Resumen Introducción: El comportamiento suicida hace referencia a las diversas conductas para dejar de vivir es un fenómeno multifactorial ampliamente estudiado en población urbana, sin embargo, la población campesina, especialmente agricultores y trabajadores agrícolas están entre los grupos de alto riesgo. Objetivo: Evaluar las relaciones entre el riesgo suicida y las estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés en una muestra de 76 campesinos entre los 18 y 79 años del municipio de El Santuario, Colombia, durante la emergencia sanitaria por Covid-19. Método: Para este estudio se utilizó un diseño descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal y se emplearon como instrumentos la Escala de Evaluación de Riesgo Suicida -ERS- y la Escala de Estilos y Estrategias de Afrontamiento (EEEAE). Resultados: Los resultados encontrados en la Escala ERS no indicaron niveles clínicos de riesgo suicida. Y respecto a la EEEAE casi siempre los participantes usaban las estrategias de Reevaluación positiva, Apoyo social, Desconexión cognitiva y Resolver el problema. Hubo correlaciones negativas entre todas las dimensiones de la escala ERS con EEEAE, menos entre las dimensiones Depresión/Desesperanza y Aislamiento/Soporte social (ERS) con la Desconexión cognitiva (EEEAE) y especialmente la estrategia de Reevaluación Positiva tuvo un peso significativo sobre riesgo suicida. Conclusiones: La Reevaluación Positiva es una estrategia de afrontamiento que puede proteger la salud mental ante situaciones de estrés asociados con el riesgo suicida de la población campesina, los agricultores y trabajadores agrícolas.

Abstract Introduction: Suicidal behavior refers to the various behaviors to stop living, it is a multifactorial phenomenon widely studied in the urban population, however, the rural population, especially farmers and agricultural workers, are among the high-risk groups. Objective: Evaluate the relationships between suicidal risk and stress coping strategies in a sample of 76 peasants between 18 and 79 years of age from the municipality of El Santuario, Colombia during the Covid-19 health emergency. Method: For this study, a cross-sectional correlational descriptive design was used. The Suicide Risk Assessment Scale -SRAS- and the Coping Styles and Strategies Scale were used as measurement instruments (CSSS). Results: The results found in the SRAS Scale did not indicate clinical levels of suicidal risk. And regarding the EEEAE, the participants almost always used the strategies of Positive Reappraisal, Social Support, Cognitive Disconnection and Problem-Solving skills. There were negative correlations between all the dimensions of the SRAS scale with CSSS, less between the dimensions Depression/Hopelessness and Isolation/social support (SRAS) with Cognitive Disconnection (CSSS) and especially the Positive Reappraisal had a significant weight on suicidal risk. Conclusions: Positive Reappraisal is a coping strategy that can protect mental health in situations of stress associated with suicidal risk of the rural population, farmers, and agricultural workers.

Resumen La encapsulación es una tecnología que proporciona barreras entre los compuestos de interés en un producto y el medio ambiente. Ella brinda una mejor estabilidad fisicoquímica durante el procesamiento y/o almacenamiento del producto, por lo tanto, ayuda a tener una menor degradación de los compuestos de interés, enmascara olores y sabores indeseables, controla la liberación del principio activo y puede incrementar su bioaccesibilidad y su biodisponibilidad. El objetivo de esta revisión fue recopilar y discutir la literatura reciente enfocada en investigaciones científicas sobre la encapsulación mediante gelación iónica de compuestos bioactivos, de microorganismos, de enzimas y su uso en diferentes aplicaciones de interés científico y/o industrial. La revisión bibliográfica se realizó en las principales bases de datos indexadas, utilizando descriptores como tamaño de cápsula, eficiencia de encapsulación, matrices mixtas, alginato de sodio y gelación iónica. De acuerdo con los resultados se observó que la utilización de este tipo de encapsulación presenta ventajas muy variables que se centran en la mejora de diversos factores como la biodisponibilidad de compuestos bioactivos, estabilidad de diferentes compuestos, características físicas, liberación del compuesto de interés y la protección contra efectos ambientales adversos. En conclusión, existe una amplia gama de aplicaciones que puede tener la metodología de gelación iónica para encapsular ingredientes alimenticios, microorganismos y fármacos, entre otros. Finalmente, el estudio pretende que esta revisión sea de utilidad en la dirección de investigaciones sobre gelación iónica, debido a la diversidad de aplicaciones abordadas durante la investigación.

Abstract Encapsulation, a technology that creates a barrier between a compound of interest and the environment, improves the physicochemical stability of products during processing and/or storage. Therefore, it helps to reduce the degradation of compounds of interest, masks undesirable odors and flavors, controls the release of the bioactive compound, and can increase its bioaccessibility and bioavailability. The objective of this review was to collect and discuss recent scientific literature about encapsulation by ionic gelation of bioactive compounds, microorganisms, and enzymes, as well as its use in different applications of scientific and/or industrial interest in several fields. A literature review was carried out in indexed databases using descriptors such as capsule size, encapsulation efficiency, mixture matrices, sodium alginate, and ionic gelation. The results show that using of this kind of encapsulation offers variable advantages regarding the bioavailability of bioactive compounds, the stability of different compounds, the improvement of physical characteristics, the release of compounds, and the protection against adverse environmental effects. In conclusion, the ionic gelation method can have a wide range of applications to encapsulate food ingredients, microorganisms, drugs, etc. This review can guide further research into ionic gelation because it examines the diversity of its applications.

Abstract Natural colorants have become important due to the health-benefits for humans. In that sense, it is important to evaluate the degradation kinetics of these components, in order to establish the stability under different processing and/or storage conditions. This study provides experimental and simulated results about the degradation of betalains in microencapsulated beetroot juice. Maltodextrin solution (MDX 10%) and sweet potato starch solution (SPS 2%) in proportions of 40MDX:60SPS, 20MDX:80SPS and 0MDX:100SPS were used as microencapsulating agents. The thermal degradation of betalains in the microencapsulated powders was evaluated at three temperatures (6, 19 and 30 °C) in order to predict the behavior under different conditions, using the first-order kinetic model. The kinetic parameters were identified using linear regression on the logarithmic curves of the experimental data to obtain the Arrhenius equations. The highest content of betalains was 2.58 mg/g and the lowest activation energy value was 48.71 KJ/mol, with both values corresponding to the powder that was microencapsulated with 20MDX:80SPS. The above results suggest high betalain stability in this powder, since there was less sensitivity to temperature in comparison to the rest of the powders. Additionally, some thermodynamic parameters were evaluated, which confirmed that the process is non-spontaneous and irreversible. The results obtained from this study, could be a useful tool to predict the minimal losses during processing, and gives the possibility to improve and select the food products where this kind of natural colorant can be applied.

Abstract: Oaks (Quercus spp.) are some of the world's most important and abundant trees in nearly all temperate forests of the northern hemisphere. There are two diversity centers for this genus: one is in Southeast Asia, and the other is in Mexico. Studies on the use of oak have mainly highlighted its timber applications. However, its non-timber value is still unappreciated. Ethnobotanical tradition shows infusions from Quercus leaves, alone or in combination with other plants, which have anticarcinogenic effects in gastric cancer patients. Sensorial studies on oak herbal infusions have shown that a higher phenolic content decreases their acceptability. Therefore, a significant alternative for encouraging use of herbal teas is fermentation with the Kombucha culture (black tea fungus). Kombucha drink is reported as a potential health promoter. It is a slightly acidic beverage from fermentation of sweetened black tea with Kombucha consortium, which consists mainly of acetic acid bacteria and yeasts. The phenolic composition and content gradually changes over fermentation time, producing a beverage rich in antioxidants. Metabolic conversion of polyphenols may be due to glucuronidation of original flavonoid compounds. This process enhances the bioavailability of phytochemicals, which include a wide range of bioactive ellagitannins and flavonoids, in oaks.

Resumen: Los encinos (Quercus spp.) son algunos de los árboles más importantes y abundantes en casi todos los bosques templados del hemisferio norte. El sudeste asiático y México destacan como centros de diversidad del género. La investigación sobre el encino se ha enfocado principalmente en sus aplicaciones maderables, siendo poco reconocido su valor como recurso no maderable. La tradición etnobotánica muestra que las infusiones de hojas de encino, solas o combinadas con otras plantas, presentan efectos contra el cáncer gástrico; sin embargo, el análisis sensorial de las infusiones ha mostrado relación inversa entre su aceptabilidad y su contenido fenólico. Por lo anterior, el hongo del té (Kombucha) es una alternativa para fermentar infusiones de encino, mejorando su aceptabilidad y carácter profiláctico. La bebida Kombucha es ligeramente ácida debido a que se prepara a partir de té negro endulzado que es fermentado por el consorcio microbiano Kombucha. El consorcio se forma por bacterias ácido acéticas y levaduras que cambian gradualmente la composición fenólica del sustrato, produciendo una bebida rica en antioxidantes. La conversión metabólica de los polifenoles puede deberse a su glucuronidación, que es un proceso que libera y realza la biodisponibilidad de los fitoquímicos presentes en el encino, incluyendo elagitaninos y flavonoides bioactivos.

Antecedentes. La violencia hacia el adulto mayor es un problema social que ocurre dentro de la familia y que, por miedo, no es denunciado. Esto dificulta el trabajo del personal multiprofesional de salud para la detección, denuncia y prevención de estos casos. Objetivo. Identificar la prevalencia, los tipos de violencia intrafamiliar, su asociación con variables sociodemográficas y la presencia de síntomas depresivos en el adulto mayor que vive en la comunidad de estudio. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal con 369 adultos mayores en el distrito de Breña, Lima (Perú). Se utilizaron el Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination y la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica como instrumentos de datos sociodemográficos. Para el análisis de los datos se aplicó estadística descriptiva y regresión logística. Resultados. Predominó el sexo femenino, el adulto mayor más joven, el estado civil casado y la conformación familiar por el cónyuge. La prevalencia de violencia intrafamiliar fue 79.7% y de síntomas depresivos 48.2%. Prevaleció la violencia financiera. En la regresión se verificó que aquel que no trabaja tiene mayor chance de sufrir violencia. Entre más años de estudio, disminuye el riesgo de sufrir violencia. Asimismo, aquel que no presenta síntomas depresivos no sufre violencia. Conclusiones. Se verificó que el adulto mayor necesita de atención permanente. El personal de salud debe reconocer síntomas y señales en el adulto mayor que sufre violencia y que presenta síntomas depresivos; debe ofrecer información sobre la importancia de denunciar estos casos para favorecer un envejecimiento saludable y con calidad.

Background. Violence against the elderly is a social problem that occurs within the family and is not reported because of fear. This hinders the work of health multi-professional staff for the detection, reporting and prevention of such cases. Objective. To identify the prevalence, types of domestic violence, its association with socio-demographic variables and depressive symptoms in the elderly living in the community studied. Materials and methods. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out with 369 elderly in the district of Breña, Lima (Peru). The Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination and the Geriatric Depression Scale were used as socio-demographic instruments. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and logistic regression were applied. Results. Female sex, younger elderly, married marital status and family formation by the married were predominant. The prevalence of domestic violence was 79.7% and 48.2% for depressive symptoms. Financial violence was prevalent. During the regression, it was verified that whoever that does not work has a greater chance of suffering violence. The more the years of schooling, the lower the risk of violence. Also, the ones who have depressive symptoms don't suffer violence. Conclusions. It was observed that the elderly need lifelong care. The health staff must recognize signs and symptoms in the elderly suffering violence and presenting depressive symptoms; the health staff must provide information on the importance of reporting cases to promote a healthy and qualitative aging.

Resumen Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente que debutó con hipertensión arterial (HTA) grado II realizándose los estudios sistematizados correspondientes para descartar patologías secundarias. Dentro de los estudios de primera línea en la valoración merece destacarse la ecografía Doppler renal por la información que ella aporta, orientado al diagnóstico de estenosis de la arteria renal. La identificación de una HTA de origen renovascular supone el hallazgo de una de las causas reversibles de hipertensión. Dentro de esta etiología la más frecuente es la displasia fibromuscular (DFM) que mejora con la corrección de la estenosis mediante técnicas quirúrgicas o percutáneas con angioplastia con balón o stent. El objetivo es presentar un caso clínico para mostrar la complejidad del proceso diagnóstico y la importancia que tiene la sospecha clínica para la corrección oportuna de este tipo de HTA reversible

Summary The clinical case of a patient that appeared with grade II high blood pressure (HBP). The corresponding standard exams were performed, in order to rule out secondary causes. Within the first line of tests it is relevant to mention the renal Doppler ultrasound because of the information it provides. Fibromuscular dysplasia of the right renal artery was suspected. The identification of reno-vascular HBP implies finding one of the reversible causes of HBP. Within this etiology, the most common is FMD, which improves by correcting the stenosis through surgical techniques or percutaneous angioplasty with balloon or stent. The goal is to present this clinical case in order to show the complexity of the diagnostic process and the great importance of clinical suspicion, for the readily correction of this type of reversible HBP.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a técnica neurocirúrgica clássica a uma nova técnica simplificada, para correção de mielomeningocele, em fetos de ovelhas. MÉTODOS: Em 9 fetos, foi criado um defeito semelhante à mielomeningocele (laminectomia e excisão de dura-máter) no 90º dia de gestação. O tipo de correção foi randomizado. No Grupo 1, o defeito foi corrigido usando a técnica neurocirúrgica clássica, com a sutura de três camadas (dura-máter, músculo e pele), realizada por um neurocirurgião. No Grupo 2, um especialista em Medicina Fetal utilizou a técnica simplificada, colocando um fragmento de celulose biossintética sobre a medula e suturando apenas da pele sobre a celulose. Próximo ao termo da gestação (132 dias), os fetos foram sacrificados para análise anatomopatológica. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram dois casos de aborto e uma morte materna, restando seis casos para avaliação - três em cada grupo. No Grupo 1, todos os casos mostraram aderência da medula à cicatriz (meningoadesão) e perda da arquitetura medular, com destruição do funículo posterior e perda da visualização da substância cinzenta. No Grupo 2, observou-se, em todos os casos, a formação de uma neodura-máter, separando o tecido nervoso do músculo adjacente, sendo que o funículo posterior e a substância cinzenta estavam preservados. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica simplificada foi superior à neurocirúrgica, com maior preservação da medula e evitando as aderências do tecido nervoso. Os presentes achados sugerem que a técnica utilizada atualmente na correção de mielomeningocele em fetos humanos deva ser reavaliada.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the classical neurosurgical technique with a new simplified technique for prenatal repair of a myelomeningocelelike defect in sheep. METHODS: A myelomeningocele-like defect (laminectomy and dural excision) was created in the lumbar region on day 90 of gestation in 9 pregnant sheep. Correction technique was randomized. In Group 1 the defect was corrected using the classic neurosurgical technique of three-layer suture (dura mater, muscle and skin closure) performed by a neurosurgeon. In Group 2, a fetal medicine specialist used a biosynthetic cellulose patch to protect the spinal cord and only the skin was sutured above it. Near term (day 132 of gestation) fetuses were sacrificed for pathological analysis. RESULTS: There were two miscarriages and one maternal death. In total, six cases were available for pathological analysis, three in each group. In Group 1, there were adherence of the spinal cord to the scar (meningo-neural adhesion) and spinal cord architecture loss with posterior funiculus destruction and no visualization of grey matter. In Group 2, we observed in all cases formation of a neo-dura mater, separating the nervous tissue from adjacent muscles, and preserving the posterior funiculus and grey matter. CONCLUSION: The new simplified technique was better than the classic neurosurgical technique. It preserved the nervous tissue and prevented the adherence of the spinal cord to the scar. This suggests the current technique used for the correction of spina bifida in humans may need to be reassessed.

Summary Introduction A meaningful doctor-patient relationship is a key factor in medical practice and in the art of curing. In the past, several institutions have recommended the addition of humanistic education among medical doctors not only for enhancing the doctor-patient relationship, but also for improving the quality of medical care. In fact, an empathic physician-patient relationship has been associated with better clinic outcomes. In spite of recommendations, medical empathy is still an unexplored research area in medical education for two reasons. One of these is that theoretical research on empathy is not easy because of a lack of clarity in its conceptualization. Another reason for the dearth of empirical research is the absence of a valid and reliable operational tool by which to measure empathy in patient care situations. A team from the Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care at the Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, developed the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE). The English version factor structure is consistent with conceptual aspects of a multidimensional scale that measures the perspective taking, compassionate care and "standing in the patient’s shoes" factors. The JSPE has shown satisfactory psychometric properties; construct, discriminant, and criterion validity has been confirmed among medical students with an internal consistency of 0.89. Empathy may vary among individuals depending on social, educational, and personal experiences, and it corresponds to an interpersonal ability and a clinical competence component. Hence, the availability of a valid and reliable instrument for measuring empathy among medical doctors is a critical issue. However, the instrument should be culturally adapted for the population of interest. Therefore, the present study was designed for evaluating the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the JPES among Mexican medical students. Material and methods Subjects: 1022 medical students (mean age 21±2.7 years) from the School of Medicine at the Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, in Monterrey, Mexico (494 women and 528 men). Instrument: The students’ version of the JSPE was used to measure the orientation of medical students towards empathy in patient care situations. The JSPE consists of 20 items on a seven-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree, 7= strongly agree). Procedures: The JSPE was translated into Spanish and back translated following the guidelines to adaptate psychological evaluation instruments. The questionnaire was answered by first (n=687), third (n=183) and fifth grade (n=152) medical students. They were assured of the strict confidentiality of the test and of the individual responses. Plan of analysis: Dimensionality of 20 items was assessed with factors analysis using the principal components extraction method and orthogonal rotation. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated for evaluating the internal consistency. Results The exploratory factor analysis allowed the identification of three factors with eigen values greater or equal to one. All the items with coefficients greater than 0.30 of the first factor were positive and corresponded to the perspective taking domain. On the other hand, seven out of ten negative questions loaded to the second factor with coefficients greater than 0.40; all of them were related to compassionate care. Finally, there were other two questions with high loading on the third factor, which matched to "standing in the patient’s shoes" domain. The internal consistency was 0.74. The mean of empathy scores was 110 and the standard deviation, 14. The observed range was 44-140 compared to the possible range of 20-140. The mean empathy score was higher for women than men (111.9 ±13.9 vs. 109.08± 14.1, p=.002). Age was not significantly correlated with empathy scores, even after controlling for sex (women: r=-0.01; men: r=0.02). Conclusions The results of study supported the validity of the JSPE among medical students in Mexico. The first factor (perspective taking) corresponded to the main component of empathy. The other two factors, compassionate care and "standing in the patient’s shoes", were related to specific components of the doctor-patient relationship. The observed internal consistency was satisfactory for personality tests. The findings showed significantly higher empathy scores for women than men, suggesting that female doctors might render a different type of medical care. These findings are consistent with those reported for U.S.A. medical students. It has been informed that women are more receptive to emotional signs than men and that they devote more time and offer more preventive care to their patients. More scientific evidence is needed to explain these sex differences which represents different implications for the selection of medical training. Interpersonal relationships are especially critical between physicians and patients. Failures in understanding a patient’s perspective may result in communication problems, which in turn contribute to the patient’s dissatisfaction with care. As soon as the doctor understands what his/her patient thinks and feels, he/she can offer a better care. This is how empathy translates into the vehicle of a meaningful doctor-patient relationship. Finally, empathy measurement is meaningful because it constitutes the first step for examining permanence from the first years of the medical career up to specialty training years. It also allows for the analysis of the impact of educational strategies designed to improve empathy and achieve potential benefits not only for the doctors’ professional development but also for their patients’ health.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

In studies carried out on the parasites infecting ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Spain, trophozoites of Retortamonas sp. have been found in the intestinal contents of 28 out of 146 slaughtered ostriches. The species infecting ostriches could not be determined from the morphological data available. However, these findings are important as they constitute the first report of the genus Retortamonas in birds.