Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the production, fat and fatty acids of milk as well as the diameter, classification and quantity of the milk fat globules (MFG) of goats consuming a diet with 15% of crude glycerin. Twelve multiparous Saanen goats weighing 40 ± 6 kg and 90 ± 5 days of lactation were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (0 and 15% inclusion of glycerin). In this way, each milk sample is classified according to the percentage of milk fat globules that were included in these three size categories. For the variables milk production, fat, diameter, medium and large fat globules and amount of globules showed a significant effect of the inclusion of glycerin in the diet (p < 0.05). Fifteen fatty acids were found, mostly saturated. For caprylic, palmitic, and linoleic fatty acids, there was no significant influence of the inclusion of glycerin (p > 0.05). Can recommend the use of 15% double-distilled glycerin in the feeding of lactating goats increased milk production, the amount of fat, increased the size of the milk fat globule. Regarding the saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, they kept the level of 15% of glycerin.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to verify the effect of diet and environmental temperature on traits of milk fat globules (MFG) of goats. The experiment was conducted in climatic chambers, where we housed 12 Alpine goats with a mean age of 4.02±1.78 years, live weight of 41.8±4.59 kg, and average milk production of 2.16±0.59 kg. The animals were subjected to two different controlled temperatures, T1 = 26 ℃ (thermoneutral) and T2 = 34 ℃ (stress), and diets with different energy levels (low, medium, and high). A milk sample of each animal was collected at 6.00 h, coinciding with milking. The effect of temperature and diet was verified on MFG. The highest MFG was observed at 26 ℃ and medium energy diet. The MFG reached lower values with the diet of medium energy and high temperature (34 ℃). On average, 35% of MFG is smaller than 2 μm, 50% is medium in size (2-5 μm), and 15% is large (>5 μm), with a maximum size of 9.57 μm. The higher prevalence of medium-sized MFG is indicative of excellent milk digestibility. The increase in dietary energy levels promoted both the fat and diameter of fat globules. The higher fat and the larger globules would positively affect the cheese-making aptitude and make it suitable for production of hard cheeses. The increase in dietary energy levels for goats promotes an increase in the diameter of fat globules and milk fat (%), essential traits to the cheese industry.

ABSTRACT. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the requirement of digestible methionine for growing pullets at growth phase (7 to 12 weeks of age). A completely randomized design was distributed in five treatments, six replicates, and 15 pullets per experimental unit. 450 Dekalb White pullets from the 7th weeks of age, with an average initial weight of 313.14 ± 12.49 g were used. Dietary treatments consisted in five diets supplemented with DL-Methionine which resulted in five levels of digestible methionine (0.266, 0.294, 0.322, 0.350, and 0.378 %). Performance, serological blood, histopathology and histomorphometry data were evaluated. Quadratic responses were observed for final live weight (p < 0.0143), weight gain (p < 0.0073), feed conversion ratio (p < 0.0058), glycogen deposition in the liver (p < 0.0001), gamma-glutamyl transferase enzyme activity (p < 0.0008), and villus height (p < 0.0024) with digestible dMet levels. In conclusion, the use of 0.343 % dMet, corresponding to a dMet:dLys ratio 55, is recommended for white-egg pullets from 7 to 12 weeks of age.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of guava agroindustrial waste (GAW) on ruminal parameters (pH, N-NH3, and microbial protein), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and morphometry of the rumen and intestine of sheep. A total of forty Santa Inês sheep (120 days old and 21.3±2.62 kg) were used. The animals were fed diets with 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30% inclusion of GAW. The pH, ammonia nitrogen, microbial protein, and VFA were evaluated in the ruminal fluid, alongside the morphometric characteristics of the rumen and intestine. The inclusion of GAW linearly increased fasting and postprandial pH, N-NH3 only showed a quadratic effect for fasting animal, whereas MP presented a quadratic effect for pre- and post-prandial animals. There was a quadratic effect for papilla width, with a maximum value of 393.33 μm at the level of 34.43% GAW in the diet. The papilla absorption area showed a linear effect, in which increasing levels of GAW in the diet had a smaller area of papillae absorption. The inclusion of GAW in the diet of Santa Inês sheep favored pH neutrality, reduced N-NH3 and ruminal MP concentrations, decreased the thickness of the rumen muscular layer, and increased the intestinal mucosa, favoring greater absorption of nutrients.

RESUMO: Esse estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da Creolina® quando administrada por diferentes vias de acesso em ratos experimentalmente envenenados pela peçonha de Bothrops jararaca. Em ratas Wistar fêmeas foi inoculada a peçonha botrópica por via intramuscular, e em seguida as ratas foram tratadas com Creolina® (administrada oralmente, topicamente e intramuscularmente) ou a mistura de veneno + Creolina®. Os animais que receberam a Creolina®, além do veneno, por via oral, tópica e muscular desenvolveram a sintomatologia local e achados laboratoriais semelhantes ao grupo que recebeu apenas o veneno. De forma controversa, os animais inoculados com o veneno misturado a Creolina® não apresentaram sinais característicos da ação local do veneno (necrose, hemorragia) e apresentaram parâmetros hematológicos dentro da normalidade para espécie. Esses resultados sugerem que a Creolina® apresentou efeito antiofídico apenas quando misturada ao veneno e administrada intramuscularmente.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Creolin® when administered by different pathways in rats experimentally poisoned with Bothrops jararaca venom. In female Wistar rats, the Bothropic venom was inoculated intramuscularly, and then the rats were either treated with Creolin® (administered orally, topically, or intramuscularly), or with amixture of venom + Creolin® intramuscularly. Animals that received Creolin®, apart from the venom, by oral, topical, or intramuscular routes developed local symptoms and showed laboratory findings similar to those animals that received only the venom. Conversely, animals inoculated with the venom incubated with Creolin® showed no signs of local venom toxicity (necrosis or hemorrhage) and displayed hematological parameters within the normal range for the species. These results suggest that Creolin® exhibited an antiophidian effect only when it is mixed with the venom and administered intramuscularly.

RESUMO: São relatados 11 casos de enterite ulcerativa e granulomatosa associada ao parasitismo por Molineus torulosus em diferentes espécies de primatas neotropicais do gênero Sapajus. Todos os macacos afetados haviam sido apreendidos pela polícia ambiental e estavam sendo tratados em um centro de reabilitação de animais silvestres. O histórico clínico era de emagrecimento e debilidade. Durante a necropsia, foram constatados diversos nódulos na parede do duodeno e jejuno proximal, com úlceras na mucosa intestinal adjacente, além de nódulos no pâncreas de quatro macacos. Histologicamente, observou-se no intestino delgado, granulomas eosinofílicos associados à fibrose, ovos e exemplares adultos de tricostrongilídeos, etiologia consistente com Molineus torulosus. O presente trabalho descreve os primeiros casos de parasitismo em Sapajus flavius, uma espécie antes considerada extinta e recentemente redescoberta, e relata a ocorrência de M. torulosus em outras duas espécies, Sapajus libidinosus e Sapajus apella.

ABSTRACT: This paper reports eleven cases of ulcerative and granulomatous enteritis associated with Molineus torulosus parasitism in different species of neotropical primates of the Sapajus genus. All of the affected monkeys had been apprehended by the environmental police and were being treated in a rehabilitation center for wild animals. The clinical history was weight loss and debility. During the necropsy, several nodules were found on the duodenum and proximal jejunum wall, with ulcers on the adjacent intestinal mucosa, including the nodules in the pancreas of four monkeys. Histologically, eosinophilic granulomas were observed in the small intestine, associated with fibrosis, eggs and adult models of Trichostrongylidae, etiology consistent with Molineus torulosus. This study describes the first cases of parasitism in Sapajus flavius, a species previously considered extinct, but recently rediscovered, and presents the occurrence of M. torulosus in two other species, Sapajus libidinosus and Sapajus apella.

Os ratos apresentam desenvolvimento embrionário similar aos de animais domésticos e humanos, sendo assim um modelo válido para estudos científicos. Dentre eles, o F344 se destaca por ser uma linhagem isogênica, facilitando a leitura dos resultados obtidos, devido a sua homogeneidade gênica. Devido à falta de estudos histológicos acerca do desenvolvimento hepático em ratos, o presente estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar histologicamente pela primeira vez o processo de desenvolvimento hepático nos estágios embrionários de E12,5 (12,5 dias de gestação), E13,5, E14,5, E15,5 e E16,5 em ratos F344. Cinco embriões de cada estágio embrionário foram coletados, fixados em Metacarn, incluídos em paraplast e realizadas colorações histológicas e histoquímica. Os brotos hepáticos de embriões entre 12,5-14,5 dias apresentaram-se como aglomerados de hepatoblastos, ainda desorganizados e circundados por inúmeras células precursoras sanguíneas nucleadas. Observou-se que os hepatoblastos possuem um núcleo grande basofílico com pouco citoplasma. Sinusoides com eritroblastos e células de Kupffer também foram encontrados. Com 14,5 dias, foi observada a coexistência de hepatoblastos e hepatócitos, além de megacariócitos. Nos embriões com 15,5 dias, começou a verificar-se distinção entre os cordões de hepatócitos em formação, limitados pelos capilares sinusoides. Tais cordões começavam a confluir para as presentes veias centrolobulares. Com 16,5 dias, a arquitetura parenquimal estava mais próxima da encontrada em fígados adultos, sendo a quantidade de hepatócitos superior à de hepatoblastos. Nesse prazo gestacional, o fígado ainda tinha função hematopoiética. O estudo traz histologicamente o desenvolvimento hepático entre 12,5-16,5 dias de ratos da linhagem F344, evidenciando as células que compõem cada período gestacional, gerando subsídios para futuros estudos.

The rats have embryonic development similar to other domestic animals and human beings, thus a valid model for scientific studies. Among them, the F344 stands out for be isogenic, facilitating the reading of the results obtained because of their genetic homogeneity. Due to the lack of histological studies concerning hepatic development in rats, the present study aimed to characterize histologically for the first time the process of developing liver in the stages of gestation of E12.5 (12.5 days of gestation), E13.5, E14.5, E15.5 and E16.5 in rats F344. Five embryos of each embryonic stage were collected, fixed in Metacarn, embedded in Paraplast and then histological stains and histochemistry were performed. The hepatic bud of embryo among 12.5-14.5 days presented themselves a cluster of hepatoblasts still disorganized and surrounded by numerous nucleated blood precursor cells. It was observed that the hepatoblasts have a large nucleus basophilic with little cytoplasm. Sinusoids with erythroblasts and Kupffer cells also have been found. At 14.5 days it was observed the coexistence of hepatoblasts and hepatocytes. In the embryos with 15.5 days began the verify distinction between the cords of hepatocytes in formation limited by capillary sinusoids. Such cords began to converge for the present centrilobular veins. At 16.5 days the parenchymal architecture was nearer found in the adult liver, being the quantity of hepatocytes greater than hepatoblasts. During this gestation period the liver also had hematopoietic function. The study brings histologically the rats F344 hepatic development between 12.5-16.5 days, evidencing the cells that comprise each gestational period generating subsidies for future studies.

OBJETIVO: observar se a laserterapia de baixa intensidade acelera o processo inflamatório, a cicatrização e epitelização de enxertos cutâneos por semeadura. MÉTODOS: vinte ratos foram submetidos a esta técnica de enxertia e divididos em dois grupos iguais, um tratado com laser e outro controle. RESULTADOS: houve menor tempo de reação inflamatória, maior velocidade de cicatrização, epitelização e queratinização nos animais tratados com laser em relação aos não tratados. CONCLUSÃO: a laserterapia de baixa intensidade é efetiva no auxílio ao tratamento de enxertos por semeadura.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of low intensity laser therapy in inflammation, wound healing and epithelialization of island skin grafts. METHODS: Twenty rats were subjected to this grafting technique and divided subsequently into two equal groups, one treated with laser and the other control. RESULTS: there was less inflammation, faster healing, epithelialization and keratinization in the laser-treated animals when compared to the untreated. CONCLUSION: Low intensity laser therapy is helpful to island skin grafting.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the requirement of digestible tryptophan for white laying hens in the production stage fed diets of different digestible tryptophan:digestible lysine ratios, as well as animal performance and histological alterations in their reproductive and digestive systems. A total of 280 white laying hens at 29 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and seven replications with eight birds in each. The treatments consisted of a base feed, formulated with corn, soybean meal and corn gluten meal, and supplemented with the synthetic amino acids L-lysine, DL-methionine, L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-arginine, and L-valine, so as to meet the nutritional requirements for laying hens, except for digestible tryptophan. The basal diet was supplemented with 0.00; 0.017; 0.035; 0.052; and 0.069 g/kg of L-tryptophan in substitution for corn starch with the objective of reaching the levels of 0.151; 0.167; 0.183; 0.199; and 0.215 g/kg of digestible tryptophan in the feed. For the ratio between digestible amino acids and lysine, the recommendation of Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine was followed, except for the digestible tryptophan:digestible lysine ratios, which were 19, 21, 23, 25 and 27 for each treatment. The variation in the digestible tryptophan:digestible lysine ratio promoted changes in performance and in the histological characteristics, improving the results. The digestible tryptophan:digestible lysine ratio of 24.5% in the feed of white laying hens in production stage promotes better animal performance and histological results.

O uso de animais isogênicos apresenta grandes vantagens experimentais, como uniformidade fenotípica e genotípica (reduzindo o número de animais em experimentos) e histocompatibilidade, permitindo, assim, o acúmulo de informações e a repetibilidade dos experimentos. A linhagem isogênica de Rattus norvegicus Fischer 344 existe há 90 anos, entretanto pouco se sabe sobre as razões de seu baixo índice reprodutivo. O presente estudo demonstrou que ratos Fischer F344 são fotorresponsivos quanto à reprodução, tendo seus índices de prenhezes acrescidos com o aumento do fotoperíodo. Os melhores índices são obtidos quando os machos são submetidos a 14 horas de luz e fêmeas a 16 horas de luz, indicando dimorfismo sexual na fotorresponsividade.

The use of isogenic animals presents great experimental advantages, as phenotypic and genotypic uniformity (reducing the number of experimental animals) and histocompatibility, thus allowing, the accumulation of information, and the repeatability of the experiments. The isogenic strain of Rattus norvegicus Fischer 344 has existed for 90 years, however the reasons of its low reproductive index are not knew. The present study has demonstrated that Fischer F344 rats are photoresponsive regarding reproduction, having improved its pregnancy index with the increase of the photoperiod. The best indexes were achieved when the males had been submitted to 14 hours of light and females to 16 hours of light, indicating sexual dimorphism in photoresponsivity.

A avaliação da função pulmonar em cães pode ser obtida mediante exames cintilográficos, os quais incluem a injeção de radiofármacos, seguida de radiografias. Neste estudo, foram utilizados 10 cães machos hígidos da raça Rottweiler e radiograficamente normais e soronegativos para dirofilariose, com administração de doses variadas de macroagregado de albumina sérica humana marcados com tecnécio-99m ([99mTc](MAA)). Os resultados foram avaliados qualitativa e quantitativamente, considerando o índice de perfusão pulmonar e sua homogeneidade, sendo dessa maneira visualizado um aumento na homogeneidade da imagem diretamente relacionado ao número de partículas de MAA injetado. Este estudo define os critérios de normalidade e de dosagem na perfusão pulmonar em cães hígidos da raça Rottweiller estabelecidos com a técnica de cintilografia.

Pulmonary function evaluation in dogs can be gotten by scintigraphy exams, which are obtained with radiopharmacs injections, followed by radiography. In this study it was used 10 healthful male dogs of Rottweiler breed, radiographically normal and serum negative for dirofilariasis, with administration of varied doses of human serum albumin grouped marked with technetium-99m (MAA). The results were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively, considering the index of pulmonary perfusion and its homogeneity, being found an increase on the homogeneity of image directly related with the number of MAA particles injected. This study defines the criteria of normality and the dosage of pulmonary perfusion in healthful dogs established with scintigraphy technique.

Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a presença de pneumócitos tipo II e o início da produção de lipoproteína surfactante em bovinos, correlacionando a idade gestacional com a síntese de surfactante durante o desenvolvimento fetal. Pulmões de fetos com quatro meses de idade gestacional estavam na fase canalicular de desenvolvimento, sem a presença de pneumócitos tipo II ou bandas eletroforéticas compatíveis com a presença de proteínas surfactante. No 5° mês gestacional, os pulmões dos fetos encontravam-se em fase de saculação terminal, com a presença de alvéolos por epitélio cúbico, com áreas formadas por pneumócitos I e II. Nesse período ainda não foi possível identificar proteína surfactante nos pulmões. Esses órgãos em fetos com seis meses de idade gestacional estavam em fase de saco terminal, com presença de pneumócitos tipo I e II. Nessa fase a análise para determinação protéica do surfactante de feto bovino (SDS - PAGE) demonstrou presença de bandas entre 26 e 36kDa, confirmando produção de SP - A, proteína surfactante encontrada em maior quantidade. A partir do 7° mês gestacional, a fase de saco terminal é mais evidente e complexa, com desenvolvimento de intensa vascularização. O pneumócito tipo I apresentava aspecto mais pavimentoso, e o tipo II apresentava aspecto mais globoso. Na análise SDS - PAGE do lavado bronco - alveolar, bandas de proteína surfactante com aspecto similar ao de animais recém-nascidos foram encontradas. Em recém-nascidos, pulmões na fase alveolar foram observados com pneumócitos tipo I e II característicos. O perfil das bandas do lavado bronco-alveolar dos recém-nascidos foi igual ao de animais adultos. Esses achados sugerem que um animal nascido precocemente, a partir dos sete meses de gestação, teria sua sobrevivência garantida devido a uma possível funcionalidade do sistema respiratório do feto, pois o pulmão possuiria as características necessárias para a síntese de proteínas surfactantes. Entretanto, mais estudos clínicos sobre a funcionalidade do sistema respiratório abrem novas fronteiras de experimentos sobre fisiologia respiratória em recém-nascidos bovinos.

The aim of this study was to characterize the presence of type II pneumocyte and the beginning of the surfactant protein production in bovines to the correlated gestational age. Lungs of fetuses at 4 months gestational age were found to be in the canalicular development phase, without presence of type II pneumocytes or appearance of electrophoretic bands compatible with the presence of the surfactant protein. In fetuses at 5 months of gestational age, the lungs were at the terminal sac phase, with the presence of primitive alveolus, formed by cubical epithelium and areas formed by pneumocytes I and pneumocytes II. No electrophoretic bands compatible to the surfactants proteins were identified. In contrast, lungs of fetuses at 6 months of gestational age showed, development of terminal sac phase, with the presence of type I and type II pneumocytes. In this phase, proteic determination for the SDS - PAGE analysis showed the presence of bands between 26 to 36kDa, demonstrating SP - A production, which is the surfactant protein found in highest amount. From the 7th gestational month on, the phase of terminal sac is more evident and complex, with intense sprouting vascularization. The type I pneumocyte had a more squamous aspect and type II pneumocyte were more globular. In the SDS - PAGE analysis of the bronchial - alveolar wash, surfactant protein bands had been observed with a profile similar to that of the newborn animals. In newborn animals, lungs in alveolar phase showed the development of type I and II pneumocytes. The profile of the bronchial - alveolar wash from the newborn was similar to an adult animal, presenting the same bands in triplets. These results suggest that early born fetuses, from 7 months of pregnancy could have a guarantee of surviving due to possible functionality of respiratory system because the lung presented all necessary features for surphactant protein syntheses. However, new clinical studies related to respiratory system functionality open new venues for newborn bovine's experiments respiratory physiology.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever o desenvolvimento dos sistemas renais de bovinos durante o período embrionário compreendido entre 10 e 50 dias. Embriões bovinos coletados em frigorífico foram fotografados e medidos utilizando-se o método Crow-Rump (CR) para estimar a idade gestacional. Os embriões destinados à miscroscopia óptica foram fixados em solução de Bouin para a avaliação do desenvolvimento do sistema renal, assim como suas estruturas. Alguns embriões também foram fixados em Glutaraldeído 2,5% e destinados à microscopia eletrônica de transmissão para o estudo ultraestrutural das células do sistema renal. Embriões entre o 14° e o 15° dia de desenvolvimento (E14-15) não apresentaram pronefro, mas apresentaram mesonefro, assim como indícios morfológicos que indicam sua atividade funcional. O mesonefro apresentou, no interior de suas células tubulares, inúmeras mitocôndrias e interdigitações, indicando uma alta atividade de transporte iônico. O metanefro, ou rim definitivo, iniciou seu desenvolvimento em E23-24. Os achados emonstram que a involução do mesonefro acontece simultaneamente com a diferenciação metanefrogênica. Em E45-46, já iniciando a fase fetal, o metanefro possuiu unidades filtradoras (néfrons), com seus respectivos glomérulos, túbulos contorcidos proximais e distais e alça de Henle. Nessa fase, o rim ainda não apresenta lobação externa.

The aim of this study was to describe the bovine renal system development, during the early embryonic period (10-50 days). Bovine embryos collected in abattoir were photographed and measured by Crow-Rump (CR) method to estimate the gestational age. The embryos destined to optical microscopy were fixed in Bouin solution for development evaluations of renal system, as well as its structures. Some embryos also were fixed in Glutaraldeheyde 2.5% and destined to transmission electron microscopy for ultrastructural study of renal system cells. In bovine embryos with gestational age of 14 to 15 days (E14-15) the presence of pronephro were not observed, however the mesonephro was found, as well as morphologic indications of it is functional activity. Mesonephro presented, in the interior of its tubular cells, innumerable mitochondrias and interdigitations, indicating high activity of ionic transportation. The metanephro, or definitive kidney, initiates its development in E23-24. The study demonstrated that the involution of mesonephro happened simultaneously with the metanephrogenic differentiation. In E45-46, the embryos already initiated the fetal phase, and the metanephro possess the filter units (nephrons), with its respective glomeruli, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and the loop of Henle.