóricas e de investigação empírica sobre o otimismo no campo da Psicologia Positiva. A perspectiva de Seligman define o otimismo como aprendido, relacionado aos estilos explicativos, enquanto Scheier e Carver compreendem o otimismo a partir de uma dimensão disposicional, baseado em expectativas generalizadas. No presente estudo, salientam-se as diferentes posições teóricas e metodológicas, os estudos realizados em diferentes culturas e com variáveis, como autoestima e personalidade.</p>

<p>Optimism from the view of folk's wisdom, through the philosophical discussions to empirical studies in Psychology is strongly associated with a positive outlook on life, especially in light of disruptive events. This paper presents two theoretical approaches and empirical research on optimism in the field of Positive Psychology. The prospect of Martin Seligman defines optimism as learned, related to explanatory style, while Michael Scheier and Charles Carver understand optimism from a dispositional dimension, based on generalized expectations. Different theoretical and methodological assumptions of these theories are presented, as well as studies from both theories in different cultures and with other variables, such as self-esteem and personality.</p>

<p>El optimismo desde la sabiduría popular, pasando por las discusiones filosóficas hasta los estudios empíricos en Psicología, está fuertemente asociado a una visión positiva de la vida, especialmente frente a las adversidades. El presente trabajo buscó presentar dos abordajes teóricos y de investigación empírica sobre el optimismo en el campo de la Psicología Positiva. La perspectiva de Seligman define el optimismo como aprendido, relacionado a los estilos explicativos, mientras que Scheier y Carver comprenden el optimismo a partir de una dimensión disposicional, basado en expectativas generalizadas. En el presente estudio se destacan las diferentes posiciones teóricas y metodológicas, los estudios realizados en diferentes culturas y con variables, como autoestima y personalidad.</p>