Abstract Giant Osteosclerotic Lesions (GOLs) are a group of rarely reported intraosseous lesions. Their precise diagnosis is important since they can be confused with malignant neoplasms. Objective This retrospective study aimed to record and analyze the clinical and radiographic Giant Osteosclerotic Lesions (GOLs) detected in the maxillomandibular area of patients attending to our institution. Materials and Methods: Informed consent from the patients was obtained and those cases of 2.5 cm or larger lesions with radiopaque or mixed (radiolucid-radiopaque) appearance located in the maxillofacial bones were selected. Assessed parameters were: age, gender, radiographic aspect, shape, borders, size, location and relations to roots. Lesions were classified as radicular, apical, interradicular, interradicular-apical, radicular-apical or located in a previous teeth extraction area. Additionally, several osseous and dental developmental alterations (DDAs) were assessed. Results Seventeen radiopacities in 14 patients were found and were located almost exclusively in mandible and were two types: idiopathic osteosclerosis and condensing osteitis. GOLs were more frequent in females, and in the anterior and premolar zones. 94.2% of GOLs were qualified as idiopathic osteosclerosis and one case was condensing osteitis. All studied cases showed different osseous and dental developmental alterations (DDAs). The most common were: Microdontia, hypodontia, pulp stones, macrodontia and variations in the mental foramina. Conclusions GOLs must be differentiated from other radiopaque benign and malignant tumors. Condensing osteitis, was considered an anomalous osseous response induced by a chronic low-grade inflammatory stimulus. For development of idiopathic osteosclerosis, two possible mechanisms could be related. The first is modification of the normal turnover with excessive osseous deposition. The second mechanism will prevent the normal bone resorption, arresting the osseous breakdown process.

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the clinicopathological features, TNM status, AJCC staging and behavior of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCCT) in patients older than 45 years. The files of the Department of Pathology of the Hospital General de México were reviewed and all cases of SCCT in patients older than 45 years were selected. Clinicopathological features, treatment, follow-up, microscopic diagnosis, and IJCC and TNM staging were retrieved. Complete data from 60 cases were evaluated. They were more common in males (mean age = 63.9 years). Unexpectedly a high rate of tumors (38.3%) were in the base of the tongue (BT). Moderately and poorly differentiated SCCT were the most common. 16.7% presented lymph node invasion, 15% were recurrent tumors and BT carcinomas recurred more frequently. A high rate (81.7%) were stage II and 48.3% were low-risk patients. SCCTs in the studied population displayed different clinico-pathological and behavioral features compared with worldwide data. Our results suggest that BT tumors should be treated more aggressively than those in the mobile tongue. BT located tumors were more frequent than previously published. Additional frequency studies will define outcomes in age cohorts with a consensus cut-off for young and elderly populations. More population-based studies should be performed in Latin American regions to acquire accurate data on SCC incidence in elder subpopulations and to identify precisely the etiological factors in these patients.

Introducción: Halitosis is an adverse emission of odour from the oral cavity. Approximately 90% of all halitosis cases are related to oral health. Volatile sulphide compounds (VSC) constitute the main component of halitosis, they are produced by anaerobic bacteria located on the dorsum of the tongue and in periodontal pockets. Mouthwashes with antimicrobial agents are effective in the treatment of halitosis, Nevertheless, commercial diversity presents a problem when choosing the right one. Objetive: To determine the effectiveness and sustainability of three commercial mouthwashes against the halitosis. Material and methods: 78 participants were randomly divided into one control and three experimental groups. Organoleptic measurements and basal levels of VSC were taken at 1, 3 and 24 hours after use. Central tendency dispersion measurement and statistical analysis were established. Results: The findings of this research indicate a decrease in organoleptic levels and VSC after 1st and 3rd hour use of mouthwashes in three experimental groups. Conclusions: Results obtained in the present study indicate that mouth rinsing with essential oils, triclosan and cetylpirydine chloride represents a positive option for the treatment of halitosis.

Introducción: La halitosis significa la emisión de un olor desagradable de la cavidad bucal. Aproximadamente el 90% de los casos son debido al estado de salud bucal. Los compuestos volátiles de sulfuro (CVS) constituyen al componente mayor de la halitosis; éstos son producidos por bacterias anaerobias del dorso lingual y/o bolsas peridontales. Se sabe que enjuagues bucales con agentes antimicrobianos son eficaces para su tratamiento; sin embargo, la diversidad comercial representa un problema de elección. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad y sustentabilidad de tres enjuagues bucales comerciales contra la halitosis a corto plazo. Material y métodos: Este estudio consistió en 78 participantes que fueron divididos aleatoriamente en un grupo control y tres experimentales. Se realizaron mediciones organolépticas y niveles de CVS basales, se realizó en enjuague bucal, mediciones posteriores (1ra, 3ra y 24 horas) y análisis estadístico. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que los grupos aceites esenciales y cloruro de cetilpiridinio presentaron reducción significativa (p < 0.05) en los niveles de CVS a la 1ra y 3ra hora, seguido por el grupo triclosán. Conclusiones: Considerando lo anterior, se muestra que los enjuagues a base de aceites esenciales y cloruro de cetilpiridinio son una buena opción para el tratamiento de la halitosis.

Abstract: Defense reactions of the dentin/pulp complex involve a variety of biological systems; in which the immune system plays a main role. The identification of pulpal dendritic cells (DC) has generated research activities to know how an antigen can evoke a pulpal immune response. The purpose of this work was to make a quantification and observation of DC in healthy and irreversible clinical diagnosed pulp using HLA-DR marker. Immunohistochemical observations of healthy clinical pulps revealed a prominent paraodontoblastic distribution of CD. On the other hand on irreversible clinical pulps the number and distribution of CD was irregular in all the pulp tissue. That makes us suggest that the CD in dental pulp continue activating immunologic responses even on irreversible pulp process.

Resumen: Los mecanismos de defensa dentinopulpar involucran una variedad de sistemas biológicos, en donde el sistema inmunológico juega un papel principal. La identificación de células dendríticas (CD) ha generado un sinnúmero de investigaciones para comprender cómo un antígeno puede activar una respuesta inmunológica en la pulpa. El propósito de este estudio fue el realizar la cuantificación y observación de la distribución de CD HLA-DR+ en el tejido pulpar clínicamente sano e inflamado en grado irreversible. Las observaciones inmunohistoquímicas en pulpas clínicamente sanas mostraron una distribución muy marcada en la zona odontoblástica. Por otra parte, las observaciones en pulpas clínicamente inflamadas en grado irreversible mostraron una distribución y número irregular por todo el tejido, sugiriendo su actividad en la pulpa dental.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess the fluoride concentration in water supplies of México City. Since Lerma-Cutzamala and Acuífero del Valle de México Water Supply Systems distribute water to the México City's Metropolitan Area (MCMA) we have analyzed their water fluoride concentration using 44 different sampling wells from the four geographical zones of the MCMA during 2002. The water sampling was monthly made during one year. All collected data showed a mean fluoride concentration of 0.70 ± 0.20 mg/L. Our results showed minor variability of fluoride concentrations in the water available in México City. The fluoride content of the different analyzed zones showed statistical differences. Although Mexican Health authorities have defined that fluoride concentration in water should be from 0.70 to 1.50 mg/L, cases of dental fluorosis have been reported in México City (Juárez-López et al. 2003). It is important to have a reliable evaluation of fluoride concentration in México City's natural water supplies prior to implementing any caries-prevention program and to avoid novel cases of dental fluorosis.

RESUMEN El propósito de este estudio fue conocer la concentración de fluoruros en los pozos de agua de la ciudad de México. Debido a que los sistemas Lerma-Cutzamala y Acuífero del Valle de México distribuyen el agua potable al Área Metropolitana de la ciudad de México (AMCM), se analizó la concentración de fluoruros en 44 pozos de las cuatro zonas geográficas del AMCM durante el 2002. El muestreo del agua se realizó cada mes durante un año. Los datos obtenidos mostraron un promedio de concentración de fluoruros de 0.70±0.20 mg/L. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las concentraciones de fluoruros de las diferentes zonas analizadas. A pesar de que las autoridades mexicanas del Sector Salud tienen bien definido que la concentración de fluoruro en el agua potable es entre 0.70 mg/L y 1.5 mg/L, se han reportado casos de fluorosis dental en la ciudad de México (Juárez-López et al. 2003). Es importante realizar una evaluación confiable de la concentración de fluoruros en las fuentes naturales de agua potable de la ciudad de México antes de implementar cualquier programa de prevención de caries e impedir la aparición de nuevos casos de fluorosis dental.

Introduction. The most widely used method for applying fluoride (F-) topically is the fluoridated toothpaste. Its early use in large quantities is a risk factor for dental fluorosis. Objective: to determine the actual concentration of F in toothpastes sold in the Mexican market. Material and methods. Sixty-five different commercial toothpastes were analysed using the F ion-specific electrode technique. Results. The range of the F content was from 0 to 2 053 ppm. Of them, 16.92% were toothpastes for infant use (range= 0-1153 ppmF-). Mexican toothpastes had a mean of 879 ± 599.2 ppmF and imported toothpastes have a mean of 619.7 ppmF-; 54.5% of the infantile toothpastes presented F concentrations above 730 ppm and in 40% of the analyzed products, annotation on F content was found. Conclusions. Our results showed a wide variation in F concentration and suggest the need to implement policies to regulate the F concentration in these products. It is important that all the manufactured dentifrices show in the label and package the total F content of the product and the recommended doses will be printed, in order to prevent dental fluorosis.

Introducción. El método más usado para la aplicación tópica de flúor (F-)es la pasta dental fluorada. Su uso temprano en grandes cantidades es un factor de riesgo de fluorosis dental. Objetivo: conocer la concentración de P en las pastas dentales que se venden en México. Material y métodos. Se analizaron 65 pastas dentales usando la técnica del electrodo específico para fluoruros. Resultados. El contenido de fluoruro en la muestra analizada varió de 0-2053 ppm. De ellas, 16.92% fueron pastas para uso infantil (límite =0 -1153 ppmF-). Las pastas fabricadas en México tuvieron un promedio de 879 ± 599.2 ppmF-. Las pastas de origen extranjero tenían un promedio de 619.7 ppmF-; 54.5% de las pastas para niños presentaron valores de P superiores a 730 ppmF-. Solamente 40% de los productos analizados tenían impresa la concentración de P en las envolturas. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados mostraron una amplia variación en la concentración de P. Esto sugiere que es necesario implementar medidas que regulen su concentración en dichos productos. Es importante que, para prevenir lesiones de fluorosis dental, los fabricantes de pastas dentales impriman en la etiqueta el contenido total de fluoruro y las dosis recomendadas.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of dental fluorosis in primary dentition of a San Luis Potosi children population, and its association to fluoride concentration in drinking water and urine. An additional objective was, to develop, validate, and test a specific index for dental fluorosis in primary dentition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From May 1997, to January 1999, we conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of dental fluorosis in primary dentition. Study subjects were 100 children aged 3-6 years, selected at random from three kindergartens in three risk areas of San Luis Potosi. The specific index of dental fluorosis for primary dentition (Dental Fluorosis for Primary Dentition Index-DFPDI) was validated by estimating fluoride concentrations in enamel of teeth with and without dental fluorosis. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the association between fluoride concentrations in drinking water and urine, with dental fluorosis; the association between risk area and dental fluorosis was assessed with the Mantel-Haenszel chi² test. RESULTS: . The prevalence of dental fluorosis in primary dentition was 78%; primary molars were most affected in both maxillae and the predominant color was a non-glossy white appearance. We found a strong direct correlation (r=0.93) between fluoride concentrations in primary teeth and the DFPDI. Associations were found between fluoride concentrations of drinking water and urine, with dental fluorosis (Kruskal-Wallis p=0.00001), and between risk area and dental fluorosis (Mantel-Haenszel chi² p=0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: DFPDI allowed adequate identification and grading of dental fluorosis in primary dentition. It is important to detect the initial toxic effects of fluoride exposure to predict dental fluorosis in permanent dentition and skeletal fluorosis.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de fluorosis dental en la población infantil de la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, y su asociación con la concentración de flúor en agua de consumo y de orina. Asimismo, desarrollar, validar y probar un índice específico para fluorosis en dentición temporal. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio transversal analítico, de mayo de 1997 a enero de 1999, en tres jardines de niños, seleccionados al azar, en tres áreas de riesgo en San Luis Potosí. Se seleccionaron 100 niños de edades entre tres y seis años. El índice específico de fluorosis para dientes temporales fue validado mediante la cuantificación de concentraciones de flúor en esmalte de dientes con y sin fluorosis. Para estimar la asociación entre las concentraciones de flúor en agua y orina y el grado de fluorosis dental se utilizó la prueba estadística Kruskal-Wallis. En el caso de la asociación entre el área de riesgo y el desarrollo de fluorosis dental se utilizó ji2 de Mantel-Haenszel. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de fluorosis en dentición temporal fue de 78%, la cual tuvo patrones diferentes de presentación, siendo los dientes posteriores los más afectados en ambos maxilares y la coloración predominante fue blanco mate. Se encontró una correlación (r=0.93) entre la concentración de flúor en esmalte de dientes temporales y el índice de fluorosis para dentición temporal (IFDDT). Se encontraron asociaciones entre la concentración de flúor en el agua de consumo y orina con el grado de fluorosis dental (Kruskal-Wallis, p=0.00001) y entre el área de riesgo y el grado de fluorosis (ji² de Mantel-Haenszel p=0.00001). CONCLUSIONES: El IFDDT identifica y gradúa adecuadamente la fluorosis en dentición temporal. Es importante detectar el primer efecto tóxico de exposición a flúor para ser usado como predictor de fluorosis en dentición permanente y fluorosis esquelética.

Objective. To evaluate and to report the concentration of fluoride in soft drinks and juices consumed in San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico, and its implications as a risk factor for developing dental fluorosis. Material and methods. The contents of some products from 2 main national companies and 2 other local companies were studied. The samples were collected from 10 different batches in the case of the soft drinks, and from 5 batches in the case of the juices, with 3 samples per batch, during 3 months. The ión selective electrode method was used to determine the concentration of fluoride. Results. Soft drinks from 2 main national companies showed high fluoride concentrations that were statistically significant between groups (p< 0.05). Fluoride levels of products from local and national companies also showed differences that were statistically significant between groups (p< 0.05). All natural juices tested showed high fluoride concentrations. Conclusions. Most soft drinks and juices consumed in SLP had high fluoride levels above Mexican regulations (0.7 ppm) and could be a substantial risk factor for developing dental fluorosis.

Objetivo. Evaluar y notificar la concentración de fluoruro en bebidas embotelladas que se consumen en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México y su implicación como factor de riesgo a fluorosis dental. Material y métodos. Se estudió el contenido de algunos productos de las dos compañías refresqueras más importantes de México y de otras dos locales. Las muestras se recolectaron de 10 lotes diferentes en el caso de los refrescos y de cinco lotes en el de los jugos, con tres muestras por lote, durante tres meses. La determinación de concentración de fluoruro se realizó mediante el método del electrodo de ión selectivo. Resultados. La concentración de flúor de muestras de diferentes plantas de compañías nacionales presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre grupos (p< 0.05). La comparación de resultados entre compañías nacionales y locales también mostró diferencia estadística significativa (p< 0.05). Los diferentes jugos presentaron concentraciones de flúor elevadas. Conclusiones. La mayoría de las bebidas embotelladas que se consumen en San Luis Potosí presentaron niveles de flúor por arriba de la norma mexicana (0.7 ppm) y pueden ser un factor de riesgo adicional de fluorosis dental en su población.