Abstract Little information is available on the adverse effects of expired pesticides on the environment, so it is essential to characterize the risk of these chemicals to non-target organisms. Therefore, this work aims to estimate and compare the acute toxicity (LD50) of unexpired and expired formulations of malathion, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalothrin in rats and to determine their residues in the liver and kidneys of treated rats. This is the first study to investigate the toxic effects of expired pesticides on rats. The acute toxicity of expired lambda-cyhalothrin was higher than that of non-expired rats, while the opposite was observed in rats treated with malathion and chlorpyrifos. All formulations tested caused clinical signs of toxicity in the treated rats. The data showed that some expired formulations significantly affected body weight and estimated vital signs compared to non-expired pesticides. The data showed that the highest residues were found in the liver and kidneys of rats treated with both malathion formulations, followed by chlorpyrifos; however, the lowest residues were found in rats treated with lambda-cyhalothrin, which can be referred to as LD50 values of the insecticides tested. The residues detected after the 10th dose gradually decreased at the end of the recovery period, and their losses ranged from 80.0 to 95.4% in the liver and from 92.3 to 99.99% (undetectable). The results show that the toxic effects of expired and non-expired formulations are different. This underlines the need to dispose of expired compounds carefully to prevent their discharge into the ecosystem. environment nontarget non target organisms Therefore LD (LD50 chlorpyrifos lambdacyhalothrin lambda cyhalothrin nonexpired however lambdacyhalothrin, cyhalothrin, LD5 th period 800 80 0 80. 954 95 4 95.4 923 92 3 92. 9999 99 99.99 undetectable. undetectable . (undetectable) different ecosystem (LD5 8 9 95. 999 99.9 (undetectable (LD 99.

Resumo Poucas informações estão disponíveis sobre os efeitos adversos dos pesticidas vencidos no ambiente, por isso é essencial caracterizar o risco dessas substâncias químicas para organismos não alvo. Portanto, este trabalho visa estimar e comparar a toxicidade aguda (LD50) de formulações de malatião, clorpirifós e lambda-cialotrina em ratos e determinar seus resíduos no fígado e rins de ratos tratados. Este é o primeiro estudo a investigar os efeitos tóxicos dos pesticidas vencidos em ratos. A toxicidade aguda da lambda-cialotrina vencida foi maior do que a dos ratos não vencidos, enquanto o contrário foi observado em ratos tratados com malatião e clorpirifós. Todas as formulações testadas causaram sinais clínicos de toxicidade nos ratos tratados. Os dados mostraram que algumas formulações vencidas afetaram significativamente o peso corporal e os sinais vitais estimados em comparação com pesticidas não vencidos. Os dados mostraram que os resíduos mais elevados foram encontrados no fígado e nos rins dos ratos tratados com ambas as formulações de malatião, seguidos por clorpirifós; no entanto, os resíduos mais baixos foram detectados em ratos tratados com lambda-cialotrina, o que pode ser relacionado aos valores de LD50 dos inseticidas testados. Os resíduos detectados após a 10ª dose diminuíram gradualmente no final do período de recuperação, e suas perdas variaram de 80,0% a 95,4% no fígado e de 92,3% a 99,99% (indetectável). Os resultados mostram que os efeitos tóxicos das formulações vencidas e não vencidas são diferentes. Isso destaca a necessidade de eliminar cuidadosamente os compostos vencidos para evitar o seu descarte no ecossistema. ambiente alvo Portanto LD (LD50 lambdacialotrina lambda cialotrina entanto lambdacialotrina, cialotrina, LD5 testados ª recuperação 800 80 0 80,0 954 95 4 95,4 923 92 3 92,3 9999 99 99,99 indetectável. indetectável . (indetectável) diferentes ecossistema (LD5 8 80, 9 95, 92, 999 99,9 (indetectável (LD 99,

INTRODUCTION: Seroma formation is one of the most frequently encountered complications following mastectomy. It may cause significant morbidity, including delayed wound healing, infection and frequent clinic attendance for seroma aspiration. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of surgical quilting after mastectomy in the prevention of postoperative seroma and to investigate which factors influence seroma formation. METHODS: This was a single-centre prospective cohort study over a 1-year period. All patients who had a mastectomy operation during this period were included in this study. Group 1 patients (quilting) had mastectomy flaps sutured to pectoral muscle using interrupted absorbable sutures. Seroma requiring aspiration, number of aspirations and volume aspirated were recorded postoperatively. RESULTS: During the study period, 168 patients were recruited, with 54 patients in group 1 (quilting) and 114 patients in group 2 (non-quilting). The proportion of patients who developed seroma requiring aspiration was 69% (n=79) in the non-quilting group and 29% (n=15) in the quilting group (p<0.001). Additionally, the total volume of seroma drained was 427 mL (standard error (SE)=69) in the non-quilting group and 63 mL (SE=21) in the quilting group (p=0.0008). The total number of seroma aspirations was 152 in the non-quilting group compared with 23 in the quilting group (p=0.0001). Seroma was more common in smokers (p=0.003) and was not decreased by the presence of drains. CONCLUSION: Quilting of the mastectomy flaps significantly reduces seroma formation. Both total volume of seroma aspirated and number of aspirations are significantly reduced using this technique. We would therefore recommend quilting of mastectomy flaps to reduce the incidence of postoperative seromas and morbidity.