ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate epidemiological and pathological reports of confirmed outbreaks and cases of zoo, farm, and pet animals naturally infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Confirmed reports of outbreaks and cases of SARS-CoV-2 infected animals were obtained by systematically researching and analyzing information available in open access databases. The reports were evaluated, incorporated into a database, classified, and integrated to estimate average morbidity and mortality values and characteristic clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 in animals. Postmortem lesions and microscopic alterations are also included. Diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives to confirm or mitigate infection in animals are outlined. Finally, control methods include isolation, culling of affected populations, and the development of the first available vaccines for animals. Available information suggests that domestic and zoo animals have become accidental hosts of SARS-CoV-2, becoming infected primarily through contact with COVID-19 affected humans; although there is concern that animals could become a risk for maintaining and spreading new mutant variants of the virus, which could eventually return to human populations.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los informes epidemiológicos y patológicos de brotes y casos confirmados de la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 en animales de zoológico, granja y mascota infectados naturalmente. Se obtuvieron informes de brotes y casos de animales infectados por SARS-CoV-2 mediante búsqueda, análisis y clasificación sistemática de información disponible en bases de datos de libre acceso. Los informes se evaluaron e incorporaron a una base de datos, se clasificaron e integraron para identificar los valores característicos de morbilidad, mortalidad y manifestaciones clínicas del SARS-CoV-2 en animales; además de lesiones post mortem y alteraciones microscópicas. Se indican alternativas diagnósticas y terapéuticas para confirmar o mitigar la infección en animales; métodos de control como el aislamiento, sacrificio de poblaciones afectadas y las primeras vacunas disponibles para animales. La información disponible sugiere que los animales se han convertido en huéspedes accidentales del SARSCoV-2, infectándose principalmente a través del contacto con personas afectadas por COVID-19; aunque existe la preocupación de que los animales podrían convertirse en un riesgo de mantenimiento y propagación de nuevas variantes virales, que eventualmente podrían volver a las poblaciones humanas

Resumo No México, a produção intensiva de rãs-touro é uma das atividades mais relevantes da aquicultura devido à sua crescente demanda. As rãs podem ser hospedeiras de vários parasitos que afetam negativamente seu desenvolvimento e sua saúde animal. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar a presença de parasitas gastrointestinais (IPs) em rãs de boi em unidades de produção aquícola. Foram selecionadas 18 unidades de produção aquícola de rãs-touro, e de cada unidade 20 animais (n=360). Amostras fecais foram obtidas por raspagem de mucosas e processadas pelo método de concentração. A prevalência geral de IPs foi de 70,5%, todas as fazendas foram infectadas com algum parasita. Duas espécies de parasitas Eimeria sp. e Strongyloides sp. foram identificadas; encontrando-se diferenças significativas na prevalência entre machos e fêmeas (73,8% vs 58,8%), comprimento da tíbia (5,5 vs 6,1 cm) e peso (168 vs 187 g) entre rãs parasitadas e não parasitadas. Em conclusão, o presente estudo mostrou uma alta prevalência e alterações morfométricas (peso, comprimento do ronco-cloaca, comprimento do rádio-ulna, comprimento da tíbia e distância entre as glândulas parótidas) todas identificadas nos animais parasitados. Esses resultados mostram informações relevantes que permitirão o estabelecimento de medidas de controle adequadas para ajudar a minimizar os efeitos adversos desses parasitas. México rãstouro touro demanda animal (IPs 1 rãstouro, touro, 2 n=360. n360 n n=360 . 360 (n=360) concentração 705 70 5 70,5% parasita sp encontrandose encontrando se 73,8% 738 73 8 (73,8 58,8%, 588 58,8% , 58 58,8%) 5,5 55 (5, 61 6 6, cm 168 (16 g conclusão peso, (peso roncocloaca, roncocloaca ronco cloaca, cloaca ronco-cloaca rádioulna, rádioulna rádio ulna, ulna rádio-ulna parótidas parasitados n36 n=36 36 (n=360 7 70,5 73,8 (73, 58,8 5, (5 16 (1 n3 n=3 3 (n=36 70, 73, (73 58, ( n= (n=3 (7 (n= (n

Abstract In Mexico, intensive production of bullfrogs is one of the most important aquaculture activities, due to growing demand for their meat. Frogs can be hosts for several parasites that negatively affect their development and health. The objective of this study was to identify the presence of intestinal parasites in bullfrogs in aquaculture production units. Eighteen bullfrogs aquaculture production units were selected, and 20 animals (n=360) from each farm. Fecal samples were obtained by mucosal scraping and processed using the concentration method. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 70.5%, and all farms had frogs infected by some species of parasite. Two species of parasites were identified: Eimeria sp. and Strongyloides sp. Significant differences were found regarding parasite prevalence between males and females (73.8% vs 58.8%) and regarding tibia length (5.5 vs 6.1 cm) and weight (168 vs 187 g) between parasitized and non-parasitized frogs. In conclusion, the present study showed a high prevalence of intestinal parasites, and morphometric alterations (weight, snout-cloaca length, radio-ulna length, tibia length and distance between parotid glands) were identified in the parasitized animals. These results provided useful information that will enable establishment of adequate control measures to help minimize the adverse effects of these parasites. Mexico activities meat health selected 2 n=360 n360 n 360 (n=360 farm method 705 70 5 70.5% sp 73.8% 738 73 8 (73.8 58.8% 588 58 5.5 55 (5. 61 6 1 6. cm 168 (16 18 g nonparasitized non conclusion weight, (weight snoutcloaca snout cloaca radioulna radio ulna glands n=36 n36 36 (n=36 7 70.5 73.8 (73. 58.8 5. (5 16 (1 n=3 n3 3 (n=3 70. 73. (73 58. ( n= (n= (7 (n

ABSTRACT In Mexico, bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) production is carried out in only 35 animal production units, and improvements in its commercialization are necessary to increase demand. Faced with these challenges, innovative technological options such as Biofloc are emerging, which improve production efficiency in favor of environmental, economic and social sustainability. Thus, this study measured the effect of using reused water from a Biofloc system for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture in the intensive production of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus). With a biological material of 4,000 organisms (Lithobates catesbeianus), treatments were evaluated: T1 (drinking water), T2 (30% Biofloc reuse water), T3 (60% Biofloc reuse water) and T4 (90% Biofloc reuse water); the variables Weight Gain (WG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Survival Percentage (%S), Survival Rate (SR) and Feed Conversion (FC) were measured. The results were analyzed in SPSS Statistic version 27.0.0 with an ANOVA and Mauchly's test of sphericity. The results showed that intensive production of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) with reused water from a Biofloc system of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture is feasible.

RESUMEN En México, la producción de rana toro (Lithobates catesbeianus) se realiza en apenas 35 unidades de producción animal, siendo necesario realizar mejoras en su comercialización para aumentar la demanda. Frente a estos retos, surgen opciones tecnológicas innovadoras como Biofloc, que mejoran la eficiencia de la producción en pro de la sostenibilidad ambiental, económica y social. Siendo así que este estudio midió el efecto de la utilización de agua de reúso de un sistema de Biofloc de cultivo de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) en la producción intensiva de rana toro (Lithobates catesbeianus). Con un material biológico de 4,000 organismos (Lithobates catesbeianus), se evaluaron los tratamientos: T1 (agua potable), T2 (30% de agua de reúso Biofloc), T3(60% de agua de reúso Biofloc) y T4 (90% de agua de reúso Biofloc); se midieron las variables Ganancia de Peso (GP), Tasa Específica de Crecimiento (TEC), Porcentaje de Sobrevivencia (%S), Tasa de Sobrevivencia (TS) y Conversión Alimenticia (CA). Los resultados fueron analizados en SPSS Statistic versión 27.0.0 con un ANOVA y prueba de esfericidad de Mauchly. Observando que es factible la producción intensiva de rana toro (Lithobates catesbeianus) con agua de reúso de un sistema Biofloc del cultivo de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).