ABSTRACT: Recent rise in desert rose production, the expanded cultivation of this species may promote infestation by certain insects and mites. One such insect, the fungus gnats (Bradysia sp), also known as fungus flies, have been damaging numerous ornamental plant species. This study reported the incidence of fungus gnats infesting desert rose plants in the municipality of Jataí - GO, Brazil. Throughout 2022, we evaluated 48 desert rose plants for parasitic occurrences through direct observation. Sticky traps were used to record adult insects. Damage to plant organs has been documented and the presence of parasites at various stages of development with digital photographs. The incidence of fungal gnats is confirmed by observing adult insects and larvae in the plant substrate and roots. Of the 48 plants evaluated, 39 showed signs of infestation. Symptoms of a fungus gnat attack on desert rose include small necrotic lesions on new roots, progressive root rot, and a withered caudex resembling dehydration. The fungus gnats attack can cause the desert rose caudex to wilt, reducing its size and losing part of its shape, fact that can compromise the commercialization of this crop. ABSTRACT production mites insect Bradysia sp, sp , sp) flies GO Brazil 2022 4 observation photographs roots 3 rot dehydration wilt shape crop 202 20 2

RESUMO: Com o recente aumento na produção de rosas do deserto, o cultivo expandido desta espécie pode promover a infestação por certos insetos e ácaros. Um desses insetos, os mosquitos do fungo (Bradysiasp), também conhecidos como moscas do fungo, têm danificado inúmeras espécies de plantas ornamentais. Este estudo tem como objetivo relatar a incidência de mosquitos e fungos infestando roseiras do deserto no município de Jataí - GO, Brasil. Ao longo de 2022, avaliamos 48 plantas de rosa do deserto quanto a ocorrências parasitárias por meio de observação direta. Armadilhas adesivas foram usadas para registrar insetos adultos. Danos aos órgãos das plantas foram documentados e a presença de parasitas em vários estágios de desenvolvimento com fotografias digitais. Confirma-se a incidência de mosquitos fúngicos observando insetos adultos e larvas no substrato vegetal e nas raízes. Das 48 plantas avaliadas, 39 apresentaram sinais de infestação. Os sintomas de um ataque de mosquito fungo na rosa do deserto incluem pequenas lesões necróticas em novas raízes, podridão radicular progressiva e um caudex murcho semelhante a desidratação. O ataque dos mosquitos do fungo pode causar o murchamento do caudex da rosa do deserto, reduzindo seu tamanho e perdendo parte de sua forma, fato que pode comprometer a comercialização desta cultura. RESUMO ácaros Bradysiasp, Bradysiasp , (Bradysiasp) ornamentais GO Brasil 2022 4 direta digitais Confirmase Confirma se raízes avaliadas 3 desidratação forma cultura (Bradysiasp 202 20 2

Resumen El maracuyá (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) es una de las principales especies frutales de la región neotropical y Colombia es uno de sus principales productores con cerca de 165 893 toneladas al año. A pesar de esto, el cultivo es afectado por múltiples problemas fitosanitarios, como la secadera causada por Fusarium solani f. sp. passiflorae (fusariosis), la cual puede causar pérdidas de cosecha hasta del 70 %. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar el efecto de cuatro portainjertos de Passiflora (P. alata, P. maliformis, P. quadrangularis, y P. edulis f. edulis) tolerantes a la secadera, en el crecimiento vegetativo de plántulas de maracuyá. El estudio fue realizado en la estación experimental de Agrosavia en Palmira, Valle del Cauca (Colombia), bajo un diseño completamente al azar constituido por seis tratamientos y seis repeticiones. Los datos fueron sometidos a pruebas de rango múltiple y comparación de medias de Dunnett (p < 0.05). Se encontró que los portainjertos evaluados presentaron 100 % de prendimiento y una compatibilidad > 1 (excepto para el maracuyá autoinjertado, 0.85). Asimismo, las plántulas injertadas alcanzaron las condiciones de campo a 15 cm de altura y con cinco hojas entre los 30 a 60 días después de la injertación. La mayoría de los portainjertos evaluados mostraron un efecto en la reducción de la altura de la planta, número de entrenudos y hojas de aproximadamente 35 %, en comparación con el maracuyá amarillo no injertado. Por lo tanto, es necesaria una evaluación integral para establecer y seleccionar cuáles son los portainjertos más promisorios para mitigar esta problemática en el cultivo de maracuyá.

Abstract Yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) is one of the main fruit species in the Neotropical region and Colombia is one of its main producers with about 165 893 tons/year. Despite this, the crop is affected by multiple phytosanitary problems, such as fusariosis caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. passiflorae (passion fruit collar rot), which can cause considerable crop losses. The objective of this research was to estimate the effect of four Passiflora rootstocks (P. alata, P. maliformis, P. quadrangularis, and P. edulis f. edulis) tolerant to fusariosis, on the vegetative growth of the yellow passion fruit seedlings. The study was carried out at the Agrosavia experimental station in Palmira, Valle del Cauca (Colombia), under a completely randomized design consisting of six treatments and six repetitions. Data were subjected to multiple range tests and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test of means (p < 0.05). It was found that the evaluated rootstocks presented 100 % grafting and compatibility > 1 (except self-grafted yellow passion fruit, 0.85). Likewise, grafted seedlings reached field conditions at 15 cm height and five leaves between 30 to 60 days after grafting. Most of the rootstocks evaluated showed a reduction of approximately 35 % in plant height, number of internodes, and number of leaves, compared to non-grafted yellow passion fruit. Therefore, it is necessary to perform a comprehensive assessment to select which rootstocks are the best to mitigate this problem in yellow passion fruit orchards.

Resumen La correlación entre los atributos físicos y químicos de las frutas puede servir como indi cador del momento ideal de cosecha y funcionar como criterio de selección para mejorar el manejo y la productividad de los cultivos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las correlaciones entre las propiedades físicas y químicas de los frutos de guayaba Cortibel cultivados en el Cerrado brasileño. Los parámetros evaluados incluyeron color de cáscara y pulpa, peso, diámetro, longitud, sólidos solubles totales, acidez titulable y la relación de estas características. Los datos se analizaron mediante la correlación lineal de Pearson con un nivel de significancia de P <0,05. Varias propiedades físicas y químicas de los frutos exhi bieron correlaciones significativas. Los mayores coeficientes de correlación se observaron entre el peso y el diámetro del fruto, así como entre el ángulo de tonalidad de la cáscara y su luminosidad. Las propiedades de los frutos de guayaba Cortibel cultivados en el Cerrado brasileño exhiben correlaciones significativas. Estos hallazgos permiten la utilización de parámetros sencillos en los procesos de selección de guayaba Cortibel para objetivos de mejoramiento.

Abstract The correlation between physical and chemical attributes of fruits can serve as indicators for the ideal harvest time and function as selection criteria to enhance the management and productivity of crops. This study aimed to investigate the correlations among physical and chemical properties of Cortibel guava fruits grown in the Brazilian Cerrado. Parameters assessed included skin and pulp color, weight, diameter, length, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and the ratio of these characteristics. Data were analyzed using Pearson's linear correlation with a significance level of P < 0.05. Several physical and chemical properties of the fruits exhibited significant correlations. The highest correlation coefficients were observed between weight and fruit diameter, as well as between hue angle of the skin and skin lightness. The properties of Cortibel guava fruits cultivated in the Brazilian Cerrado exhibit significant correlations. These findings enable the utilization of straightforward parameters in the selection processes of Cortibel guava for breeding objectives.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo, a produção, a qualidade do fruto e a sobrevivência do maracujá-roxo enxertado em um porta-enxerto tolerante à fusariose, em uma área com histórico de ocorrência da doença. Os tratamentos foram combinações de três acessos elite de maracujá-roxo (PutEdu01, TesEdu11 e um acesso comercial como controle) e três porta-enxertos (pé-franco, autoenxerto e enxerto em Passiflora maliformis). TesEdu11 enxertada em P. maliformis apresenta a maior produção estimada aos 307 dias após transplante em áreas com incidência de fusariose. vegetativo maracujároxo maracujá roxo portaenxerto porta fusariose doença PutEdu01, PutEdu01 PutEdu (PutEdu01 TesEdu TesEdu1 controle portaenxertos enxertos péfranco, péfranco pé franco, franco (pé-franco maliformis. . maliformis) P 30 PutEdu0 (PutEdu0 3 (PutEdu

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality, and survival of purple passion fruit grafted onto a rootstock tolerant to fusarium wilt in an area with a history of this disease. The treatments were the combination of three elite accessions of purple passion fruit (PutEdu01, TesEdu11, and a commercial accession as the control) and three rootstocks (ungrafted, autografted, and grafted onto Passiflora maliformis). TesEdu11 grafted onto P. maliformis shows the highest estimated yield at 307 days after transplanting in areas with fusarium wilt incidence. growth quality disease PutEdu01, PutEdu01 PutEdu (PutEdu01 TesEdu control ungrafted, ungrafted (ungrafted autografted maliformis. . maliformis) TesEdu1 P 30 incidence PutEdu0 (PutEdu0 3 (PutEdu

RESUMEN Para aumentar la disponibilidad de nutrientes y mejorar la productividad de los cultivos, se introducen fertilizantes químicos en el suelo, aunque la fijación biológica de nitrógeno contribuye globalmente con 180 millones de toneladas métricas de amoníaco al año, lo que es comparable al aporte actual de nitrógeno antropogénico. De esta forma, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la interacción de Azospyrillum brasilense y Bradyrhizobium japonicum con diferentes niveles de nitrógeno sobre el rendimiento y la viabilidad económica del cultivo de tomate. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas, siendo la dosis de fertilización nitrogenada la parcela mayor (100% de la dosis, 50% de la dosis y 0% de la dosis) y la parcela menor con bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno (100 cc ha-1, 200 cc ha-1, 300 cc ha-1) con cuatro bloques internos aleatorios y cinco plantas como unidad experimental. Las variables evaluadas fueron: producción por planta, rendimiento/ha, número de frutos/planta y peso promedio de fruto. Finalmente, se realizó el análisis económico según la combinación de los tratamientos. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la mezcla de bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno (BFN) (Azospyrillum brasilense y Bradyrhizobium japonicum) a una dosis de 100 cc ha-1, incrementó significativamente la producción de tomate cuando no se aplicó nitrógeno (urea). La aplicación de BFN en combinación con niveles adecuados de nitrógeno favorece la sostenibilidad del tomate.

ABSTRACT To increase the availability of nutrients and improve crop productivity, chemical fertilizers are introduced to the soil, although the biological fixation of nitrogen contributes globally with 180 million metric tons of ammonia per year, which is comparable to current contribution of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this way, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the interaction of Azospyrillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium japonicum with different levels of nitrogen on the yield and economic viability of the tomato crop. An experimental design of divided plots was used, with the nitrogen fertilization dose being the largest plot (100% of the dose, 50% of the dose and 0% of the dose) and the minor plot of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (100 cc ha-1, 200 cc ha-1, 300 cc ha-1) with four random internal blocks and five plants as experimental unit. The variables evaluated were: production per plant, yield/ha, number of fruits/plant and average fruit weight. Finally, the economic analysis was performed according to the combination of the treatments. The results obtained showed that the mixture of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (BFN) (Azospyrillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium japonicum) at a dose of 100 cc ha-1, significantly increased tomato production when nitrogen (urea) was not applied. The application of BFN in combination with adequate levels of nitrogen favors the sustainability of the tomato.

ABSTRACT The inclusion of more sustainable alternatives such as bacterial inoculants is a viable option for the competitiveness of vegetable crops in tropical countries such as Colombia. The economic feasibility of a bacterial suspension of G. diazotrophicus applied to the carrot crop was determined. The native isolate G. diazotrophicus GIBI029 was evaluated and the strain ATCC 49037 was used as a control. The experiment was installed in a subdivided plot design, where the plot was the bacterium G. diazotrophicus (ATCC49037 and GIBI029. The subplot was the concentration of G. diazotrophicus (88×106 CFU/mL and 18×107 CFU/mL) and, in it, the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (0% and 100% nitrogen and phosphorus) were assorted. The average weight of the carrot (g) and the yield by quality of the consuming organ (kg/ha) were evaluated. Through the production cycle, fixed, variable, and total costs were calculated. Benefit / cost ratios higher than 1.46 and net income up to US$ 10,817/ha were achieved. It is possible to efficiently and economically use the native isolate G. diazotrophicus GIBI029 in the search for more sustainable and competitive cultural practices.

ABSTRACT During ripening, many transformations occur in passion fruits. The ripening stage affects fruit quality and post-harvest properties. Fruits with 65% yellow epidermis present chemical characteristics that meet industrial standards, facilitating harvest estimations and loss avoidance. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the post-harvest properties of passion fruit species (genotypes of the yellow passion fruit and sweet passion fruit, and yellow passion fruit cultivar FB 200) during ripening. The fruits were evaluated by the color of the epidermis and the chemical characteristics of the pulp (titratable acidity, vitamin C, carotenoids, soluble solids content, and ratio). This experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design and a split-plot arrangement, where the plots were the species and the subplots were the evaluation periods (50, 58, 66, 74 and 82 days after anthesis), with four replications and 10 fruits per plot. The yellow passion fruit genotype and cultivar, harvested at 82 days after anthesis, presented desirable characteristics for the juice industry and for fresh consumption. The sweet passion fruit had a higher soluble solids content and titratable acidity ratio because of its high content of soluble solids and low acidity, which translate to a better fruit flavor.

RESUMEN Durante la maduración del maracuyá, se producen muchas transformaciones. La etapa de maduración afecta a la calidad de la fruta y a las propiedades poscosecha. Se sabe que los frutos con un 65% de epidermis amarilla presentan características químicas dentro del estándar requerido por la industria, lo que permite anticipar la cosecha y evitar pérdidas. Así, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades postcosecha de especies de fruta de la pasión (amarilla, dulce y el cv. FB 200) durante la maduración. Los frutos fueron evaluados por el color de la epidermis y las características químicas de la pulpa (acidez titulable, vitamina C, carotenoides, sólidos solubles y proporción). El experimento se realizó en un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo de parcelas subdivididas, donde las parcelas constituyen las especies y las subparcelas constituyen los períodos de evaluación (50, 58, 66, 74 y 82 días después de la antesis), con cuatro repeticiones y 10 frutos por parcela. Los frutos del genotipo de maracuyá amarilla y el cultivar cosechados 82 días después de la antesis presentan características deseables ya sea para la industria del jugo o para consumo fresco. La fruta de la pasión dulce presenta una mayor proporción entre sólidos solubles y acidez titulable, debido a su alto contenido en sólidos solubles y bajo contenido de acidez, lo que implica un gran sabor a fruta.

RESUMO: A Colômbia é o quarto produtor e o terceiro em termos de área colhida, com uma participação de 6% da área mundial. O desenvolvimento e a promoção desta linha produtiva representam para a Colômbia uma importante fonte de crescimento na agricultura, para a geração de emprego e desenvolvimento rural com equidade para as diferentes regiões do país, devido à diversidade de pisos térmicos e às diferentes variedades plantadas. As importações deste produto diminuíram 96% nos últimos quatro anos, passando de 3128 toneladas em 2014 para 133 toneladas em 2017. Nos últimos anos, os projetos desenvolvidos no setor de abacate colombiano têm como objetivo o mercado externo devido à lucratividade desta fruta por sua demanda com a variedade Hass. Além disso, há um esforço estatal para implementar planos para regiões livres de pragas de quarentena que permitem o acesso a mercados estrangeiros. Dessa forma, constitui uma proposta estratégica composta por um conjunto coerente de objetivos, estratégias e programas que, com base em uma visão de futuro, buscam o objetivo inicial de duplicar a área de produção, garantindo condições tecnológicas e de inovação com alcance total nos mercados internacionais. Esta revisão tem como objetivo conhecer os principais desenvolvimentos da produção de abacate na Colômbia, seus desafios e oportunidades para a próxima década.

ABSTRACT: Colombia is the fourth largest avocado producer globally and the third largest in terms of harvested area, with a 6% share of the world area. The development and promotion of this production line represents an important source of growth in agriculture for Colombia, due to the generation of rural employment, equitable development across the different regions of the country, and due to the diversity of thermal floors and the different varieties planted. Imports of this product have decreased by 96% in the last four years from 3128 tons in 2014 to 133 tons in 2017. In recent years, the projects developed in the Colombian avocado sector have been aimed at the foreign market due to the profitability and demand of the Hass variety of this fruit. In addition, there is a state effort to implement plans for regions free of quarantine pests that allow access to foreign markets. This constitutes a strategic proposal made up of a coherent set of objectives, strategies and programmes which, based on a vision of the future, seek the initial goal of doubling the area of production. That move would ensure the technological and innovative conditions for sustainable and quality production, as well as achieve full links in international markets. This review aimed to know the main developments of avocado production in Colombia, its challenges and opportunities for the next decade.

RESUMO: A gabirobeira é uma espécie nativa do Cerrado brasileiro com potencial para uso em sistemas de cultivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) em estacas radiculares de progênies de Gabirobeira (Campomanesia adamantium). As estacas radiculares foram obtidas de progênies de Gabirobeira de um e dois anos de idade. Estes foram segmentados em 5 cm de comprimento e apresentavam entre 1,90 a 3,22 mm de diâmetro, imersos nas concentrações: 0.0; 1.0; 2.0 e 4.0 mg L-1 de BAP por 15 segundos e plantados em bandejas contendo Bioplant®. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x4 (idades das estacas x concentrações de BAP), com quinze repetições por tratamento. Após 140 dias, foram avaliados o número de estacas com brotações, número de brotações, número de folhas e diâmetro da raiz principal. Estacas de raízes de progênies de dois anos de idade apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento. Menores concentrações de citocinina trouxeram melhores resultados de emissão e número de brotações das progênies de ambas as idades.

ABSTRACT: The gabirobeira is a species native to the Brazilian Cerrado with potential for use in cropping systems. This study evaluated the effect of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on root cuttings of gabirobeira (Campomanesia adamantium). The plant material was obtained from gabirobeira progenies of one and two-years-old. The cuttings were segmented in 5 cm length and 1.90 to 3.22 mm diameter, immersed in the following BAP concentrations: 0.0; 1.0; 2.0 and 4.0 mg L-1 for 15 seconds and planted in trays containing the substrate Bioplant®. A complete randomized experimental design was adopted in a factorial scheme 2x4, (cuttings age x BAP concentrations) with fifteen replicates per treatment. After 140 days the number of cuttings with shoots, number of shoots, number of leaves, and diameter of the main root were evaluated. The better development of the cuttings was observed on progenies of two-years-old. The lowest cytokinin concentrations promoted the better emission and number of shoots of the progenies from both ages.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la tolerancia al estrés hídrico y salino en cuatro especies cultivadas de Passiflora L. Se evaluaron 11 accesiones de cuatro especies de Passiflora de interés comercial provenientes de diferentes plantaciones. El diseño experimental fue en parcelas subdivididas, donde la parcela principal fue el porcentaje de saturación de agua en relación con los requisitos del cultivo (33 y 100%). La subparcela se estableció por los niveles de saturación de sal (cloruro de sodio nivel reactivo - 99,9% de pureza) (CE: 1.50 y 5.5 dS m-1) con 11 accesiones en una disposición completamente aleatoria, con cinco repeticiones, donde la unidad experimental fue una planta. Los resultados mostraron que las accesiones m11, m13 (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) y m15 (P. tarminiana) se consideraron tolerantes a la salinidad y la sequía; las accesiones m2 (P. edulis f. edulis), m12 y m14 (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) fueron moderadamente tolerantes. Estas observaciones son la base para futuros estudios de tolerancia a la sequía en Passiflora, que deben ser seguidos por evaluaciones de campo.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine tolerance to water and salt stress in four cultivated Passiflora L. species. Eleven accessions of four Passiflora species of commercial interest from different plantations were evaluated. The experiment design used sub-split plots, where the plot was the percentage of water saturation in relation to the requirements of the crop (33 and 100%). The subplot was established with the saturation levels of salt (sodium chloride reactive level - 99.9% purity) (EC: 1.5 and 5.5 dS m-1) with the 11 accessions in a completely randomized array with five replications, where the experiment unit was one plant. The results showed that accessions m11, m13 (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) and m15 (P. tarminiana) were tolerant to salinity and drought; accessions m2 (P. edulis f. edulis), m12 and m14 (P. edulis f. flavicarpa) were moderately tolerant. These observations provided a basis for future studies on drought tolerance in Passiflora, which must be followed up with field evaluations.

RESUMEN Entre los factores que contribuyen para un correcto desarrollo inicial de las plantas, está el sustrato utilizado, por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del sustrato en la formación inicial y morfología de las raíces de dos especies de maracuyá. El experimento fue realizado en vivero con polisombra de interceptación luminosa (60%), en la Universidad Federal de Goiás (UFG), Regional Jataí, Brasil. Los materiales utilizados fueron maracuyá (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) y el cultivar FB 200 (Flora Brasil). Se utilizaron semillas de frutos recolectados del huerto experimental de la UFG. Se sembraron en tres tipos de sustratos: Suelo I (mezcla de 2 partes de suelo + 1 parte de gallinaza + 1 parte de arena), Suelo II (suelo de barranco) y Bioplant®; se utilizó bolsas perforadas para plántulas con capacidad de 1,5 L. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente aleatorio con seis tratamientos, ocho repeticiones y cuatro plántulas por parcela. Después de 30 días de siembra, se evaluó: peso fresco de la raíz, peso seco de raíz y morfología de la raíz. El sustrato tuvo efecto en el desarrollo inicial de las plantas de maracuyá, donde se obtuvo los mejores resultados con Bioplant®. Este sustrato sobresalió en todas las características evaluadas mostrando su potencialidad en la propagación de esta especie.

ABSTRACT Among the factors that contribute to better initial development of plants, it is the substrate used. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of substrate in initial formation and morphology of the roots of two species of passion fruits. The analyses were done in the nursery of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Regional Jataí, Brazil, with a light interception of 60%. The material used were seeds of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) and the cultivar FB 200 (Flora Brasil), harvested in the UFG experimental field. They were sown in three types of substrates: Soil I (mixture of soil, chicken manure and sand in a ratio of 2:1:1 by volume), soil II (steep bank), and Bioplant®, using for plants perforated bags with a capacity of 1.5 L. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with six treatments, eight replications and four plants per plot. After 30 days of sowing, fresh matter of root, root dry matter and morphology were evaluated. The substrate affected the initial development of yellow passion fruit, obtaining the best results with Bioplant®, showing as promising for the development of all the evaluated characteristics.

RESUMEN Passiflora tarminiana es una glicofita trepadora, nativa de la región andina que tiene tolerancia a la salinidad y estrés hídrico moderado. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad para la excreción de sodio como una posible estrategia de esta especie para la tolerancia a la salinidad y a la sequía. La excreción de sal y las concentraciones de iones excretados se examinaron en plantas cultivadas durante siete meses bajo varios niveles de salinidad [(NaCl) 2,5; 4,0 y 5,5 dS m-1 (25, 40 y 55 mM)] y de estrés hídrico moderado (33 y 100% de humedad en el sustrato). El experimento fue llevado a cabo en un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo de parcelas subdivididas, donde la parcela constituye el porcentaje de saturación de agua (33 y 100%), la subparcela los niveles de saturación de sal (CE: 2,5; 4,0 y 5,5 dS m-1), con cinco repeticiones, y la unidad experimental compuesta por una planta. Se evaluaron los cristales de sal y las estructuras de la epidermis foliar. Las sales fueron excretadas en la superficie adaxial de la hoja, posiblemente debido a las glándulas secretoras de sal especializadas. Se observaron otras estructuras como tricomas y papilas, que se cree que también están implicadas en la tolerancia a la salinidad en P. tarminiana.

ABSTRACT Passiflora tarminiana is a climbing glycophyte, native to the Andean region that has tolerance to salinity and moderate water stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate its capacity for sodium excretion as a possible strategy for salinity tolerance and the drought. Salt excretion and excreted ion concentrations were evaluated in plants grown for seven months under various levels of salinity [(NaCl) 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5 dS m-1 (25, 40 and 55 mM)] and moderate water stress (33 and 100% moisture in the substrate). The experiment design was completely randomized in a split-plot array, where the plot was determined by the percentage of water saturation (33% and 100%). The ubplot had saturation levels of salinity (EC: 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5 dS m-1), with five replicates. The experiment unit consisted of one plant. Salt crystals and structures of the leaf epidermis were evaluated. Salts were excreted in the adaxial leaf surface, possibly because of specialized salt secreting glands. Other structures, such as trichomes and papillae, were also observed, which are believed to also be involved in the salt tolerance of P. tarminiana.

RESUMO Atualmente, o tomate é uma das culturas mais cultivadas no mundo, com o maior valor econômico, aumentando sua demanda e, assim, sua expansão, produção e comercialização. A cultura do tomate é suscetível ao ataque de patógenos com consequências devastadoras no declínio da produtividade de 50 para 100%. Por esta razão, novos métodos de produção são propostos, como o uso de porta-enxertos selvagens, que possuem alta variabilidade genética e genes responsáveis pela resistência a fungos, bactérias, vírus e nematoides. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do enxerto de cultivares comerciais de tomateiro sobre genótipos de tomateiro em produtividade e qualidade de frutos. O experimento foi organizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. A unidade experimental consistiu em quatro plantas, espaçadas a 0,9 m entre linhas (canais), 0,30 m entre linhas duplas e 0,4 m entre plantas. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação dos seguintes fatores: três porta-enxertos promissores (IAC391, IAC426 e LA2076), dois enxertos comerciais (Calima e Torrano), dois métodos de enxertia (fenda e inglês simples) e dois controles comerciais não enxertados. Os componentes de rendimento, teor de sólidos solúveis, porcentagem de qualidade dos frutos e peso médio dos frutos foram avaliados. O IAC391 foi o porta-enxerto mais promissor, alcançando produções semelhantes às dos controles. O método de enxertia de fenda atingiu uma taxa de sucesso de 98,3%. O enxerto comercial Torrano se destacou por alcançar os maiores rendimentos.

ABSTRACT Currently, tomato is one of the most cultivated crops worldwide, with the highest economic value, increasing its demand and, thus, its expansion, production, and trade. The tomato crop is susceptible to attack of pathogens with devastating consequences on the decline in yields from 50 to 100%. For this reason, new production methods are proposed such as grafting in wild rootstocks, which have high genetic variability and genes responsible for resistance to fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grafting commercial tomato cultivars onto cherry tomato genotypes on yield and fruit quality. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The experimental unit consisted of four plants. spaced at 0.9 m between rows (channels), 0.30 m between double rows, and 0.4 m between plants. The treatments consisted of the combination of the following factors: three promising rootstocks (IAC391, IAC426, and LA2076), two commercial scions (Calima and Torrano), two grafting methods (cleft and splice), and two ungrafted commercial controls. Yield components, soluble solids content, percentage of fruit quality, and average fruit weight were evaluated. IAC391 was the most promising rootstock, reaching productions similar to those of the controls. The cleft grafting method, reached a success rate of 98.3%. The commercial scion Torrano stood out for achieving the highest yields.

El tomate tipo cereza por ser un cultivo de rápido retorno económico viene despertando el interés de los productores, pero aún hay poca información sobre su estructura de costos de producción y rentabilidad en las condiciones del país, impidiendo la expansión del cultivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar técnica y económicamente diez introducciones élites de tomate tipo cereza, bajo condiciones semicontroladas en la región andina colombiana. El ensayo se realizó en la granja Tesorito, Manizales, Colombia. Se estableció un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar con 10 tratamientos (introducciones élites) y un testigo comercial (Sweet million), con cuatro repeticiones. Las variables fisiológicas evaluadas fueron: rendimiento (g/planta), peso de frutos perdidos, rendimiento neto, rendimiento en kg ha-1, número de frutos por racimo, número de racimos por planta, peso promedio de fruto, y como variables económicas se estimaron los costos de producción, el margen unitario de producción, la relación beneficio/costo, la tasa de retorno y se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad. los resultados muestran que las introducciones IAC391, IAC1621 e IAC1688 para las condiciones del estudio superan las perspectivas financieras, convirtiendo estos materiales en opciones para los productores.

The cherry tomato, being a crop of fast economic return, has aroused the interest of producers, but there is little information on the costs of production and profitability in the domestic market, which prevents crop expansion. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate 10 economically elite introductions of cherry tomato under controlled conditions in the Colombian Andes. The study was conducted on the Tesorito Farm owned by Caldas University located in the city of Manizales (Colombia). The experimental design used completely randomized blocks with 10 treatments (elite introductions) and a commercial control (Sweet million), with four repetitions. The physiological variables were: yield (g/plant), weight of lost fruits, net yield, yield in kg ha-1, number of fruits per cluster, number of bunches per plant, and average fruit weight. The following economic variables were estimated: production costs, production unit margin, cost benefit ratio, and rate of return; in addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed. The results showed that the IAC 391, IAC 1621 and IAC 1688 introductions exceeded the financial perspective under the studied conditions, making these materials options for producers.

RESUMO O mercado de frutas frescas do maracujá-amarelo valoriza as qualidades interna e externa dos frutos. O uso de espécies silvestres como porta-enxertos tem sido preconizado como possível medida de controle de doenças. São escassas as informações sobre o efeito de espécies silvestres do gênero Passiflora como porta-enxertos sobre as características físicas e químicas em frutos de maracujazeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência de duas espécies de passifloráceas silvestres P. mucronata Lam e P. gibertii N.E. Brow como porta-enxertos sobre as características físicas e químicas dos frutos do maracujazeiro-amarelo em ambiente protegido. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e 25 repetições, consistindo em 100 parcelas. Cada parcela foi representada por uma planta conduzida em vaso de 30 L. Os porta-enxertos avaliados foram: Passiflora edulis Sims, Passiflora gibertii N.E. Brow e Passiflora mucronata Lam. Comotratamento-testemunha, foram utilizadas plantas de P. edulis Sims provenientes de sementes. Avaliaram-se a massa fresca do fruto (MF), a massa fresca da casca (MC), a massa fresca da polpa (MP), o diâmetro do fruto (DF), o comprimento longitudinal do fruto (CF), a espessura da casca dos frutos (EC), a coloração do suco e da casca dos frutos, o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), a acidez titulável (AT), a relação SS/AT, a relação MP/MF e o teor de vitamina C (ácido ascórbico). As plantas enxertadas sobre espécies silvestres produziram frutos mais alongados que as plantas provenientes de sementes, porém dentro dos padrões de comercialização.

ABSTRACT The market for fresh fruits passion fruit enhances internal and external fruit quality. The use of wild species as rootstocks has been advocated as a possible measure of disease control. Information are scarce on the effect of wild species of the genus Passiflora as rootstocks on physical and chemical characteristics in passion fruits. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of two species of wild passifloraceae, P. mucronata Lam and P. gibertii NE Brow as rootstocks on physical and chemical characteristics of yellow passion fruit in greenhouse. We adopted a completely randomized design with four replications and 25 treatments, consisting of 100 plots. Each plot was represented by a plant conducted in a pot of 30 L. The rootstocks were: Passiflora edulis Sims, Passiflora gibertii NE Brown and Passiflora mucronata Lam. As the control treatment, plants of P. edulis Sims originated from seeds were used. Evaluations of fresh fruit mass (FM), peel fresh weight (PeW), pulp fresh weight (PuW), fruit diameter (FD), longitudinal length of the fruit(LLF), thickness of the fruit skin (TFS), the color of the juice and the fruit peel, soluble solids (SS),titratable acidity (TA), ratio SS/TA, ratio PuW/PeW, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content. Plants grafted on wild species produced more elongated fruit plants originated from seeds, but within the commercialization standards.