ABSTRACT The use of new technologies in different contexts of activity has brought about a social change with strong implications for education. This calls for an active engagement of schools and of their educational agents. . The objective of this study is to analyze the introduction of ICT in school and, especially, the role of the Smartphone in the classroom. After a theoretical analysis on the matter, some relevant considerations and indications are provided so that professionals in the educational field can deepen their understanding of the introduction of smartphones in the classroom. education agents especially classroom matter

RESUMEN El uso de las nuevas tecnologías en diferentes contextos de actividad ha supuesto un cambio social con fuertes implicaciones en la educación. Esto hace necesario un compromiso activo de las escuelas y de sus agentes educativos. Para ello, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar la introducción de las TIC en la escuela y, en especial, el papel del Smartphone dentro del aula. Tras un análisis teórico sobre la materia, se ofrecen algunas consideraciones e indicaciones relevantes para que profesionales del ámbito educativo puedan profundizar en la introducción del smartphone en las aulas. educación educativos ello especial aula materia aulas

Resumen: Resumen: Este texto abordará la figura de la mujer en dos novelas fundamentales de Roberto Bolaño: Los detectives salvajes (1998) y 2666 (2004). En la primera, el objetivo es corroborar la existencia de una elaboración sagrada de la mujer. A este respecto vale considerar la figura de Cesárea Tinajero, no solo como el mito de la artista de vanguardia, sino como la vanguardia misma. En cuanto a 2666 , específicamente en “La parte de los crímenes”, el objetivo es dar cuenta de un giro revelador en la perspectiva de Bolaño respecto a la mujer, la cual deja de ser símbolo literario para transformarse en sujeta política; acusando, de tal manera, una problemática central para el feminismo, la violencia de género.

Abstract: Abstract: This text will address the figure of women in two fundamental novels by Roberto Bolaño: Los detectives salvajes (The savage detectives) (1998) and 2666 (2004). In the first, the objective is to corroborate the existence of a sacred elaboration of women. In this regard, it is worth considering the figure of Cesárea Tinajero not only as the myth of the avant-garde artist, but as the avant-garde itself. In regard to 2666, specifically in “La parte de los crímenes”, the objective is to account for a revealing twist in Bolaño's perspective regarding women, who stop to be a literary symbol to become a political subject; accusing in such a way, a central problematic for feminism, gender violence.

Resumo Pacientes ortodônticos geralmente desenvolvem desmineralização e apresentam lesões de cárie após seis meses de tratamento. Procedimentos minimamente invasivos têm sido o objetivo na prática odontológica moderna. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do ClinproTM XT selante ionomérico, ao redor do bráquete, com relação a rugosidade superficial do esmalte e a severidade da lesão induzida. Vinte pré-molares foram submetidos a colagem de bráquetes e indução experimental de desmineralização e divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: GI - verniz fluoretado (Colgate Duraphat®); GII - Selante Ionomérico (ClinproTM XT). O tratamento foi aplicado ao redor dos bráquetes. A rugosidade da superfície dos espécimes foi analisada, antes do tratamento e 12 semanas após o tratamento por microscopia confocal a laser e severidade da lesão de mancha branca por dispositivo de fluorescência a laser. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon e Mann-Whitney, a 5% de significância. A taxa de redução da lesão foi calculada. A severidade da desmineralização diminuiu tanto no GI (p = 0,005) quanto no GII (p = 0,019). Os níveis de rugosidade superficial do esmalte diminuíram no GI e GII, assim como o percentual de rugosidade, sendo mais expressivo no grupo ClinproTMXT (85,09%). Colgate Duraphat® e Clinpro™ XT reduziram a severidade da desmineralização e diminuíram a rugosidade superficial do esmalte. O selante ionomérico Clinpro™ XT foi superior na redução percentual de rugosidade. moderna bráquete induzida prémolares pré molares grupos Duraphat Duraphat®) XT. . XT) analisada 1 MannWhitney, MannWhitney Mann Whitney, Whitney Mann-Whitney 5 significância calculada p 0,005 0005 0 005 0,019. 0019 0,019 019 0,019) 85,09%. 8509 85,09% 85 09 (85,09%) Clinpro 0,00 000 00 001 0,01 01 850 85,09 8 (85,09% 0,0 85,0 (85,09 0, 85, (85,0 (85, (85 (8 (

Abstract Orthodontics patients usual develop demineralization and present cavity caries lesions after six months. Minimally invasive procedures have been the goal in modern dental practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ClinproTMXT Varnish, on the enamel surface roughness and severity of white spot lesions. Twenty premolars were submitted to bond brackets and experimental induction of demineralization and randomly divided into 2 groups: GI - fluoride varnish (Colgate Duraphat®); GII - Ionomeric Sealant (ClinproTMXT Varnish). The treatment was applied around the brackets. The surface roughness of specimens was analyzed, before treatment and 12 weeks after treatment by laser confocal microscopy, and the severity of the white spot lesion was by laser fluorescence device. The data were analyzed by non-parametric Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney Test, at 5% significance, roughness percentage reduction was performed. The severity of demineralization decreased in both, GI (p = 0.005) and GII (p = 0.019). Enamel superficial roughness levels decreased in GI and GII. As well as the roughness percentage, being more expressive in the ClinproTMXT Varnish group (85,09%). Colgate Duraphat® or Clinpro™ XT Varnish reduced the severity of the demineralization and decreased the superficial roughness on the enamel. The Clinpro™ XT Varnish was superior to superficial roughness on enamel. months practice groups Duraphat Duraphat®) Varnish. . Varnish) 1 microscopy device nonparametric non parametric MannWhitney Mann Whitney Test 5 significance performed both p 0.005 0005 0 005 0.019. 0019 0.019 019 0.019) 85,09%. 8509 85,09% 85 09 (85,09%) Clinpro 0.00 000 00 001 0.01 01 850 85,09 8 (85,09% 0.0 85,0 (85,09 0. 85, (85,0 (85, (85 (8 (

Abstract Despite the recognized impact of diet on non-communicable diseases, the association between the Mediterranean diet and periodontal diseases is still uncertain. This study aimed to determine the association between adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Index (MDI) and self-reported gingival health status in Chilean adults, exploring the feasibility of using validated web-based survey questionnaires. Methodology Cross-sectional data were collected from a representative sample of a population of Chilean adults (18-60 years old) using a low-cost and time-saving methodology. By the PsyToolkit platform, anonymous survey data were downloaded and analyzed in bivariate (crude) and backward stepwise selection multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic determinants, smoking, and dental attendance using STATA 17. Odds ratios (OR) [95% confidence intervals] were estimated. Results In total, 351 complete statistical data were mostly obtained from female university students who had never smoked and reported having visited a dentist in the previous year. Multivariate regression models showed an association between MDI and very good/good gingival health status (OR 1.18 [95% CI 1.04-1.34], p=0.013), absence of bleeding on toothbrushing (OR 1.12 [95% CI 1.01-1.25], p=0.035), and absence of clinical signs of gingival inflammation (OR 1.24 [95% CI 1.10-1.40], p<0.001), after controlling for age, sex, educational level, smoking, and dental attendance. Conclusions We associated adherence to the Mediterranean diet with better self-reported gingival health status in a population of Chilean adults in an entirely web-based research environment. Longitudinal studies with random sampling are required to establish the effect of diet on gingival and periodontal health. Nevertheless, this evidence could contribute to the design of low-cost surveillance programs to reduce the burden of periodontal disease and related “common risk factors”. noncommunicable non communicable uncertain (MDI selfreported self webbased web based questionnaires Crosssectional Cross sectional 1860 18 60 (18-6 old lowcost low cost timesaving time saving methodology platform crude (crude determinants smoking 17 OR 95% 95 [95 intervals estimated total 35 year goodgood good 118 1 1.1 1.041.34, 104134 1.04 1.34 , 04 34 1.04-1.34] p=0.013, p0013 p p=0.013 0 013 p=0.013) 112 12 1.011.25, 101125 1.01 1.25 01 25 1.01-1.25] p=0.035, p0035 p=0.035 035 p=0.035) 124 24 1.2 1.101.40, 110140 1.10 1.40 10 40 1.10-1.40] p<0.001, p0001 p<0.001 001 p<0.001) age sex level environment Nevertheless common factors. factors . factors” 186 6 (18- 9 [9 3 11 1. 041 1.041.34 10413 104 1.0 134 1.3 1.04-1.34 p001 p=0.01 011 1.011.25 10112 101 125 2 1.01-1.25 p003 p=0.03 03 1.101.40 11014 110 140 1.4 4 1.10-1.40 p000 p<0.00 00 (18 [ 1.041.3 1041 13 1.04-1.3 p00 p=0.0 1.011.2 1011 1.01-1.2 1.101.4 1101 14 1.10-1.4 p<0.0 (1 1.041. 1.04-1. p0 p=0. 1.011. 1.01-1. 1.101. 1.10-1. p<0. ( 1.041 1.04-1 p=0 1.011 1.01-1 1.101 1.10-1 p<0 1.04- p= 1.01- 1.10- p<

Abstract Breast pathology throughout pregnancy and lactation represents a challenge because the physiological changes of mammary tissue during this period may affect the interpretation of clinical and imaging findings. The objective of this presentation is to review the differential diagnosis of breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation. Most of breast pathology during pregnancy and lactation is benign and can be further classified into three categories: 1) those related to physiological changes, 2) inflammatory diseases, and 3) benign tumors. Only 3% of breast cancers will develop during pregnancy. Risk factors for worst prognosis, such as negative hormonal receptors or HER2/neu positive, in pregnant women have similar prevalence than in non-pregnant women of the same age. Early diagnose is of the outmost prognostic importance, therefore it`s important to maintain screening schedule as recommended. It is important to be familiarized with the physiological changes of the breast during pregnancy and lactation, and to know the most prevalent diseases affecting women during this period.

Resumen La patología mamaria durante el embarazo y la lactancia representa un desafío debido a que los cambios fisiológicos del tejido mamario durante este periodo pueden afectar la interpretación de los hallazgos clínicos e imagenológicos. El objetivo de esta revisión es conocer el diagnóstico diferencial de las enfermedades mamarias durante el embarazo y la lactancia. La mayoría de las patologías mamarias durante el embarazo y la lactancia son benignas y pueden ser clasificadas en tres categorías: 1) aquellas relacionadas con cambios fisiológicos, 2) enfermedades inflamatorias y 3) tumores benignos. Solo el 3% de los cánceres mamarios se desarrollan durante el embarazo. Los factores de mal pronóstico, como receptores hormonales negativos o HER2/neu positivo, en las mujeres embarazadas tienen una prevalencia similar a la observada en no embarazadas de la misma edad. El diagnóstico precoz es de crucial importancia pronóstica, por lo que es necesario mantener los esquemas de tamizaje recomendados. Es importante estar familiarizado con los cambios fisiológicos durante el embarazo y la lactancia, y conocer las patologías más prevalentes que afectan a las mujeres durante este periodo.

Resumen Paciente de 69 años con antecedentes de diabetes, hipertensión arterial y EPOC, presenta alteraciones del estado neurológico focal y del estado de alerta, que corresponde inicialmente con un coma diabético y tensión arterial elevada, posteriormente con dificultad para elevar el párpado derecho, realizándose tomografía de cráneo, resonancia magnética de cráneo y exámenes de laboratorio. Tomografía de cráneo con reporte de hallazgos indirectos de trombosis vs. tromboflebitis del seno cavernoso caracterizado por ptosis derecha con incremento de la densidad de la grasa intraconal, edema de los músculos extraconales, abombamiento del seno cavernoso de predominio izquierdo, zona de infarto en giros frontobasales, proceso inflamatorio en la mucosa nasal de cavidades paranasales. Resonancia magnética de cráneo con reporte de abscesos parenquimatosos de localización frontobasal bilateral que se asocia a proceso inflamatorio e infeccioso etmoidal bilateral y miositis del oblicuo superior derecho.

Summary Patient of 69 years with a history of diabetes, arterial hypertension and COPD, showing conscious and focal alterations of the neurologic state, which at a beginning correspond to a diabetic comma and elevated blood pressure with difficulty to elevate the right eyelid, cranium tomography, cranium magnetic resonance and laboratory tests are run. The tomography shows findings of thrombosis vs. thrombophlebitis of the venous sinus characterized by right ptosis with increment of the intraconal fat density, extraconal muscle edema, predominantly left bulging of the venous sinus, infarct on the frontobasal gyrus. Inflammatory process of the nasal mucosa of paranasal cavities. Cranium magnetic resonance bilateral frontobasal parenchimal abscesses are reported, associated to bilateral etmoidal inflammatory and infectious process and myositis of the upper right oblicuos.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir y comprender cómo una intervención en el aprendizaje cooperativo y el uso de teléfonos móviles en aulas de Educación Infantil y Primaria favorece la convivencia escolar en un contexto de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica y diversidad cultural. Se realizó un estudio de caso en una escuela brasileña (en la frontera con Bolivia) utilizando diferentes técnicas cualitativas para recopilar la información (observación participante, entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupo de discusión). Los resultados apuntan a la reducción de las conductas disruptivas, la desafección académica y la exclusión, lo que se atribuye principalmente a la combinación de algunos elementos cooperativos que se ven favorecidos por el teléfono móvil (interdependencia positiva, sentimiento de pertenencia, agrupamientos heterogéneos, responsabilidad individual, interacción promotora, identidad grupal y destrezas cooperativas). El uso educativo de teléfonos móviles con una metodología cooperativa, en este caso, mejoró la convivencia escolar en el grupo estudiado.

Abstract This research seeks to describe and understand how an intervention based on cooperative learning and the use of mobile phones in early childhood and elementary classrooms promotes harmonious relations in schools within a context of socioeconomic vulnerability and cultural diversity. A case study was conducted in a Brazilian school (on the Bolivian border), using different qualitative techniques to collect information (participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a discussion group). The results point to a reduction in disruptive behavior, academic disengagement, and exclusion, attributed primarily to a combination of cooperative factors enhanced by the use of mobile telephones (positive interdependence, a sense of belonging, heterogeneous grouping, individual responsibility, stimulating interaction, group identity, and teamwork skills). In this case, the use of mobile phones in education, coupled with a cooperative methodology, improved school life in the group studied.

Abstract The Program for the Professional Development of Teachers (Prodep) of a higher type emerged in 1996 to promote a management system and academic improvement of the teaching staff, which guarantees quality higher education in Mexico. Since its implementation as a public policy, it has been adapted by educational institutions and full-time teachers. It has also generated an intense debate about the benefits and costs generated since then. With a qualitative, quantitative and comparative approach, the implementation of Prodep at the Autonomous University of Baja California is analyzed, concluding that, 24 years away, the impacts have been positive to generate better academic capacities, as well as a new work culture more oriented by collegiate life and its results.

Resumen El Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente (Prodep) de tipo superior surge en 1996 para impulsar un sistema de gestión y superación académica del profesorado, que garantice la educación superior de calidad en México. Desde su implementación como política pública, ha sido adaptada por las instituciones educativas y los profesores de tiempo completo. También ha generado un intenso debate sobre los beneficios y costos generados desde entonces. Con un enfoque cualitativo, cuantitativo y comparado, se analiza la implementación del Prodep en la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, concluyendo que, a 24 años de distancia, los impactos han sido positivos para generar mejores capacidades académicas, así como una nueva cultura de trabajo más orientada por la vida colegiada y sus resultados.

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of T. pallidum infection markers in HIV-positive individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Mexico City HIV/AIDS Program, as well as predictive characteristics. Materials and methods: The reverse serologic algorithm method was used for the T. pallidum diagnosis, and applied to 2 383 HIV-positive individuals. Sociodemographic characteristics, sexual practices, previous syphilis diagnosis, and length of antiretroviral treatment, were evaluated. Variables significantly associated with syphilis markers were analyzed using a logistic regression model. Results: Prevalence of “active or resolved” and “probable active” infection markers were 44.2 and 28.8%, respectively. Predictive factors were: Clínica Especializada Condesa Iztapalapa (CECI), previous syphilis diagnosis, men in who have sex with men (MSM), and receptive sex practices. Conclusions: The prevalence of T. pallidum infection markers was the highest ever reported in Mexico, and was related to specific sexual practices as well as previous syphilis diagnosis, elements which require preventive measures in the Mexico City HIV/AIDS Program.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar las prevalencias de marcadores de infección por T. pallidum en personas que viven con VIH y reciben tratamiento antirretroviral en el Programa de VIH/SIDA de la Ciudad de México, así como sus características asociadas. Material y métodos: Se siguió el método del algoritmo reverso para el diagnóstico de T. pallidum aplicado a 2 383 individuos VIH positivos, quienes contestaron un cuestionario sobre características sociodemográficas, prácticas sexuales, diagnóstico previo de sífilis y tiempo de tratamiento antirretroviral. Las variables significativamente asociadas con los marcadores de sífilis se analizaron mediante un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: Las prevalencias de marcadores de infección “activa o resuelta” y “probablemente activa” fueron 44.2 y 28.8%, respectivamente. Las características asociadas con los marcadores fueron Clínica Especializada Condesa Iztapalapa (CECI), diagnóstico previo de infección por sífilis, hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) y prácticas sexuales receptivas. Conclusiones: Las prevalencias de marcadores de infección por T. pallidum fueron altas y estuvieron relacionadas con prácticas sexuales específicas y con el diagnóstico previo de sífilis, características que requieren medidas preventivas dentro del programa.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro a citotoxicidade dos cimentos endodônticos Sealapex Xpress e Real Seal XT pelo ensaio de MTT e a ativação de macrófagos J774.1. Os cimentos endodônticos Sealapex Xpress e Real Seal XT foram pesados e os extratos foram obtidos a partir da diluição em meio de cultura DMEM por 48 horas (10mg/mL, 1mg/m, e 0,1 mg/mL). A viabilidade celular foi avaliada pelo ensaio MTT e a produção de citocinas (TNF-a, IL-6 e IL-10) foi investigada pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) em células de linhagem (macrofagos J774.1). Os dados obtidos foram analisados utilizando-se análise de variância de uma via e pós-teste de Tukey (a=0,05). A viabilidade celular após 24 ou 48 horas não foi afetada nas concentrações de 0,1 ou 1 mg/mL dos dois cimentos estudados (p>0,05). Por outro lado, na concentração 10 mg/mL, a viabilidade celular foi significativamente mais baixa (p <0,05). Observou-se que o Sealapex Xpress inibiu a produção de TNF-a, enquanto o Real Seal XT induziu a secreção de TNF-a às 24 h (p<0,05). A produção de IL-6 foi induzida pelo Real Seal XT, mas não pelo Sealapex Xpress (p<0,05). A secreção da citocina anti-inflamatória IL-10 foi induzida tanto pelo Real Seal XT quanto pelo Sealapex Xpress. IL-4 não foi detectada em nenhum grupo. Em conclusão, os dois cimentos obturadores apresentaram baixa toxicidade, mas ativaram os macrófagos de modo distinto. A ativação pelo Sealapex Xpress foi caracterizada pela inibição do TNF-a e indução da IL-10, enquanto o Real Seal XT induziu somente IL-6.

Abstract This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of Sealapex Xpress and Real Seal XT and their effect on macrophage activation. J774.1 macrophages were incubated with Sealapex Xpress and Seal Real XT (0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/mL) for 24 and 48 h. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay and macrophage activation was measured by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production using ELISA. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-test (a=0.05). Cell viability was not affected with 0.1 or 1.0 mg/mL of extracts of Sealapex Xpress and Real Seal XT at 24 and 48 h (p>0.05), but was significantly lower when cells were exposed to 10 mg/mL of both sealers (p<0.05). Sealapex Xpress inhibited the production of TNF-a, whereas Real Seal XT induced TNF-a secretion at 24 h (p<0.05). IL-6 production was induced by Real Seal XT, but not by Sealapex Xpress (p<0.05). Real Seal XT and Sealapex Xpress induced the secretion of anti-inflammatory IL-10. IL-4 was not detected in any group. In conclusion, both sealers had low toxicity but differentially activated macrophages. Macrophage activation by Sealapex Xpress was characterized by inhibition of TNF-a and induction of IL-10, whereas Real Seal XT induced IL-6 solely.

Abstract Introduction: Mexico has the highest 30-day acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortality rate: 28% versus 7.5% on average for the OECD countries, and it constitutes one of the main causes of mortality in the country. Objective: To establish critical pathways and essential interinstitutional pharmacological strategies for the care of patients with AMI in Mexico, regardless of their socioeconomic status. Method: A group of experts in AMI diagnosis and treatment, representatives of the main public health institutions in Mexico, as well as the Mexican cardiology societies, the Mexican Red Cross and representatives of the Spanish Society of Cardiology, were brought together in order to optimize strategies based on the best existing evidence. Results: An interinstitutional clinical practice guideline was designed for early diagnosis and timely treatment of AMI with ST elevation, following the clinical horizon of the disease, with the proposal of algorithms that improve the prognosis of patients who attend the emergency services due to an AMI. Conclusion: With these clinical practice guidelines, the group of experts proposes to universalize AMI diagnosis and treatment, regardless of patient socioeconomic status.

Resumen Introducción: México tiene la mortalidad más alta a 30 días por infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), el cual constituye una de las principales causas de mortalidad en el país: 28 % versus 7.5 % del promedio de los países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos. Objetivo: Establecer las rutas críticas y las estrategias farmacológicas esenciales interinstitucionales para la atención de los pacientes con IAM en México, independientemente de su condición socioeconómica. Método: Se reunió a un grupo de expertos en diagnóstico y tratamiento de IAM, representantes de las principales instituciones públicas de salud de México, así como las sociedades cardiológicas mexicanas, Cruz Roja Mexicana y representantes de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología, con la finalidad de optimizar las estrategias con base en la mejor evidencia existente. Resultados: Se diseñó una guía de práctica clínica interinstitucional para el diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno del IAM con elevación del segmento ST, siguiendo el horizonte clínico de la enfermedad, con la propuesta de algoritmos que mejoren el pronóstico de los pacientes que acuden por IAM a los servicios de urgencias. Conclusión: Con la presente guía práctica, el grupo de expertos propone universalizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento en el IAM, independientemente de la condición socioeconómica del paciente.

Abstract Background: Weeksella virosa is one of the two species of the genus Weeksella. Clinical disease due to this bacterium in humans is rare, for which only nine cases have been reported in the literature. Case report: A 4-year-old male patient was diagnosed with a left orbit rhabdomyosarcoma Stage III and was admitted to a northeast third level referral center in Mexico. Aerobic, non-pigmented, Gram-negative rod was isolated from a blood culture. W. virosa was identified by Sensititre™ ARIS. This organism has been described in cases of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, sepsis, pneumonia, ventriculitis, and urinary tract infection. Conclusions: Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of W. virosa bacteremia in cases involving immunocompromised patients with oral lesions, although it is infrequent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinical report of W. virosa bacteremia described in an immunocompromised pediatric patient.

Resumen Introducción: Weeksella virosa es una de las dos especies del género Weeksella. En los humanos, los reportes de infección por este microorganismo son raros. Solo se han reportado nueve casos en la literatura. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 4 años con diagnóstico de rabdomiosarcoma embrionario de órbita izquierda en estadio III, que fue atendido en un hospital de tercer nivel en el noreste de México. Se realizó un hemocultivo, a partir del cual se aisló un bacilo gramnegativo aerobio, no pigmentado. Se identificó W. virosa mediante Sensititre™ ARIS. Este microorganismo ha sido descrito en casos de peritonitis bacteriana espontánea, sepsis, neumonía, ventriculitis e infección del tracto urinario. Conclusiones: Aunque los casos de bacteriemia por W. virosa son raros, los clínicos deben considerar este agente en pacientes inmunocomprometidos con lesiones orales. Hasta donde se conoce, este es el primer caso que se describe de bacteriemia por W. virosa en un paciente pediátrico inmunocomprometido.

Resumen: Esta investigación analiza el desarrollo de la motivación de estudiantes de octavo año de una institución de educación pública de Costa Rica en la clase de Artes Plásticas (AP)1 mediante la implementación de un programa educativo basado en el Aprendizaje Cooperativo (AC) (Johnson, Johnson y Holubec, 1994). En cuanto a instrumentos y materiales, para realizar la investigación se adaptó y validó la Escala de Motivación Académica (EMA) (Manassero y Vázquez, 2000) para determinar la Motivación (M) en estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria. Para el proceso de recolección de la información se utilizaron técnicas cualitativas tales como el cuestionario y la observación con el fin de evidenciar los diferentes aspectos de la motivación. La población participante estuvo conformada por estudiantes de octavo año, entre los 13 y 15 años de edad. Asimismo se emplearon dos grupos: uno de estudio y otro control. Se concluye que el desarrollo de la motivación mejoró en el grupo experimental con la intervención de las estrategias procedentes del AC desde el acercamiento cualitativo. No obstante, los métodos cuantitativos de recolección de datos no aportaron evidencia estadísticamente significativa a favor del grupo de estudio ya que el instrumento no fue sensible al paso del tiempo. Por tanto, esta escala no se recomienda para estudios de diseño longitudinal experimental.

Abstract: This research analyzes the development of motivation among eight-grade students at a public secondary school in Costa Rica in Plastic Arts classroom, through the implementation of an educational program based on Cooperative Learning (AC) (Johnson, Johnson, y Holubec, 1994). The Academic Motivation Scale (EMA) (Manassero y Vázquez, 2000) was adapted and validated to determine the Motivation (M) among these students. Qualitative techniques such as questionnaires and observation were used to collect information, so as to make evident the different aspects of Motivation. The population under study consisted of eight-grade students, ranging from ages 13 to 15, divided in two groups: a study group and a control group. It was concluded that motivation development was improved in the experimental group with the intervention of cooperative learning strategies from a qualitative approach. However, quantitative methods for collecting information did not contribute with statistically significant evidence in favor of the study group, because the instrument was not sensitive to the passing of time. Therefore, this scale is not recommended for studies of experimental longitudinal design.

Resumo: Essa pesquisa analisa o desenvolvimento da motivação em alunos da oitava série de um colégio de educação pública da Costa Rica na aula de Artes Plásticas, através da implementação de um programa educacional baseado no Aprendizado Cooperativo (AC) (Johnson, Johnson e Holubec, 1994). Quanto aos instrumentos e materiais para a realização da pesquisa, a Escala de Motivação Acadêmica (EMA) foi adaptada e validada (Manassero e Vásquez, 2000) para determinar a Motivação (M) em estudantes de ensino médio. No processo de coleta de informação, foram utilizadas técnicas qualitativas, como o questionário e a observação, aos fins de salientar os diferentes aspectos da M. A população participante esteve composta por estudantes da oitava série, com idades entre 13 e 15 anos, aliás, foram utilizados dois grupos, um de estudo e outro de controle. Conclusão: conclui-se que o desenvolvimento da motivação melhorou no grupo experimental com a intervenção das estratégias oriundas do AC de abordagem qualitativa, não obstante, as análises mostram que não há diferenças estatisticamente significativas no grupo de estudo, devido ao fato de que o instrumento não era sensível ao decorrer do tempo. Portanto, essa escala não é recomendada para análises experimentais de desenho longitudinal.