Abstract Irisin is an adipomyokine involved in white adipose tissue browning, therefore, could be a key protein in metabolic health. However, exercise effects on irisin in subjects with overweight and/or obesity are conflicting. Therefore, this systematic review aims to search and analyse the literature available on this topic. From three databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Medline, clinical studies published between 2010 and 2021 were considered. From 134 found, 14 studies were included. Only six reported plasma increases after exercise (~1.2 to 3-fold from pre-exercise levels). In addition, only 1 reported significant increases in skeletal muscle irisin mRNA levels (~2-fold). Also, irisin was measured from subcutaneous adipose tissue and saliva, where a ~2-fold increase in its protein levels was found in the latter. Exercise seems to increase the circulatory concentrations of irisin in subjects with overweight or obesity. However, this response is highly variable, therefore, a more integrative approach is urgently needed.

Resumen La irisina es una adipomioquina relacionada a la transformación del tejido adiposo blanco a marrón, por tanto, podría ser una proteína clave para la salud metabólica. Sin embargo, los efectos del ejercicio sobre la irisina en personas con sobrepeso u obesidad son poco claros. Por lo anterior, esta revisión sistemática apunta a buscar y analizar la literatura disponible en este tema. Desde tres bases de datos: PubMed, ScienceDirect y Medline se buscaron estudios clínicos publicados entre el 2010 y 2021. De 134 estudios encontrados, 14 fueron incluidos. Solo 6 reportaron incrementos plasmáticos de irisina después del ejercicio (~1.2 a 3-veces respecto a niveles preejercicio). Además, solo 1 estudio describió incrementos significativos en el ARNm de irisina en el músculo esquelético (~2 veces sobre niveles preejercicio). La irisina también se medió desde tejido adiposo subcutáneo y saliva, encontrándose una elevación de (~2 veces sobre niveles preejercicio) en esta última. El ejercicio físico incrementaría las concentraciones circulatorias de irisina en personas con sobrepeso u obesidad. Sin embargo, esta respuesta es muy variable, por lo que se requiere una mirada más integrativa a la hora de estudiar este fenómeno.

Abstract Objective To determine the effectiveness of chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthwash (CHX) after tooth extraction for the prevention of alveolar osteitis (AO). Material and methods We conducted a double-blind randomised clinical trial stratified by risk factors. We enrolled a cohort of 822 patients who underwent dental extractions, and were considered to be at risk of developing AO (previous surgical site infection, traumatic extraction, and tobacco smoking). After extraction, patients were randomly allocated for CHX group or placebo group, matched by risk factors. The primary outcome was clinical diagnosis of AO: increasing postoperative pain for 4 d within and around the socket, and total or partial breakdown of the blood clot in the socket with or without bone exposure. Results Follow-up was completed by 744 participants (372 chlorhexidine and 372 placebo). We detected no significant differences between the two groups at baseline. After completed follow-up, risk factors were equally distributed between the two groups. Overall incidence of OA was 4.97%, in which 27 participants treated with placebo (7.26%) and 10 participants treated with CHX (2.69%) developed AO. CHX reduced the incidence of AO by 63% [Absolute Risk Reduction: 4.57 (95% CI 1.5-7.7), Number Needed to Treat: 21.88 (95% CI 13.0-69.3), Fisher's exact test: p=0.006]. No adverse effects were reported. Conclusion The use of chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthwash after tooth extraction is safe and effective in reducing the incidence of AO in high-risk patients.