Abstract At an intraspecific scale, plants exhibit trait adjustments to their respective habitat, playing a pivotal role in species distribution across environmental gradients. We aimed to understand whether and how Curatella americana L. (Dilleniaceae) varies in leaf and wood morphoanatomical traits among three Amazon open vegetation types under distinct edaphic conditions. We tested the hypothesis that soil properties drive variation in species' functional traits and resource-use strategies. We collected plant and soil samples at seven sites (three savannas, two campinarana and two restinga) and functional traits were measured for 70 C. americana individuals. The variation in intraspecific traits was associated with soil properties. In the restinga, individuals exhibited the highest specific leaf area influenced by fine sand and sodium. However, in the savanna, soil variables prompted morphoanatomical responses related to leaf dry-matter content, leaf thickness, largest lumen resistivity, the lowest wood density and average vessel area. The campinarana sites have strong affinities for clay and pH. We highlight the continuum of conservative-acquisitive functional strategies, exhibited by C. americana across Amazonian open vegetation, showing the adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. Strategies vary within individuals based on tissue type, suggesting decoupling between leaf and wood levels, with traits operating independently at both levels. scale habitat gradients L Dilleniaceae (Dilleniaceae conditions resourceuse resource use strategies savannas restinga 7 C sodium However savanna drymatter dry matter content thickness resistivity pH conservativeacquisitive conservative acquisitive type levels

RESUMO Caryomene possui cinco espécies distribuídas na América do Sul. Há mais de meio século que o gênero não recebe tratamento taxonômico. No entanto, muitas coletas recentes foram realizadas na Amazônia e novas ocorrências precisam ser inseridas. O presente estudo visou elaborar um tratamento sinóptico das espécies coletadas na Amazônia e amostras depositadas em 32 herbários. Os resultados evidenciaram a presença de cinco espécies na Amazônia, das quais C. grandifolia, C. foveolada, C. olivascens e C. prumnoides são novas ocorrências. Os estados do Amazonas e Pará representam os dois principais centros de distribuição dessas espécies. Os caracteres dos frutos são os que melhor separam as espécies. São apresentadas uma chave de identificação, descrições e ilustrações para as espécies da Amazônia. Sul taxonômico entanto inseridas 3 herbários C grandifolia foveolada identificação

ABSTRACT Caryomene comprises five species distributed in South America. For more than half a century, the genus has not received taxonomic treatment. However, many recent collections were carried out in Amazonia and new occurrences need to be inserted. The present study aimed to elaborate a synoptic treatment of the species collected in Amazonia and botanical specimens from 32 herbaria. The results pointed out the presence of five species in Amazonia, of which C. grandifolia, C. foveolada, C. olivascens and C. prumnoides are new occurrences. The states of Amazonas and Pará represent the two main distribution centers for the species. The fruit characters are the ones that best separate the species. An identification key, descriptions and illustrations of the species that occur in Amazonia are presented. America century However inserted 3 herbaria C grandifolia foveolada key presented

Abstract Temperature may affect the mobilization and hydrolysis of storage reserves for energy production during seed germination. This study investigated germination performance and reserve mobilization in Dalbergia spruceana Benth. seeds incubation at 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C. The germination process was favored by incubation at 25 to 35°C and negatively affected at 20 and 40°C. At 35°C there reduction in germination speed, however, without significantly compromising the final germination percentage. The results showed that lipids and proteins are the predominant metabolites in D. spruceana seeds. Mobilization of soluble sugars was highest at 25 and 30°C. At 20 and 40°C, mobilization occurred more slowly, negatively affecting germination. This finding, combined with changes in lipid and protein reserves, suggests that lipid and protein hydrolysis products were used for starch synthesis. Reserve mobilization patterns in D. spruceana embryos were influenced by germination temperature, with the highest utilization efficiency occurring between 25 and 35°C. Benth 30 35 40C C 40 40°C 2 35C speed however percentage D 30C 30°C slowly finding synthesis temperature 3 4

Abstract Temperature may affect the mobilization and hydrolysis of storage reserves for energy production during seed germination. This study investigated germination performance and reserve mobilization in Dalbergia spruceana Benth. seeds incubation at 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C. The germination process was favored by incubation at 25 to 35°C and negatively affected at 20 and 40°C. At 35°C there reduction in germination speed, however, without significantly compromising the final germination percentage. The results showed that lipids and proteins are the predominant metabolites in D. spruceana seeds. Mobilization of soluble sugars was highest at 25 and 30°C. At 20 and 40°C, mobilization occurred more slowly, negatively affecting germination. This finding, combined with changes in lipid and protein reserves, suggests that lipid and protein hydrolysis products were used for starch synthesis. Reserve mobilization patterns in D. spruceana embryos were influenced by germination temperature, with the highest utilization efficiency occurring between 25 and 35°C. Benth 30 35 40C C 40 40°C 2 35C speed however percentage D 30C 30°C slowly finding synthesis temperature 3 4

ABSTRACT The successful use of native species in conservation actions depends on basic knowledge of their biology, beginning with the identification of regenerating individuals in the field, up to the behavior and development of the species from the early stages of germination. Moreover, seed propagation and germination may be limited by the occurrence of dormancy. The objective of this work was to identify the best method to overcome seed dormancy of Hymenaea parvifolia Huber, besides characterizing the fruits, seeds, post-seminal development and seedlings of naturally occurring specimens in Amazonia. For this, (i) tests for the breakdown of dormancy were performed through thermal, chemical and mechanical treatments; (ii) analyses of their effects on seed germination were made; and (iii) morphology of germinative development of Hymenaea parvifolia was described. The treatments based on sulfuric acid for 15, 25 and 35 minutes were the most efficient in overcoming the integumentary dormancy. However, scarification by grinding is recommended because it had been less impact on the environment. External characteristics and shape of the fruit, seed and epicotyl can aid taxonomy of the genus and identification of its species in the field. In addition, morphological characters of the fruit, seed, germination and seedling were illustrated.

Resumo A região costeira dos municípios de Curuçá e Maracanã, no litoral nordeste paraense, abriga um valioso patrimônio biológico vegetal. Trata-se, a princípio, de dois últimos remanescentes de Floresta Ombrófila Densa, banhados pelo oceano Atlântico. Na ilha de Ipomonga (Curuçá), bem como na praia de Marieta (Maracanã), a Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas se destaca pelo contato abrupto com a formação pioneira de influência marinha, conhecida por Restinga. Essa interface geomorfológica favorece uma conectividade florística entre estes ecossistemas distintos. O objetivo foi avaliar, através de inventários da vegetação, se estes remanescentes florestais, de Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas, são fontes de dispersão de espécies lenhosas em Restinga. Foram registradas 189 espécies, em 50 famílias botânicas. A maior riqueza corresponde à Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas (168 espécies), em detrimento à Restinga (67 espécies). Desta flora, 46 espécies (24%) foram comuns às duas tipologias de vegetação, sendo 18 espécies consideradas novas ocorrências para á Restinga do litoral amazônico. As afinidades florísticas encontradas embasam o efeito da Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas atuando como fonte de dispersão de propágulos na formação pioneira de influência marinha (Restinga), dipersos em sua maioria por animais (zoocoria).

Abstract The coastal region of the municipalities of Curuçá and Maracanã, on the northeastern coast of Pará, shelters a valuable biological heritage, the last two remnants of Dense Rain Forest on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. On the Ipomonga Island (Curuçá) and at the Marieta Beach (Maracanã), the Lowland Dense Rain Forest is notable for its abrupt contact with the pioneer formation with marine influence, called as Restinga. This geomorphological interface favors floristic connectivity between different ecosystems. The research objective was to evaluate, through vegetation inventories, whether these forests remnants, about Lowland Dense Rain Forest, are sources of dispersal of woody species in Restinga. A total of 189 species were recorded in 50 botanical families with the greatest richness corresponds to the dense forest (67 species). Of this flora, 46 species (24%) were common to both vegetation typologies, with 18 species considered new occurrences in Restinga of the Amazonian coastal plains. The floristic affinities founded support the effect of Lowland Dense Rain Forest acting as the source for propagule dispersion over the pioneer formation with marine influence (Restinga), mostly dispersed by animals (zoocory).

Resumo A Amazônia possui o maior sistema fluvial do planeta, abrigando uma biota diversa. Mesmo assim, muitas espécies permanecem desconhecidas, devida imensa escala e complexidade deste bioma, e porque ele vem sofrendo com uma constante pressão antropogênica. Macrófitas são importantes para os processos físicos e biológicos dos ecossistemas aquáticos, porém ainda são pouco estudadas no Norte do Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo é fornecer uma checklist de espécies de macrófitas que ocorrem em municípios que fazem parte do Arco do desmatamento, trazendo informações sobre seus hábitos e formas de vida. Nós amostramos 36 pontos distribuídos em três tipos de ecossistemas aquáticos (riachos, lagos e brejos). No total, registramos 50 espécies, 38 gêneros e 24 famílias. A maioria das espécies era emergente ou anfíbia. Riachos degradados apresentam características similares a ambientes lênticos, o que pode ter oferecido maior disponibilidade de habitat para macrófitas que provavelmente não ocorreriam em condições de ambientes lóticos, o que explicaria a diversidade neste tipo de ecossistema. A diversidade de macrófitas desta região segue a maioria dos padrões de outras regiões do Brasil. Este estudo contribui para a avaliação da diversidade de macrófitas aquáticas na Amazônia, especialmente em locais que sofrem impacto antrópico, como o Arco do Desmatamento.

Abstract The Amazon possesses the largest fluvial system on the planet, harboring a diverse biota. Still, many species remain undescribed, because of the Amazon’s immense scale and complexity, and because many habitats are now increasingly under pressure from anthropogenic activities. Macrophytes are important to physical and biological processes in aquatic ecosystems but remain poorly studied in Northern Brazil. The objective of this study was to provide a checklist of macrophyte species that occur in municipalities that form part of the Arc of Deforestation, Pará state, Brazil, bringing information on their habits and life-forms. We sampled 36 sites at three types of aquatic ecosystems (streams, ponds and lakes). In total, we recorded 50 species, 38 genera and 24 families. Most species were amphibious or emergent. Degraded streams have environmental characteristics similar to lentic habitats, which could provide more suitable habitats for macrophytes that otherwise would not occur in lotic habitats, thus explaining the higher diversity in these ecosystems. Macrophyte diversity in this region follows similar patterns to other Brazilian regions. This study contributes to the assessment of aquatic macrophytes in the Amazon, especially in more degraded regions, such as the Amazon deforestation arc.

Resumo O Pará possui um dos maiores litorais brasileiros. Entretanto, levantamentos florísticos foram realizados em poucas regiões e apenas um estudo avaliou de forma abrangente a flora costeira do estado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo fornecer um checklist atualizado e certificado das Angiospermas das restingas do Pará. A lista foi elaborada através de literatura de referência, revisões florístico-taxonômicas de grupos com ocorrência nas restingas paraenses, material dos herbários HBRA, IAN, MFS e MG e coletas entre 2014 e 2018. Foram listadas 470 táxons, 279 gêneros e 92 famílias. Deste total, 11 táxons são apresentados como novas ocorrências para o litoral paraense. As famílias com maior número de espécies foram Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Polygalaceae, Convolvulaceae e Melastomataceae, correspondendo a 52% dos táxons. Cyperus, Eugenia, Rhynchospora, Eleocharis e Ipomoea foram os gêneros mais representativos. Quanto às formas de vida, ervas e arbustos foram predominantes. Campo de dunas, Floresta de restinga e Brejo herbáceo foram as fitofisionomias com maior número de táxons. A comparação da flora encontrada, com a de restingas do Nordeste brasileiro, mostrou maior afinidade com a do Maranhão, com muitas espécies provenientes da flora amazônica colonizando as restingas desse estado.

Abstract Pará state has one of the longest coastal in Brazil. However, floristic surveys have been conducted in few regions and only one study has comprehensively evaluated the coastal flora of the state. The objective of this study was to create an updated and certified checklist of the angiosperms in the restingas of Pará. The list was made using literature, floristic and taxonomic revisions, herbaria specimens from HBRA, IAN, MFS and MG, and collections made between 2014 and 2018. Overall, 470 species, 279 genera and 92 families were recorded. Of this total, 11 species are new records for coastal Pará. The families with the greatest number of species are Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Polygalaceae, Convolvulaceae and Melastomataceae, which correspond to 52% of the species. Cyperus, Eugenia, Rhynchospora, Eleocharis and Ipomoea are the most representative genera. For life forms, herbs and shrubs are predominant. Dune fields, restinga forest and herbaceous swamp are the phytophysiognomies with the greatest number of species. A comparison with restingas of northeastern Brazil showed that the flora surveyed is most similar to that of Maranhão, since many species of the Amazonian flora also occur in restingas in this state.

Resumo: O estresse causado por temperatura pode ser mensurado pela atividade de enzimas antioxidantes e predizer a tolerância das espécies ao estresse térmico. Este trabalho investigou os efeitos da temperatura na germinação e atividade de enzimas antioxidantes em sementes de Dalbergia spruceana Benth. As sementes foram incubadas a temperaturas constantes de 20, 25, 30, 35 e 40 °C durante dez dias e avaliada a porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, atividade de enzimas antioxidantes e condutividade elétrica. A temperatura afetou o processo germinativo das sementes, mas não a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes. Temperaturas entre 25 e 35 °C proporcionam o máximo percentual e velocidade de germinação, enquanto 20 e 40 °C geram os menores valores. A atividade da SOD se mostra indiferente às variações da temperatura e os níveis de atividades da CAT e da POX não permitem estabelecê-las como indicadoras de estresse térmico. O padrão crescente de vazamento de eletrólitos revelou tendência na perda da semipermeabilidade das membranas celulares, em temperaturas mais altas.

Abstract: Antioxidant enzyme activity can be used to measure heat stress and predict the tolerance of a species to heat stress. This study investigated the effects of temperature on germination and antioxidant enzyme activity in Dalbergia spruceana Benth. seeds. Seeds were incubated at constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C for ten days; and germination percentage, germination speed index, antioxidant enzyme activity, and electrical conductivity were evaluated. Temperature affected the seed germination process but not antioxidant enzyme activity. Germination percentage and germination speed index were higher at 25 and 35 °C and lower at 20 and 40 °C. Superoxide dismutase activity was not affected by temperature. Catalase and peroxidase activities were too low to be used as indicators of temperature stress. The pattern of increasing electrolyte leakage manifested a trend toward loss of cell membrane semipermeability at higher temperatures.

RESUMO Orthomene possui quatro espécies, distribuídas desde a América Central até a América do Sul, sendo que três ocorrem nos domínios fitogeográficos brasileiros. No Brasil, a Amazônia brasileira é considerada o principal centro de diversidade do gênero. O tratamento taxonômico envolveu a análise de material coletado (entre janeiro de 2017 e julho de 2018), tipos e amostras dos espécimes de Orthomene depositados em 32 herbários nacionais e estrangeiros. O gênero está representado na área de estudo por três espécies: Orthomene hirsuta,Orthomene prancei e Orthomene schomburgkii, sendo esta última a mais comum e amplamente distribuída nas regiões brasileiras de sua ocorrência. São apresentadas uma chave de identificação, descrições e ilustrações das espécies, bem como dados adicionais sobre distribuição geográfica e comentários sobre as mesmas.

ABSTRACT Orthomene comprises four species distributed from Central to South America, of which three occur in phytogeographic domains of Brazil. In Brazil, Amazonia is the main center of diversity for the genus. This work is a taxonomic treatment of Orthomene in Brazil and involved analyzing field collections (between January 2017 and July 2018), types and botanical specimens from 32 national and foreign herbaria. The three species in the study area are Orthomene hirsuta,Orthomene prancei and Orthomene schomburgkii. The latter is the most common and widely distributed species of the genus in the country. An identification key, descriptions, illustrations, distribution data, and additional comments for each species are provided.

Resumo Um tratamento taxonômico de Abuta para o estado do Acre é apresentado. A metodologia abrangeu a análise do material proveniente de 17 coletas e amostras de exsicatas de herbários nacionais e estrangeiros, além de literatura especializada. O gênero está representado na área por oito espécies: Abuta barbata, A. brevifolia, A. grandifolia, A. obovata, A. pahnii, A. rufescens, A. sandwithiana e A. solimoesensis. São apresentadas chave de identificação, descrições e ilustrações das espécies, bem como dados adicionais sobre distribuição geográfica e comentários taxonômicos.

Abstract A taxonomic treatment of Abuta in the Acre state is presented. Botanical specimens from national and foreign herbaria, as well as 17 new collections and the literature, were analyzed. The genus is represented by eight species: Abuta barbata, A. brevifolia, A. grandifolia, A. obovata, A. pahnii, A. rufescens, A. Sandwithiana and A. solimoesensis. Identification keys, descriptions, and illustrations of the species are presented, as well as data concerning geographical distribution and additional comments of the species.

Resumo Um tratamento para as espécies de Euphorbiaceae ocorrentes nas cangas da Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brasil, é apresentado. O estudo foi baseado em análise das exsicatas depositadas nos herbários regionais e nacionais, bem como em observações feitas em campo. Foram registradas onze espécies e uma subespécie, incluídas nos seguintes gêneros: Croton (quatro espécies), Manihot (duas espécies, uma subspécie), Mabea (uma espécie), Sapium (uma espécie), Alchornea (uma espécie), Aparisthmium (uma espécie), e Astraea (uma espécie). Uma provável espécie nova e três novas ocorrências são registradas para Carajás. São fornecidas chaves de identificação, descrições morfológicas, ilustrações, comentários, dados de distribuição geográfica e hábitats preferenciais dos táxons.

Abstract The taxonomic treatment of the species of Euphorbiaceae from the iron-stone outcrops of the Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brasil, is presented. The study was based on analysis of herbarium specimens deposited in regional and national herbaria, as well as field observations. Eleven species and one subspecies were found, belonging to the following genera: Croton (four species), Manihot (two species, one subspecies), Mabea (one species), Sapium (one species), Alchornea (one species), Aparisthmium (one species), and Astraea (one species). One probable new species and four new occurrences are recorded for Carajás. Generic and species keys, morphological descriptions, illustrations, comments, geographical distribution and habitat preferences are provided for all taxa.

RESUMO Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hammel, árvore neotropical, ocorre naturalmente em florestas de terra firme, considerada uma fonte de renda da população da Amazônia, além de sua importância medicinal do látex para curar diversas doenças. O estudo objetivou descrever e comparar as respostas morfoanatômicas das plantas estressadas e em condições de normoxia. Plantas jovens de Garcinia madruno foram submetidas a dois regimes hídricos: controle irrigado diariamente; e alagado por 84 dias. Lenticelas hipertróficas, raízes adventícias e características anatômicas da raiz e da folha foram avaliados aos 0; 21; 42; 63 e 84 dias. Não foram observadas modificações na estrutura foliar, no caule surgiram rachaduras e lenticelas hipertróficas, aumento e enegrecimento das raízes, bem como o surgimento de raízes adventícias, como forma de adaptação ao ambiente alagado. As modificações anatômicas nas raízes de plantas alagadas foram o espessamento da exoderme na raiz principal e do periciclo na raiz lateral, além de grande quantidade de aerênquima. Os testes histoquímicos detectaram: amido: nervura central, mesofilo, pecíolo e raiz das plantas alagadas, bem como no pecíolo das controles; apenas nas alagadas foram observados compostos fenólicos no pecíolo e alcaloides: nervura central, pecíolo e raiz.

ABSTRACT Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hammel is a neotropical tree that naturally occurs in terra firme forests and is important as a source of income and medicine for Amazonian populations. This study describes and compares the morphoanatomical responses of plants under conditions of stress and normoxia. Young plants of Garcinia madruno were subjected to two water regimes: daily controlled irrigation and waterlogged for 84 days. Hypertrophic lenticels, adventitious roots and anatomical characteristics of the roots and leaves were evaluated on days 0, 21, 42, 63 and 84. There were no changes in leaf structure, but cracks and hypertrophic lenticels appeared on the stems, there was an increase in blackness of the roots and the plants formed adventitious roots to adapt to the flooded environment. The anatomical changes in the roots of the flooded plants were thickening of the exodermis in the main root and of the pericycle in the lateral roots, and a large increase in the amount of aerenchyma. Histochemical tests detected starch in the midrib, mesophyll, stem and root of flooded plants, and in the petiole of control plants. In the waterlogged plants, phenolic compounds were found in the petiole and alkaloids were found in the midrib, petiole and root.

The evaluation of the post-germination phases of plants allows the recognition of transitional structures that support the relationships among taxa and their establishment. Together with fruit and seeds, seedlings and saplings provide useful characters for identifying many species. This study aimed to describe and characterize the morphology of the fruits, seeds, seedlings and saplings of Macrolobium acaciifolium, M. bifolium and M. pendulum, as well as to evaluate the ecological, taxonomic and phylogenetic value of the structures identified. In this work, the seeds were sown in plastic trays with sterilized sand and sawdust, without pre-germination treatment. The fruits of the three species are woody legumes, dehiscent fruit or indehiscent fruit. The seeds have seed coats with or without venation and variable embryos, with plumules differing among the three species; this trait can be helpful in distinguishing among the species studied. The seedlings are of the cryptocotylar-hypogeal-reserve or phanerocotylar-epigeal-reserve type. Macrolobium bifolium and M. pendulum are similar species, differing in only a few characters. These characters have taxonomic value and aid species identification. The characteristics of M. pendulum are described here for the first time.

Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil on germ tube formation by Candida albicans isolated from denture wearers. Methods Ten C. albicans isolates recovered from denture wearers were tested using 10% fetal bovine serum with or without 4% R. officinalis essential oil. Results The essential oil from R. officinalis completely inhibited germ tube formation in the investigated C. albicans isolates. Conclusions The results demonstrate that the essential oil of R. officinalis modulates C. albicans pathogenicity through its primary virulence factor (i.e., germ tube formation was suppressed).