RESUMO Objetivo: Glaucoma é a principal causa de cegueira irreversível no mundo. O pico da pressão intraocular é um dos principais fatores de risco para progressão do glaucoma, e o controle pressórico ainda é o único tratamento efetivo para todas as formas de glaucoma. O objetivo principal deste estudo é comparar a redução basal e do pico da pressão intraocular, obtidas através do Teste de Sobrecarga Hídrica, entre os dois olhos dos mesmos pacientes utilizando latanoprosta 0,005% em um olho e submetidos à aplicação de trabeculoplastia a laser seletiva no olho contralateral. Métodos: Este é um estudo prospectivo, intervencionista, longitudinal e randomizado. Trinta pacientes consecutivos, glaucomatosos, com pressão intraocular controlada em uso de monoterapia com latanoprosta, foram recrutados de um único centro oftalmológico. Os olhos dos pacientes foram randomizados e um olho foi selecionado para tratamento com trabeculoplastia a laser seletiva e olho contralateral tratado com colírio de latanoprosta 0,005%. Foram avaliados a pressão intraocular basal e pico de pressão intraocular um mês (Teste de Sobrecarga Hídrica 2) e seis meses (Teste de Sobrecarga Hídrica 3) após tratamento. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatística entre a pressão intraocular pré washout entre os olhos randomizados para trabeculoplastia a laser seletiva e latanoprosta, 13,6 ± 2,1 e 13,3 ± 1,8 mmHg, respectivamente (p=0,182). Em relação à pressão intraocular basal, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos, tanto no Teste de Sobrecarga Hídrica 2 (p=0,689) e Teste de Sobrecarga Hídrica 3 (p=0,06). Não houve diferença estatística em relação ao pico de pressão intraocular entre os grupos trabeculoplastia a laser seletiva e latanoprosta, no Teste de Sobrecarga Hídrica 2 (p=0,771) e Teste de Sobrecarga Hídrica 3 (p=0,774). Conclusões: Em resumo, nosso estudo demonsrou que a eficácia da redução pressórica é similar entre latanoprosta e trabeculoplastia a laser seletiva, e pacientes glaucomatosos que estão com a pressão intraocular clinicamente controlados com latanoprosta e trocam de tratamento para trabeculoplastia a laser seletiva mantém sua pressão intraocular controlada.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Peak intraocular pressure is one of the main risk factors for glaucoma progression, and intraocular pressure reduction remains the only therapeutic strategy for all types of glaucoma. The main purpose of our study was to compare the baseline and peak intraocular pressure reduction obtained with the water drinking test between the two eyes of the same patients using 0.005% latanoprost in one eye and selective laser trabeculoplasty application in the contralateral eye. Methods: This was a prospective, interventional, longitudinal, and randomized clinical trial, in which 30 consecutive glaucomatous patients, medically controlled using latanoprost monotherapy, were recruited from a single ophthalmological center. The patients’ eyes were randomized, and one eye was selected for SLT treatment and topical 0.005% latanoprost was introduced in the contralateral eye. The baseline intraocular pressure and peak intraocular pressure were evaluated 1 month (water drinking test 2) and 6 months (water drinking test 3) after treatment. Results: There was no significant difference between the mean pre-washout intraocular pressure in the randomized eyes for selective laser trabeculoplasty and latanoprost (13.6 ± 2.1 and 13.3 ± 1.8 mmHg, respectively; p=0.182). Regarding baseline intraocular pressure, there was no significant difference in the water drinking test 2 (p=0.689) and water drinking test 3 (p=0.06) between the groups. There was no significant difference in the intraocular pressure peak between the SLT and latanoprost groups at water drinking test 2 (p=0.771) or water drinking test 3 (p=0.774). Conclusions: The intraocular pressure reduction efficacy is similar between latanoprost and selective laser trabeculoplasty. Glaucomatous patients who are medically controlled with latanoprost and switch treatment to selective laser trabeculoplasty maintain control of intraocular pressure.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o efeito da panfotocoagulação retiniana nos parâmetros topográficos do disco óptico em pacientes não glaucomatosos com retinopatia diabética proliferativa. Métodos: Este é um estudo observacional prospectivo e unicêntrico. Trinta e oito olhos de 26 pacientes diabéticos foram submetidos à panfotocoagulação retiniana para retinopatia diabética proliferativa. As estereofotografias e os parâmetros do disco óptico foram avaliados usando o retinógrafo Visucam da Zeiss e o oftalmoscópio confocal de varredura a laser (Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph), respectivamente, no início e 12 meses após a conclusão da panfotocoagulação. Resultados: Trinta e oito olhos de 26 pacientes (15 mulheres) com média de idade de 53,7 anos (intervalo de 26-74) foram recrutados. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre a média horizontal e vertical para relação escavação/disco óptico determinadas pelas estereofotografias antes e após o tratamento com panfotocoagulação retiniana (p=0,461 e 0,839, respectivamente). Os valores globais dos parâmetros do disco óptico analisados com a tomografia de varredura a laser não mostraram nenhuma mudança significativa entre o início até os 12 meses, incluindo disk area, cup area, rim area, cup volume, rim volume, C/D area ratio, linear C/D ratio, mean cup depth, maximum cup depth, cup shape measure, height variation contour, mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness e cross-sectional area. Conclusão: Nossos resultados sugerem que a panfotocoagulação retiniana não causa alterações morfológicas no disco óptico em pacientes com retinopatia diabética proliferativa após um ano de seguimento.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the effect of panretinal photocoagulation on optic disk topographic parameters in non-glaucomatous patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Methods: This was a prospective, single-center, observational study. Thirty-eight eyes of 26 patients with diabetes underwent panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Stereoscopic disk photographs and optic nerve head parameters were evaluated using the Zeiss fundus camera and the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph), respectively, at baseline and 12 months after the completion of panretinal photocoagulation. Results: Thirty-eight eyes of 26 patients (15 female) with a mean age of 53.7 (range 26-74) years were recruited. No significant difference was found between the stereo photography determined mean horizontal and vertical cup-to-disk ratio before and after panretinal photocoagulation treatment (p=0.461 and 0.839, respectively). The global values of the optic nerve head parameters analyzed with the HRT3 showed no significant change from baseline to 12 months, including the disk area, cup area, rim area, cup volume, rim volume, cup-to-disk area ratio, linear cup-to-disk ratio, mean cup depth, maximum cup depth, cup shape measure, height variation contour, mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and cross-sectional area. Conclusion: Our results suggest that panretinal photocoagulation does not cause morphological optic disk changes in patients with diabetic proliferative retinopathy after 1 year of follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) on the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in nonglaucomatous patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: This is a prospective, single center, observational study. Thirty-eight eyes of 26 diabetic patients underwent PRP for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured using scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) with variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC; by Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Heidelberg Spectralis, Carlsbad, USA) at baseline and 12 months after PRP was performed. RESULTS: Thirty-eight eyes of 26 patients (15 female) with a mean age of 53.7 years (range 26 to 74 years) were recruited. No significant difference was found among all RNFL thickness parameters tested by GDx VCC software (p=0.952, 0.464 and 0.541 for temporal-superior-nasal-inferior-temporal (TSNIT) average, superior average, inferior average, respectively). The nerve fiber indicator (NFI) had a nonsignificant increase (p=0.354). The OCT results showed that the average RNFL thickness (360° measurement) decreased nonsignificantly from 97.2 mm to 96.0 mm at 1 year post-PRP (p=0.469). There was no significant difference when separately analyzing all the peripapillary sectors (nasal superior, temporal superior, temporal, temporal inferior, nasal inferior and nasal thickness). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that PRP, as performed in our study, does not cause significant changes in peripapillary RNFL in diabetic PDR patients after one year of follow-up.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a espessura de coroide (EC) e sua variação durante o teste de sobrecarga hídrica (TSH) em olhos emétropes (EE) e míopes (ME) utilizando a tomografia de coerência óptica Spectral-Domain (SD-OCT). Métodos: Ensaio clinico realizado em um hospital terciário. 30 olhos selecionados randomizadamente, 15 míopes e 15 emétropes de 15 pacientes em cada grupo foram submetidos ao TSH e scans maculares com SD-OCT realizados 10 e 45 minutos após a ingestão de água. Os principais resultados avaliados foram média da EC na região macular pelo SD-OCT e pressão intraocular (PIO) durante o TSH. Resultados: O equivalente esférico médio foi de 0.15 ± 0.24 dioptrias em emétropes e -7,1 ± 1,75 dioptrias nos olhos míopes (p<0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas durante a resposta ao TSH entre EE e ME. EE apresentaram maior EC em comparação com ME, tanto na região foveal (361,4 ± 55,4 vs 257,9 ± 95,3; p<0,001), 3 milímetros nasal à fóvea (158,0 ± 71,8 vs 122,5 ± 54,5; p=0,047) e 3 mm temporal à fóvea (310,6± 52.4 vs 247,6 ± 90,1; p=0,05). Em relação à variação da EC, diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram demonstrados na região foveal, 10 minutos após a ingestão de água em ambos EE e ME, sem diferenças entre os grupos. Moderada correlação entre pico de PIO durante o TSH e EC foi demonstrada em ME ( r=0,52; p=0,04). Conclusão: A diferença na variação da EC provocada pelo TSH não foi estatisticamente diferente entre olhos emétropes e míopes, o que sugere um comportamento semelhante da coroide nestes dois grupos quando submetidos ao TSH. Além disso, a EC é mais fina nos olhos alto míopes, e a variação na EC não explica o aumento da PIO durante o TSH.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate variations in choroidal thickness (CT) during the water drinking test (WDT) in emmetropic eyes (EE) and highly myopic eyes (ME) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods: Clinical trial performed at a tertiary care hospital comprising 30 randomly selected eyes. The WDT and SD-OCT macular scans were performed 10 and 45 min after water ingestion in 15 myopic and 15 EE of 15 healthy patients in each group. Primary study outcomes were average macular CT measured by SD-OCT and intraocular pressure (IOP) during the WDT. Results: The mean spherical equivalent refraction was 0.15 ± 0.24 D in emmetropic and -7.1 ± 1.75 D in ME (p<0.001). No statistical differences between EE and ME were observed during the WDT response. EE had higher CT compared with ME at the fovea (361.4 ± 55.4 vs 257.9 ± 95.3; p<0.001), 3 mm nasal to the fovea (158.0 ± 71.8 vs 122.5 ± 54.5; p =0.047), and 3 mm temporally to the fovea (310.6 ± 52.4 vs 247.6 ± 90.1; p=0.05). Regarding CT variation, significant differences in foveal CT at 10 min after water ingestion were observed in both EE and ME, with no statistically significant difference observed between groups. A moderate correlation between IOP peak during the WDT and CT was demonstrated in ME (r=0.52; p=0.04). Conclusions: No statistically significant differences in CT variation during the WDT were observed between EE and ME, indicating similar behavior of the choroidal bed during the WDT in both groups. Further, CT was thinner in highly ME, with CT variation unable to explain elevations in IOP observed during the WDT.

O eletroretinograma de padrão reverso é utilizado para avaliar a função das camadas internas da retina, particularmente a camada de células ganglionares retinianas, utilizando um estímulo em xadrez ou barras alternantes, mantendo constante o nível de contraste total. A resposta transiente normal é constituída por uma onda positiva (P50) seguida de uma onda maior negativa (N95). A neuropatia óptica glaucomatosa causa perda progressiva das células ganglionares da retina, detectável como anormalidades no exame, especialmente na onda N95. Por isso, o eletroretinograma de padrão reverso pode ser útil no diagnóstico e seguimento de pacientes glaucomatosos. Este artigo é uma revisão atualizada dos dados publicados a respeito da capacidade do eletroretinograma de padrão reverso em detectar alterações retinianas induzidas pelo glaucoma.

Pattern electroretinography is used to assess the function of the inner retinal layers, particularly the retinal ganglion cell layer, using a reversing checkerboard or grating pattern that maintains a constant overall mean luminance over time. A normal transient response comprises a positive component of the wave (P50) followed by a longer negative component of the wave (N95). Glaucomatous optic neuropathy causes progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells, potentially detectable as abnormalities on examination, particularly in the N95 component. Therefore, pattern electroretinography may be useful in the diagnosis and evaluation of glaucoma. The present article is an updated review of published data regarding the use of pattern electroretinography for the detection of glaucoma-induced retinal changes.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the 24-hour repeatability of diurnal intraocular pressure patterns in glaucomatous and ocular hypertensive individuals. METHODS: A prospective analysis of 88 eyes from 88 ocular hypertensive or open-angle glaucoma patients was conducted on diurnal tension curves obtained by the same examiner on two consecutive days. The intraclass correlation coefficient test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Eighty-eight eyes from 88 patients were analyzed. Fifty-seven patients (64.8%) were female. The mean age of all participants was 68.7 (SD 10.8, range 51-79) years. The intraclass correlation coefficient values for measurements at 8 AM, 11 AM, 2 PM, and 4 PM were 0.80, 0.82, 0.83, and 0.86, respectively (all intraclass correlation coefficient values, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Diurnal intraocular pressure data collected on a single day characterize the diurnal intraocular pressure variability over 24 hours in primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertensive patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between central corneal thickness and outflow facility assessed by intraocular pressure peak and fluctuation during the water drinking test. METHODS: Fifty-five newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma patients submitted to central corneal thickness measurements and water drinking test were enrolled in this retrospective study.;. Patients were divided into three groups according to their central corneal thickness. Pearson's Correlation test was performed in the groups with lower and higher pachymetric values. RESULTS: The mean age was 65,65 ± 28,28 years; 63,63% were female and 52,72% were caucasian. The mean central corneal thickness was 544,32 ± 36,86 µm, and the mean baseline intraocular pressure was 23,36 ± 6,26 mmHg. During the water drinking test, the mean intraocular pressure peak and mean intraocular pressure fluctuation were 30,43 ± 8,13 mmHg and 31,46 ± 18,46%, respectively. No relevant correlation was detected between the central corneal thickness and the intraocular pressure peak (r² = 0,021) or between the central corneal thickness and the intraocular pressure fluctuation (r² = 0,011). Group 1 presented a mean central corneal thickness of 505,81 ± 13,86 µm, and Group 3 was 583,55 ± 27,87 µm (p = 0,001). The mean intraocular pressure peak was 31,05 ± 9,05 mmHg and 27,83 ± 4,92 mmHg in Group 1 and in Group 3, respectively (p = 0,193). The difference of intraocular pressure fluctuation was not statistically significant between Group 1 (mean 28,47±16,25%) and Group3 (mean 33,27 ± 21,27%) (p = 0,43). CONCLUSION: In our case series, no correlation was found between central corneal thickness and water drinkingtest results.

A vasculopatia coroidiana polipóide idiopática é entidade recentemente descrita relacionada a descolamentos recorrentes sero-sanguinolentos do epitélio pigmentado da retina ou da retina neuro-sensorial. Decorre de alterações na vascularização coroidiana que levam à formação de canais vasculares ramificados em rede vascular que termina em lesões nodulares polipóides na região justapapilar temporal. Este estudo relata cinco casos cujas características clínicas são compatíveis com este distúrbio. A média das idades era 66 anos (51 a 79 anos), um paciente da raça negra, três (60%) do sexo masculino. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 13,4 meses (3 meses a 2 anos). As características epidemiológicas e clínicas são discutidas.

Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy is a recently described entity related to recurrent serosanguinolent detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina due to a choroidal vasculopathy characterized by the formation of a branching vascular network with nodular lesions in the juxtapapillary temporal region. The authors describe a series of five cases with clinical characteristics compatible with this disorder. Mean age was 66 years (51-79 years), one black patient and three (60%) males. Mean follow-up time was 13.4 months (three months to 2 years). Epidemiological and clinical data are discussed.

Objetivo: Avaliar qual o tipo de assistência médica utilizada pelo paciente que procura as "Campanhas da Catarata". Métodos: Foram realizadas 299 entrevistas com pacientes que participaram da "Campanha da Catarata" do dia 15 de abril de 2000, no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Resultados: Dos entrevistados 58,9% eram do sexo masculino e 41,1 % do sexo feminino; a idade média foi de 69,9 anos. A população estudada é composta principalmente por pessoas de baixa escolaridade (89,5% eram analfabetas ou com escolaridade até primeiro grau) e economicamente inativos em 70,9% (aposentados, 50,2%; desempregados, 8,3% e donas de casa, 12,5%). Os meios de assistência médica mais utilizados são serviço público em 87,0%, convênio médico em 8,0% e médico particular em 4,9%. Os principais motivos alegados pelos pacientes que dispunham de convênio e não o utilizaram, foram: não cobria a cirurgia em 25%, não dava cobertura para a lente intra-ocular em 33%. Conclusão: O público alvo da "Campanha da Catarata" atendido no HC-FMUSP é constituído por indivíduos de baixa escolaridade, a maioria não integrada no mercado de trabalho, e que utilizam como recurso de saúde o SUS ou convênios médicos que não cobrem os gastos da cirurgia de catarata. Projetos catarata dentro das condições realizadas por este estudo não atraem pacientes que possam pagar os custos da cirurgia de catarata.

Purpose: To evaluate which kind of medical care cataract patients have. Methods: The authors of the survey conducted 299 interviews with patients who took part in the "Cataract Campaign" on April 15, 2000. Results: Among the interviewees, 58.9% were males, and 41.1% were females, with an average age of 69.9 years. Our population consisted largely of low educational level people (89.5% between illiteracy and elementary school level), and 70.9% are economically inactive (retired, 50.2%; unemployed, 8.3%; housewives 12.5%). The kind of medical care most frequently used was public health service (87.0%); followed by health insurance companies (8.0%) and private care (4.9%). The main reasons reported by patients who had health insurance but had not used it for the surgery were: the companies would not pay for the surgery (25.0%), would not provide the intraocular lens (33.0%). Conclusion: We conclude that the target public in the "Cataract Campaign" comprises low educational level individuals, most of them economically inactive. Even those who have health insurance seek for help in the campaign due to the lack of economical conditions. In the conditions of this study, the "Cataract Campaign" does not attract people who can pay for the surgery.