ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the antiseptic effect of 0.25% chlorhexidine nanoemulsion (NM-Cl) on cat skin and compare its effect with that of 2.0% chlorhexidine digluconate (CS-Cl). NM-Cl was synthesized using the spontaneous emulsification method, and physical and chemical properties were analyzed. The antiseptic effects of NM-Cl and CS-Cl were randomly tested on the thoracic limbs of 10 healthy male cats. After a wide trichotomy of the thoracic limbs, NM-Cl was randomly applied to the trichotomy area of the right (n = 5) or left (n = 5) thoracic limbs. Then, a catheter was inserted aseptically in the cephalic vein. Subsequently, the same procedure was performed using CS-Cl on the contralateral limb. Cutaneous microbiota swab samples were obtained before antisepsis (Tpre); immediately after antisepsis (Tpost); and 4, 8, and 24 h after antisepsis. The collected samples were immediately inoculated on blood agar plates and incubated at 35 ºC ± 2 ºC in aerobiosis. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were manually counted after 24 h of inoculation. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed between groups and within the same group at different sample times, respectively. The NM-Cl and CS-Cl groups showed a reduction in CFUs between Tpre and Tpost in all animals (P < 0.001). Both formulations presented an antiseptic effect 24 h of antisepsis (P < 0.05), and no difference was observed between formulations at different times (P < 0.05). With a lower concentration of chlorhexidine than CS-Cl, NM-Cl presents effective antiseptic action and prolonged residual effect in antisepsis for cat venipuncture. ABSTRACT 025 0 25 0.25 NMCl NM Cl (NM-Cl 20 2.0 CSCl. CSCl CS . (CS-Cl) method analyzed 1 cats n 5 Then vein Subsequently limb (Tpre) (Tpost) 4 8 3 aerobiosis Colonyforming Colony forming (CFUs inoculation KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis MannWhitney Mann Whitney respectively P 0.001. 0001 0.001 001 0.001) 0.05, 005 0.05 , 05 0.05) 0.05. CSCl, Cl, venipuncture 02 0.2 2. (CS-Cl (Tpre (Tpost 000 0.00 00 0.0 0.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito antisséptico da nanoemulsão de clorexidina a 0,25% (NM-Cl) na pele de gatos e compará-lo com a solução comercial de clorexidina a 2,0% (CS-Cl). A NM-Cl foi desenvolvida através do método de emulsificação espontânea, com posterior análise e caracterização das propriedades físicas e químicas. O efeito antisséptico de NM-Cl e CS-Cl foi testado de forma randomizada nos membros torácicos de dez gatos machos saudáveis. Após ampla tricotomia dos membros torácicos, a antissepsia foi realizada com NM-Cl aplicada nos membros torácicos direito (n = 5) ou esquerdo (n = 5), e um cateter foi inserido assepticamente na veia cefálica. Posteriormente, o mesmo procedimento foi realizado com a CS-Cl no membro contralateral. Amostras da microbiota cutânea foram obtidas antes da antissepsia (Tpre), imediatamente após a antissepsia (Tpos) e quatro, oito e 24 horas após a antissepsia. As amostras coletadas foram imediatamente inoculadas em placas de ágar sangue e incubadas a 35 ºC ± 2 ºC em aerobiose. A contagem manual da unidade formadora de colônia (UFC) foi realizada 24 horas após a inoculação. Os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney foram usados entre os grupos e dentro do mesmo grupo em diferentes tempos amostrais. Os grupos NM-Cl e CS-Cl apresentaram redução nas UFC entre Tpre e Tpos em todos os animais (P < 0,001). Ambas as formulações apresentaram efeito antisséptico 24 horas após a antissepsia (P < 0,05), não havendo diferença entre as formulações nos diferentes tempos (P < 0,05). O NM-Cl (com menor concentração de clorexidina que o CS-Cl) apresenta ação antisséptica eficaz e efeito residual prolongado na antissepsia para a punção venosa em gatos. RESUMO 025 0 25 0,25 NMCl NM Cl (NM-Cl comparálo compará lo 20 2,0 CSCl. CSCl CS . (CS-Cl) espontânea químicas saudáveis n 5 5, , cefálica Posteriormente contralateral Tpre, (Tpre) (Tpos quatro 3 aerobiose (UFC inoculação KruskalWallis Kruskal Wallis MannWhitney Mann Whitney amostrais P 0,001. 0001 0,001 001 0,001) 0,05, 005 0,05 05 0,05) 0,05. 02 0,2 2, (CS-Cl (Tpre 000 0,00 00 0,0 0,

Abstract In Brazil, hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment has gone through several stages until it reached the current schemes. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, epidemiologic, and effectiveness of treatment with second-generation direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for HCV-infected patients in southern Brazil. Medical records of a reference center of Uruguaiana-RS/Brazil were evaluated from December 2017 to August 2020. Data collected included demographics, disease severity and comorbidities, genotype, viral load, medications, treatment side effects, and sustained virological response (SVR). A multivariate linear regression model was developed to identify the factors associated with non-sustained virological response. The HCV-infected patients were predominantly male, white, Genotype 1, with initial liver fibrosis (F0/F1), and untreated patients. Laboratory parameters of the liver profile showed significant improvement after completion of treatment with second-generation DAA for 12 weeks. Significant results were found in the Genotype where 7.3 and 6.0 times more chances of Genotype 1a and Genotype 3, respectively, to present detectable SVR compared to Genotype 1b. Variable cardiovascular comorbidity also indicated a higher risk of absence of SVR compared to individuals without this comorbidity. Treatment with second-generation DAAs can contribute to the Brazilian hepatitis C elimination plan proposed by the World Health Organization. Brazil HCV (HCV schemes clinical epidemiologic secondgeneration second generation directacting direct acting (DAAs HCVinfected infected UruguaianaRS/Brazil UruguaianaRSBrazil Uruguaiana RS/Brazil RS 201 2020 demographics comorbidities genotype load medications effects SVR. . (SVR) nonsustained non male white 1 F0/F1, F0F1 FF F0/F1 , F0 F1 F (F0/F1) weeks 73 7 3 7. 60 6 0 6. respectively 1b b Organization UruguaianaRS RSBrazil 20 202 (SVR F0F F0/F (F0/F1 2 (F0/F

ABSTRACT Vegetable oils present important pharmacological properties, which gained ground in the pharmaceutical field. Its encapsulation in nanoemulsions is considered a promising strategy to facilitate the applicability of these natural compounds and to potentiate the actions. These formulations offer several advantages for topical and systemic delivery of cosmetic and pharmaceutical agents including controlled droplet size, protection of the vegetable oil to photo, thermal and volatilization instability and ability to dissolve and stabilize lipophilic drugs. For these reasons, the aim of this review is to report on some characteristics, preparation methods, applications and especially analyze recent research available in the literature concerning the use of vegetable oils with therapeutic characteristics as lipid core in nanoemulsions, specially from Brazilian flora, such as babassu (Orbignya oleifera), aroeira (Schinus molle L.), andiroba (Carapa guaianiensis), casca-de-anta (Drimys brasiliensis Miers), sucupira (Pterodon emarginatus Vogel) and carqueja doce (Stenachaenium megapotamicum) oils.

Cutaneous melanoma is a challenge to treat. Over the last 30 years, no drug or combination of drugs demonstrated significant impact to improve patient survival. From 1995 to 2000, the use of cytokines such as interferon and interleukin become treatment options. In 2011, new drugs were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, including peginterferon alfa-2b for patients with stage III disease, vemurafenib for patients with metastatic melanoma with the BRAF V600E mutation, and ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody directed to the CTLA-4 T lymphocyte receptor, to combat metastatic melanoma in patients who do not have the BRAF V600E mutation. Both ipilimumab and vemurafenib showed results in terms of overall survival. Other trials with inhibitors of other genes, such as the KIT gene and MEK, are underway in the search for new discoveries. The discovery of new treatments for advanced or metastatic disease aims to relieve symptoms and improve patient quality of life.

The influences of the spray-drying parameters and the type of nanoparticles (nanocapsules or nanospheres) on the characteristics of nanoparticle-coated diclofenac-loaded microparticles were investigated by using a factorial design 3². Gastrointestinal tolerance following oral administration in rats was evaluated. Formulations were selected considering the best yields, the best encapsulation efficiencies and the lowest water contents, presenting surfaces completely coated by nanostructures and a decrease in the surface areas in relation to the uncoated core. In vitro drug release demonstrated the influence of the nanoparticle-coating on the dissolution profiles of diclofenac. Nanocapsule-coated microparticles presented a protective effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa.

The parameters which affect the degradation and stabilization of diclofenac in suspensions of nanocapsules and of the corresponding spray-dried powders were investigated. Formulations were subjected to 14 months of storage at room temperature. In addition, a study of the degradation of diclofenac was carried out by exposing the formulations or mixtures (drug and adjuvants) to UVC wavelengths. The presence of Epikuron 170® in a concentration higher than 3.06 mg/mL stabilizes the drug, avoiding its reduction or degradation. The degradation products were isolated, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and identified as 2-(2',6'-dichlorophenyl)aminobenzyl alcohol and N-(2',6'-dichlorophenyl)anthranilylaldehyde.