HIGHLIGHTS Brachiaria brizantha proved to be a promising biomass for ethanol production. Fermentation was not impaired by the inhibitors furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural.

Abstract Obtaining low cost lignocellulolytic enzymes and efficient biomass pretreatment are key to increase the competitiveness of second-generation ethanol in comparison with fossil fuels. The enzymatic cocktail produced by the Chrysoporthe cubensis fungus as well as the mixture prepared with the cocktails of the Chrysoporthe cubensis and Penicillium pinophilum fungi have already proven to be efficient for hydrolyzing biomass pretreated with alkali. In this study, they were evaluated in saccharification of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with dilute acid or hot water at 121°C using an enzyme loading equal to 8 filter paper units per gram of biomass. The most promising results were obtained from the hydrolysis of biomass pretreated with hot water by the C. cubensis-P. pinophilum enzymes blend. In this condition, the glucose and xylose production were 25.2 g.L-1 and 4.6 g.L-1, respectively, that resulted in the conversion of 68% of glucan and 23% of xylan in only 48 hours. This study shows that the hydrothermal pretreatment is a promising alternative to improve the enzymes performance, produced by the fungi C. cubensis and P. pinophilum, in the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis without the need of chemical compounds, generally used in the acid and alkali pretreatments. Furthermore, the hydrothermal pretreatment for 60 min allowed all cocktails applied to convert the cellulose efficiently with only 24 h of saccharification, which contributes to the energy savings employed in the process.

Resumo A existência de mitos e tabus que envolvem a sexualidade pode dificultar a disseminação de informações adequadas para a sociedade. Sabe-se que a população surda, por não ter os mesmos meios de aquisição de informações dos ouvintes, lida com limitações no acesso a essa temática. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar uma revisão sistemática de artigos científicos sobre sexualidade e surdez. Para isso, no período de setembro a novembro de 2017, foi feita uma busca utilizando os descritores sexualidade, surdez, surdo e deficiente auditivo, nas línguas portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola, em cinco bases de dados. A busca teve o período delimitado entre 2000 e 2017, e o resultado final selecionou quinze artigos. A sexualidade por meio de experiências sexuais, mitos e relacionamentos e a violência e/ou abuso sexual foram os assuntos com maior prevalência. A questão da homossexualidade foi menos evidente nas produções científicas. A revisão mostrou que o conjunto de estudos avaliados retrata a sexualidade de forma abrangente e com temas atuais. Além disso, são escassos os estudos científicos referentes a sexualidade e surdez, sendo necessários mais estudos com a participação das pessoas surdas no intuito de compreendê-las, orientá-las e informá-las sobre o assunto em questão.

Abstract The existence of myths and taboos about sexuality may lead to challenges in spreading adequate information to society. It is a known fact that the deaf population faces a lack of information about this theme caused by the absence of means to acquire the same information that listeners have. Thus, this systematic review of scientific articles about sexuality and deafness was conducted. Between September 2017 and November 2017, we searched in five databases (SciELO, PePSIC, LILACS, PsycINFO and Scopus) for the descriptors sexuality, deafness, deaf and hearing impaired, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, for the period between 2000-2017, rendering 15 articles. Sexuality through sexual experiences, mythos and relationships, as well as violence and/or sexual abuse were the subjects with highest prevalence. However, the matter of homosexuality was less evident in scientific productions. The review showed that the set of evaluated studies portrayed sexuality in an embracing manner and involved current themes. In addition, there is a lack of scientific articles about sexuality and deafness, and so more studies with deaf people to understandd them, guide them and inform them about the subject in question are required.

Resumen La existencia de mitos y tabúes que envuelven la sexualidad puede dificultar la diseminación de informaciones adecuadas para la sociedad. Se sabe que la población sorda por no poseer los mismos medios de adquisición de informaciones que los oyentes pasa por limitaciones de informaciones sobre esa temática. El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar una revisión sistemática de artículos científicos sobre sexualidad y sordera. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda de septiembre a noviembre de 2017 utilizando los descriptores “sexualidad”, “sordera”, “sordos y deficiente auditivo”, en portugués, inglés y español, en cinco bases de datos. La búsqueda tuvo el período delimitado entre 2000-2017 y en el resultado final se seleccionó 15 artículos. La sexualidad a través de las experiencias sexuales, de los mitos y relaciones y la violencia y/o abuso sexual fueron los asuntos con mayor prevalencia. Pero el tema de la homosexualidad fue el menos evidente en las producciones científicas. La revisión mostró que el conjunto de los estudios evaluados retratan la sexualidad de forma integral y con temas actuales. Además, hay escasez de estudios científicos referentes a la sexualidad y sordera y son necesarios más estudios con la participación de las personas sordas con el fin de comprenderlas, orientarlas e informarlas sobre el asunto en cuestión.

RESUMO A francofilia esteve presente no Brasil desde fins do século XVIII, presença também materializada na circulação de periódicos tanto importados de Paris, como publicados por emigrados nos séculos seguintes. O objetivo deste artigo é discorrer sobre aspectos da produção, circulação e distribuição desses periódicos no Rio de Janeiro e em São Paulo. A hipótese é que eles tanto difundiam a cultura francófona, como foram pioneiros na inserção do Brasil na lógica da cultura midiática transnacional da modernidade. Além do levantamento de títulos importados e impressos no país em catálogos antigos de livreiros e de acervos públicos e dos locais de distribuição ao leitor, foram consultados relatórios estatísticos e dos correios franceses e brasileiros em busca de dados quantitativos. Entre os resultados está a constatação do predomínio de títulos em francês em relação aos demais idiomas estrangeiros (dada à força global da cultura francesa no período, particularmente na América Latina) e a descoberta de acordos comerciais favoráveis à entrada de impressos provenientes da França, dado inédito revelado pela análise dos relatórios oficiais, o que traz um novo elemento para explicar o seu grande afluxo para o Brasil, apontando uma nova perspectiva metodológica para os estudos da circulação da história da imprensa estrangeira.

ABSTRACT Francophilia has been present in Brazil since the late eighteenth century, and French-language periodicals imported from Paris as well as national newspapers and magazines published by emigrants in the following centuries were responsible for its dissemination. This article is devoted to some questions about the production, circulation and distribution of French and French-Brazilian newspapers and magazines in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in the 19th and 20th centuries. The hypothesis is that this printed press performed the Francophone diffusion and was between the pioneers of insertion of Brazil in the logic of transnational media that appears with rise of modernity. To this end, in addition to get lists of French printed press imported and local published titles in two capitals, achieved in old catalogs of book sellers and public collections, as well as the distribution places which made them accessible to readers, were consulted French and Brazilian statistical and postal reports to search quantitative data of subsidies the analysis. Between results were found titles French predominance (result the French power culture in this period, particularly in Latin America) and the discovery of commercial deals favorable to French printed press, which bring a new element to explain its great influx to Brazil, indicating a new methodological perspective for the studies of the foreign press circulation history.

ABSTRACT Reserve mobilization in seeds occurs after visible germination, which is marked by the protrusion of the radicle or cotyledonary petiole, as in species of Arecaceae. Acrocomia aculeata (macaw palm), usually produces hard seeds whose endosperm has mannan-rich cell walls. We investigated the composition of storage compounds in macaw palm seed and the roles of two enzymes (endo-β-mannanase, α-galactosidase) during and after germination. The seeds were firstly submitted to pre-established protocol to overcome dormancy and promote germination. Enzyme activity in both embryo and endosperm were assayed from the initiation of germinative activities until leaf sheath appearance, and the status of seed structures and reserve compounds were evaluated. Protein content of the embryo decreased with the initiation of imbibition while the lipid content began decreasing six days after removal of the operculum. Increases in enzyme activity and starch content were both observed after visible germination. We suggest that endo-β-mannanase and α-galactosidase become active immediately at germination, facilitating haustorium expansion and providing carbohydrates for initial seedling development. Protein is the first storage compound mobilized during early imbibition, and the observed increase in the starch content of the haustorium was related to lipid degradation in that organ and mannan degradation in the adjacent endosperm.

RESUMO Durante a germinação, uma série de eventos sequenciais ocorre nas sementes em resposta a fatores endógenos e/ou exógenos às mesmas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as alterações fisiológicas decorrentes da hidratação controlada em água e da temperatura (fatores exógenos) em sementes de Dalbergia nigra (jacarandá-da-bahia). Para tanto, dois lotes de sementes, um de alto e um de baixo vigor foram utilizados nos ensaios. As sementes pertencentes aos dois lotes, após desinfestadas com Captan 0,5%, foram então hidratadas em água, pelo método da atmosfera úmida (umidade relativa de 95-99%), até atingirem quatro níveis de hidratação: 10, 15, 20 ou 25% de teor de água nas sementes, nas temperaturas de 15 e 25ºC. Após os tratamentos foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: curva de embebição, percentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade (IVG) e condutividade elétrica. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença significativa na resposta fisiológica das sementes entre as temperaturas. Por outro lado, para a hidratação verificou-se que até 15% do teor de água aumentou a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de ambos os lotes, que apresentaram maiores valores de germinação, IVG e menores quantidades de compostos lixiviados. A partir de 15% de teor de água verificou-se redução na qualidade das sementes classificadas como de alto vigor, enquanto aquelas de baixo vigor continuaram apresentando respostas positivas em 20 e 25% de teor de água. Diante disto, conclui-se que a técnica de hidratação controlada em água favorece a germinação de sementes de Dalbergia nigra, independentemente do vigor das mesmas. A hidratação no teor de água de 15% é a mais indicada para incrementar a qualidade das sementes. A hidratação nos valores abaixo ou acima resultaram em redução no estímulo.

ABSTRACT During germination, a series of sequential events occur in seeds in response to endogenous and / or exogenous factors. The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological changes resulting from the controlled hydration in water and temperature in seeds of jacaranda-da-bahia (Dalbergia nigra). To this end, two lots of seeds separated as high and low vigor were used in the tests. Seeds belonging to the two lots, after desinfect, were hydrated in water, with the method of humid atmosphere (relative humidity 95-99%) to reach four hydration levels: 10, 15, 20 and 25% moisture content in seeds, in temperatures (exogenous factor) of 15 and 25 ° C. After hydration and temperature treatments, were analyzed the following variables: curve soaking, germination percentage, germination speed index (GSI) and electrical conductivity. The results showed no significant difference in seeds physiological response between the temperatures. On the other hand, for hydration was found that up to 15% moisture content increased the seeds physiological quality of both lots, which showed higher germination values, IVG and smaller amounts of leached compounds. From 15% moisture content were found a reduction in the quality of seeds classified as high vigor, while those of low vigor continued to show positive responses in 20 and 25% humidity. Given this, it is concluded that the technique of controlled hydration in water favors the germination of Dalbergia nigra seeds, independent of the vigor. Hydration moisture content of 15% is more appropriate to increase the seeds quality. The hydration in values below or above resulted in a decrease in the stimulus.

An Aspergillus niger UFV-1 phytase was characterized and made available for industrial application. The enzyme was purified via ultrafiltration followed by acid precipitation, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. This protein exhibited a molecular mass of 161 kDa in gel filtration and 81 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), indicating that it may be a dimer. It presented an optimum temperature of 60 °C and optimum pH of 2.0. The KM for sodium phytate hydrolysis was 30.9 mM, while the kcat and kcat/KM were 1.46 ×105 s−1 and 4.7 × 106s−1.M−1, respectively. The purified phytase exhibited broad specificity on a range of phosphorylated compounds, presenting activity on sodium phytate, p-NPP, 2- naphthylphosphate, 1- naphthylphosphate, ATP, phenyl-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, calcium phytate and other substrates. Enzymatic activity was slightly inhibited by Mg2+, Cd2+, K+ and Ca2+, and it was drastically inhibited by F−. The enzyme displayed high thermostability, retaining more than 90% activity at 60 °C during 120 h and displayed a t1/2 of 94.5 h and 6.2 h at 70 °C and 80 °C, respectively. The enzyme demonstrated strong resistance toward pepsin and trypsin, and it retained more than 90% residual activity for both enzymes after 1 h treatment. Additionally, the enzyme efficiently hydrolyzed phytate in livestock feed, liberating 15.3 μmol phosphate/mL after 2.5 h of treatment.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar o efeito da temperatura sobre a germinação de sementes de Melanoxylon brauna e identificar as temperaturas cardinais de germinação, bem como avaliar a eficiência do teste de condutividade elétrica para determinação das temperaturas cardinais. Para tanto, foram realizados três ensaios. No primeiro, foi feita a determinação das curvas de embebição, em cada temperatura (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 e 45 ºC); as sementes foram pesadas a cada 2 h, por um período de 12 h e após a cada 12 h até a protrusão radicular de 50% das sementes, ou até 120 h quando na ausência de germinação. No segundo ensaio, para identificar as temperaturas cardinais, as sementes foram mantidas sob cada temperatura, por 10 dias, em câmara tipo BOD, sob luz constante. No terceiro ensaio, foi realizado um teste de condutividade elétrica com as sementes incubadas por períodos de 24, 48 e 72 h de embebição em cada uma das temperaturas e, em seguida, colocadas em erlenmeyers com 75 mL de água deionizada a 25 ºC, por 24 h, para posterior leitura da condutividade elétrica. É mais criterioso recomendar faixas de temperaturas para germinação do que temperaturas pontuais. As temperaturas cardinais (teóricas) para a característica porcentagem de germinação são: 12,3 ºC - mínima, 30,0 ºC - ótima (teórica) e 42,7 ºC - máxima. As faixas de temperatura considerando todas as variáveis investigadas são: 12,1-12,6 ºC (mínima); 30,0-35,8 ºC (ótima); e 42,4-43,0 ºC (máxima). A espécie apresenta grande amplitude de germinação com relação à temperatura, sendo verificada a germinação na faixa de 12,0 a 42,0 ºC. O teste de condutividade elétrica foi eficiente para avaliar o efeito da temperatura sobre as sementes e, nesse teste, a temperatura ótima é de 27,0 ºC..

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the germination of Melanoxylonbrauna seeds and identify cardinal temperatures for germination, as well as to evaluate the efficiency of the electrical conductivity test to determine the cardinal temperatures. Therefore, three testswere performed. In the first test, the determination of imbibition curves was performed at each temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45ºC), the seeds were weighed every two hours for a period of 12 hours and after every 12 hours until the root protrusion of 50% of the seeds, or 120 hours when there was no germination. In the second test, to identify the cardinal temperatures, seeds were kept under each temperature for a period of 10 days in DBO under constant light. In the third test, an electrical conductivity test was performed with the seeds incubated for 24, 48 and 72 hours of imbibition in each of the temperatures, and then were placed inerlenmeyer flasks with 75 mL of deionized water at 25ºC for 24 hours for subsequent reading of the electrical conductivity. It is more judicious to recommend temperature ranges for germination than punctual temperatures. The cardinal temperatures (theoretical) for the characteristic germination rates are: 12.3ºC - minimum - 30.0ºC optimal (theoretical) and 42.7ºC maximun. The temperature ranges considering all the variables investigated were: 12.1 to 12.6ºC (minimum); 30.0-35.8ºC (optimum) and 42.4-43.0ºC (maximum). The specie has a wide range of germination with respect to temperature, and germination was observed in the temperature range from 12.0 to 42.0ºC. The electrical conductivity test was efficient to evaluate the effect of temperature onseeds and according to this test the optimal temperature is 27.0ºC.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, investigar o efeito da temperatura sobre o metabolismo oxidativo, por meio da atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), ascorbato peroxidase (APX) e catalase (CAT) no eixo embrionário e no endosperma micropilar de sementes de Melanoxylon brauna Schott, durante a germinação. As sementes foram semeadas em rolos de papel germitest umedecidos com água destilada e submetidas às temperaturas constantes de 15, 25, 30 e 40ºC, durante 10 dias. As determinações das atividades das enzimas SOD, APX e CAT foram feitas nas sementes colocadas para germinar sob as mesmas condições descritas acima e a cada 12 horas foram retiradas amostras até a protrusão radicular de 50% das sementes ou 168 horas para a temperatura de 15ºC. Não foram detectadas atividades das enzimas SOD, APX e CAT no endosperma micropilar nas diferentes temperaturas. No eixo embrionário, as atividades das enzimas SOD e CAT apresentaram maiores alterações ao longo da germinação em 15ºC e 40ºC, demonstrando que temperaturas estressantes provocam danos oxidativos. A atividade da enzima APX, no eixo embrionário, não foi afetada pela temperatura ao longo da germinação e sua atividade foi extremamente baixa.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the oxidative metabolism through the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) in the embryonic axis and micropylar endosperm of Melanoxylon brauna Schott seeds during germination. The seeds were sown in paper rolls germitest moistened with distilled water and subjected to constant temperatures of 15, 25, 30 and 40ºC for 10 days. Measurements of the activities of enzymes SOD, APX and CAT were made in the seeds germinated under the same conditions described above, and every 12 hours until the samples were taken root protrusion of 50% of the seeds or 168 hours for the temperature 15ºC. There were no activities of the enzymes SOD, APX and CAT in the micropylar endosperm at different temperatures. In the embryonic axis, the activities of the enzymes SOD and CAT showed greater changes over the germination of 15ºC and 40ºC, demonstrating that temperature stress causes oxidative damage. The APX enzyme activity in the embryonic axis was not affected by temperature during germination and its activity was extremely low.

A embebição das sementes é o passo inicial do processo de germinação, que se caracteriza pela hidratação de tecidos e células, ativando e/ou induzindo a síntese de enzimas responsáveis pela mobilização das reservas, para atender as necessidades de respiração e a construção de novas estruturas celulares. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as alterações nas substâncias de reservas durante a hidratação lenta em água de sementes de jacarandá-da-bahia (Dalbergia nigra). Sementes pertencentes a dois lots distintos (lots I e II) foram colocadas para hidratar em dessecadores saturados (95-99% UR) nas temperaturas de 15 e 25 °C até atingirem os teores de água de 10, 15, 20 e 25% de umidade. Em cada nível de hidratação foram avaliadas as variações nas reservas de lipídios, carboidratos solúveis, amido e proteínas solúveis. A mobilização de reservas ocorreu de maneira similar nos dois lotes avaliados, porém não foram observadas diferenças entre as duas temperaturas de hidratação. Os teores de lipídios apresentaram pequena variação durante a hidratação, enquanto os conteúdos de carboidratos solúveis e amido apresentaram decréscimo a partir do nível de hidratação de 15%. Proteínas solúveis exibiram tendência gradativa de queda, desde a testemunha (sementes secas) até o nível de 25% de umidade.

Seed imbibitions is the first stage of the germination process and is characterized by the hydration of tissues and cells and the activation and/or induction of the enzymes responsible for mobilizing reserves for respiration and the construction of new cell structures. The objective of this study was to investigate the alterations in reserve substances during slow hydration of Bahia Rosewood (Dalbergia nigra) seeds in water. Seeds from two different lots (Lot I and II) were placed in saturated desiccators (95-99% RH) to hydrate at 15 and 25 °C until water contents of 10, 15, 20 and 25% were reached. At each level of hydration, changes in lipid reserves, soluble carbohydrates, starch and soluble proteins were evaluated. The mobilization of reserves was similarly assessed in both lots, with no differences being observed between the two hydration temperatures. Lipid contents showed little variation during hydration, while the contents of soluble carbohydrates and starch decreased after the 15% water content level. Soluble proteins showed a gradual tendency to decrease between the control (dry seeds) up to 25% water content.

A germinação é um processo que se inicia com a absorção de água pelas sementes, estimulando a síntese de enzimas ou ativação daquelas pré-existentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as variações nas reservas de monossacarídeos e atividades das enzimas α-galactosidase e poligalacturonase durante a hidratação de sementes de dois lotes de Dalbergia nigra (jacarandá-da-Bahia). Para tanto, sementes de duas procedências constituíram os lotes I e II, classificados como de alto e baixo vigor, respectivamente. Os lotes foram colocados para hidratar em dessecadores com alta umidade relativa nas temperaturas de 15 e 25 °C até atingirem os níveis de hidratação de 10, 15, 20 e 25% de umidade nas sementes. Os teores de monossacarídeos e as atividades das enzimas foram analisados nos cotilédones das sementes. Os teores de ramnose e xilose apresentaram valores superiores na testemunha, com redução durante a hidratação até 15%, momento a partir do qual aumentaram novamente, em ambos os lotes. O lote I, de qualidade superior, possui maior síntese e degradação de glicose durante a hidratação das sementes. Ambas as enzimas mostraram ser pré-formadas, por já apresentarem atividade nas sementes sem embebição. A poligalacturonase aumentou e a α-galactosidase manteve-se relativamente constante durante a hidratação das sementes.

Germination is a process that begins with seed water uptake, stimulating enzyme synthesis or activating enzymes already present. The objective of this study was to evaluate variations in monosaccharide reserves and the activities of the α-galactosidase and polygalacturonase enzymes during the hydration of two lots of Dalbergia nigra (Bahia Rosewood) seeds. Seeds from different origins constituted the two lots I and II, classified as high and low vigor, respectively. Both lots were placed in desiccators with a high relative humidity to hydrate and at 15 and 25 °C until levels of 10, 15, 20 and 25% moisture levels in seeds were reached. The seed cotyledons were analyzed for the quantity of monosaccharides and enzyme activity. The control had higher concentrations of xylose and rhamnose, which decreased during hydration until the 15% level was reached, after which concentrations increased again in both lots. Lot I, with a superior quality, showed higher glucose synthesis and degradation during seed hydration. Both enzymes were pre-existing since activity was already present in the seeds without imbibition. The polygalacturonase enzyme increased and the α-galactosidase enzyme remained relatively constant during seed hydration.

Sugarcane straw biomass accounts for 1/3 of the energy potential of sugarcane and represents a rich source of sugars. Studies have been intensified for the use of this biomass along with bagasse for the production of cellulosic ethanol. Development of this technological path will allow for taking full advantage of sugarcane, increasing ethanol production without expanding the area cultivated. However, in order for this technology to be viable certain challenges must be overcome, including establishment of appropriate conditions of pretreatment and hydrolysis of these materials for release of fermentable sugars.

Duas α-galactosidases (P1 e P2) e uma invertase produzidas no sobrenadante da cultura do fungo Aspergillus terreus quando crescido por 168 h a 28ºC com farelo de trigo como fonte de carbono foram parcialmente purificadas por cromatografias de gel filtração e interação hidrofóbica. O pH e temperatura ótimos para as preparações P1, P2 e invertase foram entre 4,5-5,0, 5,5 e 4,0 e 60, 55 e 65ºC, respectivamente. O K M app para Ï�-nitrofenil-α-D-galactopiranosideo foi 1.32 mM e 0.72 mM para P1 e P2, respectivamente. O valor de K M app para invertase usando sacarose como substrato foi de 15,66 mM. As preparações enzimáticas P1 e P2 mantiveram suas atividades após 3 h de pré-incubação a 50 ºC e a invertase manteve cerca de 90% após 6 h a 55 ºC. P1 e P2 foram diferentemente sensíveis à inibição por Ag+, D-galactose e SDS. As preparações enzimáticas hidrolisaram os galactooligossacarídeos presentes em melaço de soja.

Two α -galactosidase (P1 and P2) and one invertase present in the culture of Aspergillus terreus grown on wheat straw for 168 h at 28ºC were partially purified by gel filtration and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies. Optimum pH and temperatures for P1, P2 and invertase preparations were 4.5-5.0, 5.5 and 4.0 and 60, 55 and 65ºC, respectively. The K M app for Ï� -nitrophenyl-α -D-galactopyranoside were 1.32 mM and 0.72 mM for P1 and P2, respectively, while the K M app value for invertase, using sacarose as a substrate was 15.66 mM. Enzyme preparations P1 and P2 maintained their activities after pre-incubation for 3 h at 50ºC and invertase maintained about 90% after 6 h at 55 ºC. P1 and P2 presented different inhibition sensitivities by Ag+, D-galactose, and SDS. All enzyme preparations hydrolyzed galacto-ologosaccharides present in soymolasses.