ABSTRACT The research work relates the presence of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in carob with the processing, the percentage of soluble solids concentration and the excess of exposure time to the high temperature to which it is subjected, techniques not yet controlled by carob producers in Piura, also related to the precursors of HMF formation, carbohydrates and their reducing sugars present in the carob pod. As results in the first stage, a bromatological analysis and an aminogram of the carob fruit of the carob tree (prosopis pallida) were determined, determining the presence of reducing sugars. In a second stage, the extract extracted by boiling leaching of the carob pods was characterized, at a time of two hours, using a carob and water ratio of 1:4, seeking to evaluate the sugar content, amino acid profile and the presence of Furfural and Hydroxymethylfurfural, during the concentration. Similarly, vacuum concentration tests were carried out, evaluating the color (browning index), soluble solids and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content in the concentrated product. A significant statistical difference was determined for color and HMF content between the vacuum concentrated samples and the commercial sample, in figures, 11% less color and 43% at pressures 81.43 kPa (95°C) and 54.03 kPa (85°C), with respect to 101.32 kPa under normal conditions, 26% less HMF.

RESUMEN El trabajo de investigación relaciona la presencia del hidroximentilfurfural (HMF) en la algarrobina con el procesamiento, el porcentaje de la concentración de los sólidos solubles y el exceso de tiempo de exposición a la alta temperatura en la que está sometida, técnicas aún no controladas por los productores de algarrobina en Piura, también se relacionan con los precursores de la formación de HMF, los carbohidratos y sus azucares reductores presentes en la vaina de algarroba. Como resultados en la primera etapa, se determinó un análisis bromatológico y un aminograma a la algarroba fruto del algarrobo (prosopis pallida), determinando la presencia de azucares reductores. En una segunda etapa se caracterizó el extracto extraído por lixiviación en ebullición de las vainas de algarrobo, a un tiempo de dos horas, usando una proporción de algarroba y agua de 1:4. buscando evaluar el contenido de azúcares, perfil de aminoácidos y presencia de Furfural e Hidroximetilfurfural, durante la concentración. De igual modo, se realizaron pruebas de concentración al vacío, evaluándose el color (índice de pardeamiento), sólidos solubles y contenido de hidroximetilfurfural (HMF) en producto concentrado. Se determinó diferencia estadística significativa para color y contenido de HMF entre las muestras concentradas al vacío y la muestra comercial, en cifras, un 11% menor de color y 43 % a las presiones 81. 43 kpa (95°C) y 54.03 kpa (85°C), respecto a 101.32kPa en condiciones normales, 26% menos HMF.

ABSTRACT The importance of a management for the use of goat resources in areas vulnerable to climatic phenomena and the economy, is proposed as an objective in this research, aiming to improve the management of goat producers in the San Pablo hamlet of the Piura Region (Peru). With a qualitative approach, techniques are applied to obtain results such as Michael Porter's strategic analysis (SWOT), which allowed obtaining information on socioeconomic aspects, production, marketing and prospects of production management as a result of the application of a survey in a total of 220 houses. It was concluded that one of the main sources of income of the families in this hamlet is goat raising in an incipient way. This activity is adapted to the climatic conditions of this ecosystem and is easy to manage, due to the cultural tradition. The conclusions were that there should be an associativity among the small goat producers of the hamlet and thus manage articulating projects with organizations, territorial entities, academia and other similar ones to achieve important advances that would contribute to improve the income of the producing families and their quality of life.

RESUMEN La importancia de una gestión para el aprovechamiento del recurso caprino en las zonas vulnerables por los fenómenos climáticos y por la economía, se propone como objetivo en esta investigación, pretendiendo una mejora en la gestión de los productores caprinos de la Comunidad San Pablo de la Región de Piura (Perú). Con un enfoque cualitativo se aplican técnica para la obtención de resultados como el análisis estratégico de Michael Porter (FODA), el que permitió obtener información sobre aspectos socioeconómicos, de producción, comercialización y perspectivas de la gestión de producción como resultado de la aplicación de una encuesta en un total de 220 casas. Concluyendo que una de las principales fuentes de ingresos económicos de las familias de esta comunidad lo constituye la ganadería caprina de manera incipiente. Esta actividad se adapta a las condiciones climáticas de este ecosistema y además es de fácil manejo, debito a la tradición cultural. Como conclusiones se obtuvo que debería existir una asociatividad entre los pequeños productores caprinos de la comunidad y así gestionar proyectos articuladores con organizaciones, entes territoriales, academia y otros similares para lograr importantes avances que contribuirían a mejorar los ingresos de las familias productoras y su calidad de vida.

Resumen El aprendizaje basado en problemas (ABP) es una estrategia didáctica orientada al enfoque por competencias dentro de las teorías constructivistas. El ABP genera en el estudiante un proceso de aprendizaje colaborativo, autoaprendizaje y aprendizaje significativo a partir de una situación problema contextualizada. Este tipo de metodología surge como respuesta de apoyo al proceso del cambio pedagógico que se da bajo el enfoque por competencias en la educación superior para generar un aprendizaje activo en los estudiantes. En este trabajo se desarrolló una metodología de cinco fases (identificación de situación problema, organización del trabajo para el aprendizaje colaborativo, seguimiento y apoyo al autoaprendizaje, construcción de soluciones aplicadas, y evaluaciones y retroalimentaciones) para aplicar el ABP en el curso de Gestión de Cadenas de Suministro dentro del programa de Ingeniería Industrial de la Corporación Universitaria del Caribe CECAR. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura que identifica la baja tasa de aplicación de la metodología en la ingeniería industrial. Para la aplicación de la estrategia, se tomaron como base tres problemas contextualizados asociados a empresas de los sectores económicos que tienen mayor influencia en la generación del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) de la región. El impacto académico en un total de cuatro grupos fue evaluado. Adicionalmente, se alcanzaron las competencias, los desempeños y los productos esperados en los cursos, obteniendo así una gran aceptación y eficiencia en la aplicación del ABP.

Abstract Problem-based learning (PBL) is a didactic strategy oriented to the competency-based approach within constructivist theories. PBL generates a collaborative learning process in the student, as well as self-learning and meaningful learning from a contextualized problem situation. This methodology arises to support the process of pedagogical change that occurs under the competency-based approach in higher education in order to generate active learning in students. In this paper, a five-phase methodology was developed (identification of the problem situation, organization of the work for collaborative learning, monitoring and support for self-learning, construction of applied solutions, and evaluations and feedback) to apply PBL in the Supply Chain Management course of the Industrial Engineering Program at Corporación Universitaria del Caribe (CECAR). A systematic literature review was carried out to identify the low application rate of the methodology in the field of industrial engineering. For the application of the strategy, three contextualized problems were taken as a basis, which are associated with companies of the economic sectors that have the highest influence in the generation of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the region. The academic impact on a total of four groups was evaluated. Additionally, the expected competences, performances, and products in the courses were achieved, thus obtaining a great acceptance and efficiency in PBL application.

Resumo A aprendizagem baseada em problemas (PBL) é uma estratégia didática orientada para a abordagem baseada na competência no âmbito das teorias construtivistas. PBL gera no aluno um processo de aprendizagem colaborativa, autoaprendizagem e aprendizagem significativa a partir de uma situação problemática contextualizada. Este tipo de metodologia surge como uma resposta para apoiar o processo de mudança pedagógica que ocorre no âmbito da abordagem baseada na competência no ensino superior com o intuito de gerar aprendizagem ativa nos estudantes. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de cinco fases (identificação da situação problemática, organização do trabalho para a aprendizagem colaborativa, monitorização e apoio à autoaprendizagem, construção de soluções aplicadas, e avaliações e feedback) para aplicar PBL no curso de Gestão da Cadeia de Abastecimento do programa de Engenharia Industrial da Corporación Universitaria del Caribe CECAR. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura para identificar a baixa taxa de aplicação da metodologia na engenharia industrial. Para a aplicação da estratégia, foram tomados como base três problemas contextualizados associados a empresas dos setores econômicos que têm maior influência na geração do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) da região. O impacto acadêmico em um total de quatro grupos foi avaliado. Adicionalmente, as competências, performances e produtos esperados nos cursos foram alcançados, obtendo assim uma grande aceitação e eficiência na aplicação do PBL.

ABSTRACT Background: the monitoring of tuberculosis inequalities occurrence in Camaguey municipalities is important to achieve their elimination. Objective: to assess the TB inequalities in Camagüey´s population. Methods: tuberculosis ecological study was carried out in the 13 municipalities of Camagüey. The National surveillance database was the source of information. The variables used were: number of cases, notification rates and years. The geometric average of the rates was calculated, taking the lowest as a reference to estimate the absolute and relative differences and the population attributable risk. It was calculated the proportions of cases according to municipalities and the trends in people deprived of liberty and people living with HIV in the province. Two future scenarios 2019-2020 were proposed, according the perspectives of the Cuban Tuberculosis Program: with a 20% reduction for all municipalities and a discriminated reduction of 40% for those municipalities with rates ≥ 10 per 100 000 populations and 10% in those with rates < 10, to estimate the Pearcy-Keppel index and variance between groups. It was stratified the municipalities according to the goals towards elimination. Results: Minas municipality was the reference, with the geometric average (0.4 per 100,000), the relative inequality was 11.5 highest in Camagüey. The population attributable risk was between 11-95%. The trend in people deprived of liberty was ascending. The second scenario showed moderate inequality, Pearcy Keppel index was 46.1% and variance between groups (1.0). The municipalities of Sierra de Cubitas and Najasa were in elimination phase. Conclusions: the municipal populations of Camagüey, Guaimaro, Nuevitas showed the greatest inequalities according to Minas. Differences interventions would bring better results to these territories.

RESUMEN Fundamento: en el contexto de las poblaciones municipales de la provincia Camagüey, el monitoreo de las desigualdades en la ocurrencia de la tuberculosis es importante para alcanzar su eliminación. Objetivo: valorar las desigualdades de la tuberculosis en la población camagüeyana. Métodos: se realizó un estudio ecológico de la tuberculosis en los 13 municipios de la provincia Camagüey. La fuente de información fue la base de datos de la Vigilancia Nacional. Las variables fueron: número de casos, tasas de notificación y años. Se calculó la media geométrica de las tasas, se tomó la menor como referencia para estimar las diferencias absolutas, las diferencias relativas y el riesgo atribuible poblacional porcentual. Se estimaron las proporciones de casos de tuberculosis y sus tendencias en las personas privadas de libertad y en las personas viviendo con VIH en la provincia. Se propusieron dos escenarios futuros 2019-2020, según perspectivas del Programa cubano de tuberculosis: con reducción del 20 % para todos los municipios por igual y con reducción discriminada del 40 % para aquellos municipios con tasas ≥ 10 por 100 000 habitantes y del 10 % en los que tienen sus tasas < 10, para estimar los índices Pearcy-Keppel y varianza entre grupos. Se estratificaron los municipios según las metas hacia la eliminación. Resultados: el municipio Minas fue la referencia con la media geométrica (0,4 por 100 000), la desigualdad relativa fue 11,5 veces mayor en Camagüey. El riesgo atribuible poblacional estuvo entre 11-95 %, la tendencia fue ascendente en los privados de libertad. El segundo escenario mostró una desigualdad moderada, el índice de Pearcy-Keppel fue 46,1 % y la varianza entre grupos (1,0). Sierra de Cubitas y Najasa están en eliminación. Conclusiones: las poblaciones municipales de Camagüey, Guáimaro, Nuevitas muestran las mayores desigualdades con respecto a Minas. Las intervenciones diferenciadas aportarían mejores resultados en estos territorios.

Abstract Case report: 46-year-old female who claimed right inguinal pain for about one month, with functional limitation of the extremity and pain during the external rotation of the right hip, C-sign positive, with no radiographic signs of coxofemoral impingement, with articular space conservated; a hip arthroresonance was performed, with the preoperative diagnosis of complete anterosuperior acetabular labral tear Czerny and Hoffman stage IIIa. Objective: To share the value and precision that we have for the diagnosis and the treatment of the acetabular labral tears with arthroscopic management. Results: A diagnostic and therapeutic right hip arthroscopy was done, with the finding of synovitis of the acetabular rim, an anterosuperior acetabular labrum protrusion, with no detachment; during the hip manipulation there was no impingement with the femoral head. Synovectomy and acetabular labral tear repair was done by debridement and thermoplasty of the lesion, with posterior follow-up. Conclusions: We do not find concordance between the stadification of the acetabular labral tear by hip arthroresonance and the arthroscopic findings. We must be cautious when establishing a preoperative diagnosis based on clinical and imaging data.

Resumen Presentación de caso: Femenino de 46 años de edad; presentaba dolor en la región inguinal derecha con un mes de evolución, con limitación funcional de la extremidad y dolor ante la rotación externa de la cadera derecha, signo de la C positivo, sin datos radiográficos sugestivos de pinzamiento coxofemoral. Por ello, se realizó una artrorresonancia de la cadera derecha y se llegó al diagnóstico preoperatorio de desprendimiento completo del labrum acetabular anterosuperior IIIa de Czerny y Hoffman. Objetivo: Compartir la validez y precisión con que se cuenta para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la lesión del labrum acetabular mediante el manejo artroscópico. Resultados: El día 13 de noviembre se realizó una artroscopia diagnóstico-terapéutica de la cadera derecha; se encontró sinovitis en el reborde posterior del labrum acetabular, así como abombamiento del labrum acetabular anterosuperior, sin desprendimiento del mismo; se observó, ante las maniobras, que generaba pinzamiento contra la cabeza femoral. Se realizó una sinovectomía y plastia de la lesión en el labrum acetabular mediante desbridamiento y termoplastia de la misma, con posterior seguimiento por la consulta. Conclusiones: No se encontró relación en la estadificación de la lesión del labrum acetabular por artrorresonancia con la artroscopia de cadera. Debemos ser cautos al establecer un diagnóstico preoperatorio basados en datos clínico-imagenológicos.

Abstract: Objective: Identify the concordance between arthroscopy and 3 teslas magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder in sports patients with SLAP lesion. Material and methods: An analytic, transversal, retrospective study has been done. Sports patients collected by convenience with SLAP lesion to who were done shoulder arthroscopy. Sensibility, specificity, positive and negative predictive value had been evaluated by statistical formulas of the following variables: labral tear presence, synovitis, labral tear extension, localization, biceps subluxation and presence of associated lesions. Results: 20 patients were studied, with an average of 46.1 years old; male gender in 80%. SLAP lesion predominant was type IV in 50% of the cases. The MRI sensibility for biceps tears was about 71.42%, specificity for biceps subluxation of 100%, with a positive predictive value of 100% for glenolabral tear, synovitis, biceps subluxation and associated lesions. Conclusions: In our study the concordance between magnetic resonance imaging was lower than arthroscopy for diagnosing glenoidal labrum lesions.

Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar la concordancia entre artroscopia e imagen por resonancia magnética nuclear de hombro de 3 teslas en pacientes deportistas con lesión superior del labrum glenoideo de anterior a posterior (SLAP, por sus siglas en inglés). Material y métodos: Estudio analítico, transversal y retrospectivo. Muestra por conveniencia de pacientes deportistas con lesión de SLAP, a quienes se les realizó artroscopia de hombro. Se evaluó, a través de fórmulas estadísticas, sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de las siguientes variables: presencia de desgarro labral, sinovitis, extensión del desgarro labral, localización, presencia de subluxación del bíceps y presencia de lesiones asociadas. Resultados: Se estudiaron 20 pacientes, con edad promedio de 46.1 años; 80% del género masculino. La variante de lesión de SLAP predominante fue la tipo IV en un 50% de los casos. La sensibilidad de la RMN para desgarro del bíceps fue 71.42%, la especificidad para subluxación del bíceps del 100%, con un valor predictivo positivo del 100% para presencia de desgarro glenolabral, sinovitis, subluxación del bíceps y presencia de lesiones asociadas. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio, la concordancia de la resonancia magnética fue baja respecto a la artroscopia para el diagnóstico de lesiones del labrum glenoideo.

Introduction: visceral leishmaniasis is considered the most severe form of this disease and can be fatal if not properly treated. In Latin America, the infection is caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi). The unequivocal diagnosis and the selection of a suitable experimental model are required to undertake studies on this biologic agent. Objective: to determine the advantages of immunohistochemistry in identifying Leishmania. Methods: hamsters were inoculated with Leishmania infantum promastigotes. The body weights of every animal were monitored, and the relative weights of their spleens and livers were estimated. For identification of amastigotes, Giemsa-stained imprints and an immunohistochemistry protocol in paraffin-embedded tissues were developed. Results: the infection was reproduced in the experimental model. The immunohistochemistry was positive in infected animal sections and non-reactive for the control group. When compared with the Giemsa staining, this methodology facilitated the identification, particularly in organs infected with few parasites. Conclusions: immunohistochemistry is a specific tool for detection of Leishmania since it facilitates observation and eliminates any confusion in the identification of the parasite, thus improving the quality of diagnosis.

Introducción: la leishmaniasis visceral se considera la forma más severa de las leishmaniasis y puede llegar a ser fatal en ausencia de tratamiento oportuno. En América Latina la infección es causada por Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi). El diagnóstico inequívoco y la selección de un adecuado modelo experimental son una necesidad para emprender estudios con este agente biológico. Objetivo: determinar la utilidad de la técnica de inmunohistoquímica en la identificación de Leishmania. Métodos: los animales se inocularon con promastigotes de Leishmania infantum. Se monitoreó el peso corporal de cada animal y se determinó el peso relativo de bazos e hígados. Para la identificación de amastigotes se prepararon improntas coloreadas con Giemsa y se desarrolló un protocolo de inmunohistoquímica en tejido incluido en parafina. Resultados: se reprodujo la infección en el modelo experimental. La técnica de inmunohistoquímica fue positiva en los cortes de los animales infectados y no reactiva para el grupo control. Al comparar con la tinción mediante Giemsa, esta metodología facilitó la identificación, particularmente en órganos con escasos parásitos. Conclusiones: la inmunohistoquímica es una herramienta específica para la detección de Leishmania, facilita la observación y evita confusiones en la identificación del parásito, lo que mejora la calidad del diagnóstico.

INTRODUCTION: in Cuba, recent studies with colophony - a resin from Pinus caribaea and P. tropicalis - have shown its molluscicidal activity on Biomphalaria havanensis, intermediate host of schistosomosis. OBJECTIVE: to determine the impact of colophony on the heart activity and the hatching of B. havanensis eggs in lab. METHODS: lethal doses of colophony (LD50 y LD90) were used to determine their effect on heart activity and their ovicidal capacity on B. havanensis eggs. Heartbeats were counted using stethoscope. The ovicidal effect was observed in one day and 5-day laid eggs. RESULTS: as a result, this product had an impact on the embrionary development of one-day and five-day eggs; the latter were the least affected. In addition, a marked reduction in the number of heartbeats per minute was observed. CONCLUSION: colophony may be considered as possible option for control of B. havanensis because of their molluscicidal properties.

INTRODUCCIÓN: estudios recientes en Cuba con colofonia, resina extraída a partir de Pinus caribeae y Pinus tropicalis, han demostrado su actividad molusquicida sobre Biomphalaria havanensis, hospedero intermediario de esquistosomosis. OBJETIVO: determinar la influencia de la colofonia sobre la actividad cardiaca y sobre la eclosión de los huevos de B. havanensis en condiciones de laboratorio. MÉTODOS: se trabajó con las dosis letales (DL50 y DL90) de colofonia, para determinar su influencia en la actividad cardiaca y su carácter ovicida en huevos de B. havanensis. RESULTADOS: como resultado se obtuvo que este producto afecta el desarrollo embrionario de los huevos de 1 y 5 d de puestos, y estos últimos son los menos afectados. Además, se observó una marcada disminución en el número de latidos del corazón por minuto. CONCLUSIÓN: la colofonia puede considerarse como un posible candidato para el control de B. havanensis, por causa de su evidente carácter molusquicida.

Background: Field studies have previously demonstrated that freshwater mollusk populations did not exist in the ecological and natural environment of pine trees, which led to study pine resin, colophony, as a controlling agent for Biomphalaria havanensis mollusk, an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Objective: to determine the molluscicidical action of colophony as possible use as a controlling agent for Biomphalaria havanensis. Methods: Seven different concentrations were used to determinate the lethal doses. Data were analyzed by probit-log program. Results: The lethal doses found were as follows: LD50 = 443.3 mg/L and LD90 = 1417.6 mg/L. Conclusions: These experiments showed the molluscicidical activity of the two Cuban pinaceas, through the colophony resin, on Biomphalaria havanensis.

Introducción: la ausencia de poblaciones de moluscos en el entorno ecológico y natural de las pináceas, observada en estudios de campo, conllevó a estudiar la resina de pino, colofonia, como control del molusco Biomphalaria havanensis, hospedero intermediario de Schistosoma mansoni. Objetivo: determinar la acción molusquicida de la colofonia para su posible utilización en el control de Biomphalaria havanensis. Métodos: se utilizaron 7 concentraciones diferentes para determinar las dosis letales y los datos fueron analizados por un probit-log. Resultados: las dosis letales encontradas fueron: DL50= 44,33 mg/L y DL90= 141,76 mg/L. Conclusiones: con estos resultados se demostró el poder molusquicida de 2 de las pináceas cubanas, a través de la resina de colofonia, sobre Biomphalaria havanensis.

The abundance of freshwater snails in two rural sites of Pinar del Río, Cuba, which harbor Pseudosuccinea columella susceptible and resistant to miracidia of Fasciola hepatica was followed for one year. Susceptible snails were found in the most anthropic site (IPA) whereas the resistant population inhabited the most preserved one (El Azufre). Only two snail species coexisted with P. columella at IPA site (Physa cubensis and Tarebia granifera) while five species were found at El Azufre, including an endemic from that province (Hemisinus cubanianus). Populations of both resistant and susceptible snails showed stable densities throughout the year, although the susceptible strain attained higher abundance. The highest densities were observed in April-May 2004 for the susceptible population whereas the resistant strain attained its highest abundance in January 2004. No record of Fossaria cubensis was made and the thiarid T. granifera occurred only at low densities. One of the sampled sites (IPA) meets all the conditions for the first report of P. columella naturally infected with larvae of F. hepatica.

The variation of abundances of intermediate snail hosts of Fasciola hepatica in Cuba (Fossaria cubensis and Pseudosuccinea columella) was studied during one year under natural conditions at five sampling sites in San Juan y Martinez municipality, Pinar del Rio province, Cuba. The effect of some environmental variables on the lymnaeid abundances was also studied. A canonical correspondence analysis showed that both species do not generally occur together in the same habitat and that most factors affect them in an opposite fashion, although both of them correlate positively through time to the diversity of the habitats. F. cubensis prefers the sites that are in or closer to the city whereas P. columella is more abundant in rural sites. Lymnaeid abundances are mainly affected by nitrite and nitrate concentrations as well as by the abundance of the thiarid Tarebia granifera. F. cubensis is more abundant in polluted habitats with low densities (or absence) of T. granifera whereas P. columella prefers cleaner habitats and can coexist with the thiarid, even at its higher densities. The implications of divergent preferences of the two lymnaeids for the control of fasciolosis are discussed.

A snail-conditioned water experiment was conducted in Pseudosuccinea columella to test the possible role of a chemical interaction between snails on the diminished growth and fecundity rates found for snails raised in pairs compared to those raised in complete isolation. The results permit to discard the hypothesis of an inhibition of growth and reproduction between snails due to factors released into the water.

A population of Pseudosuccinea columella was raised under laboratory conditions and its life tables were determined in isolated and paired snails. Isolated snails were significantly larger in shell size than paired snails from five weeks of age onward. Also, statistically significant differences were found for the number of eggs per mass per individual from week 5 to 9, isolated snails exhibiting the highest values. The intrinsic and finite rates of increase were greater in isolated than in paired snails. Either an inhibition of the reproductive output between individuals or the advantage of selfing may be the cause of the differences in this species, acting as a possible mechanism that increase the fitness of isolated snails.

The effect of exposing the lymnaeid snail Fossaria cubensis to the trematode Fasciola hepatica on the snail population's life-history traits was studied under laboratory conditions. Exposed individuals showed a lower survival rate than control snails, although from week 7 onward a slower decrease of this parameter in relation to the control group was observed. There were higher values of fecundity rate for the controls compared to the exposed group except during weeks 9, 10, 11 and 12, which was the time that followed the period when almost all of the infected snails died. Both the intrinsic and finite rates of natural increase were significantly higher for the control group, but exposed snails still attained a lower mean generation time. Age-specific trade-offs were found, mainly for the weekly increase in size versus the number of eggs per mass, the weekly increase in size versus the number of viable eggs per mass, the number of masses versus the hatching probability and the number of eggs versus the hatching probability. All these negative associations were significant for juveniles of both control and exposed snails and not for adults; however, exposed young individuals exhibited much higher values of the correlation coefficient than control animals.

A study of the life tables of Blatella germanica (L.) 1767 was conducted under laboratory conditions. 3 treatments were used a according to the number of individuals in each breeding flask (A=9 flasks with 20-25 individuals, B = 17 flasks with 30-35 individuals, and C = 30 flasks with a newly hatched nymph each). The main paremeters of the population growth were calculated by the TABVID softwares. The respective values for trestments A and B were the following: net reproduction rate (Ro 2,23 and 2,37), natural increase finete rate (lambda = 1,06), natural increase intrinsic rate (r = 0,06), and mean generational time (T = 13,89 and 15,64). The behaviour of the survival probability by age, the fertility rate, and the mortality rate were graphically registered. Life expectancy for treatment C was 16,47 and the survival rate for this treatment was represented by a graph. Graphics of the growth curve of this species and of the survival rate for treatments A and B were shown. The latter was concave, which meand that mortality is higher during the young stages. This study provides esential cuantitative basic date that allow to carry out a more efficient control if fight is directed to the period where the highest natural mortality was found, that is, at the step from nymph 6 to adult in treatments A and B.

Se realizó un estudio de tablas de vida de Blattella germanica (L.) 1767, en condiciones de laboratorio. Se utilizaron 3 tratamientos según la cantidad de individuos que contenía cada frasco de cría (A=9 frascos con 20-25 individuos, B= 17 frascos con 30-35 individuos y C=30 frascos con 1 ninfa recién eclosionada cada uno) y se calcularon los principales parámetros del crecimiento poblacional mediante el software TABVID. Los valores respectivos para los tratamientos A y B fueron: tasa de reproducción neta (Ro= 2,23 y 2,37), tasa finita de incremento natural (lambda= 1,06), tasa intrínseca de incremento natural (r= 0,06) y tiempo medio generacional (T= 13,89 y 15,64); se registró gráficamente el comportamiento por edad de la probabilidad de supervivencia, tasa de fecundidad y tasa de mortalidad. La esperanza de vida para el tratamiento C fue 16,47 y se realizó el gráfico de la tasa de supervivencia para este tratamiento. Se hicieron los gráficos de la curva de crecimiento de esta especie y la curva de supervivencia de los tratamientos A y B, la que resultó de tipo cóncava, lo que significa que la mortalidad es más elevada durante las etapas jóvenes. Este estudio proporciona datos básicos cuantitativos esenciales que permiten realizar un control más eficaz si se dirige la lucha al período donde se encontró mayor mortalidad natural, que resultó en el paso de ninfa 6 a adulto, en los tratamientos A y B.