RESUMO O paratudo, Tabebuia aurea, é uma árvore típica do Pantanal de Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, sendo esse local, uma área de inundação sazonal. Para avaliar as trocas gasosas de Tabebuia aurea sob estresse hídrico por alagamento, grupos de plantas com oito meses de idade foram mantidas em vasos com o solo coberto por uma lâmina de 2 a 3 cm de água. As taxas de condutância estomática, transpiração e fotossíntese foram determinadas durante o período de experimento (115 dias), através de um analisador portátil de gás infravermelho. Os valores de condutância estomática no início do experimento estavam em torno de 0,22 mol m-2 s-1 e foram decrescendo até 0,02 mol m-2 s-1. Em relação à fotossíntese líquida, o valor máximo inicial foi de 8,0 µmol m-2 s-1, atingindo zero no 108º dia. Após redução em 100% da fotossíntese líquida, as plantas foram retiradas da condição de alagamento e avaliadas (8 dias). Os valores obtidos ao final do processo de recuperação para condutância estomática foram: 0,21 mol m-2 s-1 e fotossíntese = 8,0 µmol m-2 s-1. O alagamento do solo reduziu a fotossíntese, a condutância estomática e afetou o crescimento da parte aérea, induzindo o aparecimento de sintomas característicos de estresse por inundação, como a hipertrofia das lenticelas. Porém, a espécie apresenta tolerância ao estresse, indicando adaptabilidade a áreas sujeitas a alagamento periódico.

ABSTRACT 'Paratudo', Tabebuia aurea, is a common Brazilian tree from 'Pantanal de Miranda', Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, an area with seasonal floodplain. To evaluate the gas exchange of Tabebuia aurea under flooding stress, groups of eight-month-old plants were grown in soil covered by a 2 to 3 cm layer of water and a control group. Stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthetic rates were measured during the experiment (115 days), with an infrared portable analyzer. The values of stomatal conductance of the control group and stress plants at the beginning of the experiment were 0.22 mol m-2 s-1 and reached 0.02 mol m-2 s-1 at the end of this event. The initial photosynthesis rate was 8.0 µmol m-2 s-1 and, by the 108th day, it had reached zero. When the photosynthesis rate reached zero, the rigid plastic container was dried and the rate analyzed (8 days). The values obtained for plants in drained soil were: stomatal conductance = 0.21 mol m-2 s-1 and photosynthesis rate = 8.0 µmol m-2 s-1, indicating a recovery response, returning to initial values. Flooded soil reduced photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, and it affected the shoot growth, leading to the symptoms resulting from flooding stress, such as hypertrophy of the lenticels. However, the species has a tolerance to the flooding process, indicating adaptability to areas under seasonal water stress.

RESUMO O paratudo, Tabebuia aurea, é uma espécie de larga ocorrência no Pantanal de Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, uma área de inundação sazonal. Para determinar o grau de tolerância da espécie ao alagamento, um grupo de plantas com quatro meses de idade foi mantido em vasos alagados, além do grupo controle, com as taxas de condutância estomática, transpiração e assimilação de CO2 determinadas durante o período de estresse (48 dias) e de recuperação (11 dias), totalizando 59 dias. Em relação aos valores obtidos, a condutância estomática, no início do alagamento, atingiu 0,33 mol m-2s-1, decrescendo até 0,02 mol m-2 s-1 (46º dia). No parâmetro transpiração, os valores máximos iniciais foram de 3,1 mmol m-2 s-1 e, ao final do período de estresse (47-48o dia), estavam entre 0,2 e 0,3 mmol m-2 s-1. Quanto à assimilação de CO2, o valor máximo inicial foi de 8,9 mmol m-2 s-1, atingindo zero no 48o dia. Após a redução de 100% da assimilação de CO2 (48o dia), as plantas foram retiradas da condição de alagamento (vasos drenados) e iniciaram sua recuperação (11 dias). Os valores obtidos ao final do processo foram: condutância estomática = 0,26 mol m-2 s-1, transpiração = 2,5 mmol m-2s-1 e assimilação de CO2 = 7,8 mmol m-2s-1, indicando que o alagamento do solo reduziu a assimilação de CO2, a condutância estomática e induziu a hipertrofia das lenticelas, ocorrendo a recuperação dos parâmetros avaliados após a supressão do alagamento, demonstrando tolerância da espécie ao estresse induzido, através da redução de suas atividades fisiológicas.

ABSTRACT The Paratudo (Tabebuia aurea) is a species occurring in the Pantanal of Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, an area characterized by seasonal flooding. To evaluate the tolerance of this plant to flooding, plants aged four months were grown in flooded soil and in non-flooded soil (control group). Stomatal conductance, transpiration and CO2 assimilation were measured during the stress (48 days) and recovery (11 days) period, totalling 59 days. The values of stomatal conductance of the control group and stressed plants at the beginning of the flooded were 0.33 mol m-2s-1 and reached 0.02 mol m-2 s-1 (46th day) at the end of this event. For the transpiration parameter, the initial rate was 3.1 mol m s-1, and the final rate reached 0.2 or 0.3 mol m-2 s-1 (47/48 th day). The initial photosynthesis rate was 8.9 mmol m-2s-1 and oscillated after the sixth day, and the rate reached zero on the 48th day. When the photosynthesis rate reached zero, the potted plants were dried, and the rate was analyzed (11th day). The following values were obtained for dried plants: stomatal conductance = 0.26 mol m-2 s-1, transpiration rate = 2.5 mol m-2 s-1 and photosynthesis rate = 7.8 mmol m-2 s-1. Flooded soil reduced photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, leading to the hypertrophy of the lenticels. These parameters recovered and after this period, and plants exhibited tolerance to flooding stress by reducing their physiological activities.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic potential of aqueous extract of young leaves of Sapindus saponaria L. (soapberry) on the diaspore germination and seedling growth Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) and Allium cepa L. (onion), as well as to determine, by bioassay-guided fractioning, whether the fractionated extracts of those leaves are phytotoxic to Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) coleoptiles. The aqueous extract was prepared using 100 g of dried plant material dissolved in 1000 ml of distilled water, resulting in a concentration of 10.0%. Distilled water was added in order to obtain dilutions of 7.5%, 5.0%, and 2.5%. The extraction was carried out with young leaves (in powder form) and organic solvents of various polarities. We fractioned the ethyl acetate extract using column chromatography. The phytotoxic potential of the aqueous extract of young leaves S. saponaria varied according to the receiving species and the concentration-dependent inhibitory effect. The ethyl acetate extract, specifically fraction 6 (57-70), had the greatest inhibitory effect on the elongation of wheat coleoptiles, indicating that the compounds responsible for the phytotoxic effect reside within this fraction.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial alelopático do extrato aquoso de folhas jovens e maduras de Sapindus saponaria (sabão-de-soldado) na germinação de diásporos e no crescimento de plântulas de capim-arroz (Echinochloa crus-galli) e corda-de-viola (Ipomoea grandifolia). O extrato aquoso foi preparado na proporção de 100 g de folhas secas e trituradas dissolvidas em 1000 mL de água destilada, produzindo-se o extrato considerado concentrado (10%). A partir deste, foram feitas diluições em água destilada para 7,5; 5,0 e 2,5%. No teste de crescimento de plântulas comparou-se o efeito desses extratos com o herbicida nicosulfuron. Os extratos de folhas maduras e jovens causaram atraso e redução na germinação dos diásporos e no comprimento das plântulas de capim-arroz e corda-de-viola, com efeitos mais intensos na concentração de 10%. No entanto, os resultados obtidos pelo extrato de folhas jovens foram mais similares ao efeito do herbicida, mostrando que o estágio de maturação da folha de S. saponaria interfere nos seus efeitos inibitórios e que esta espécie é eficiente no controle das plantas daninhas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of young and mature leaves from Sapindus saponaria on diaspore germination and seedling growth of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and morningglory (Ipomoea grandifolia). The aqueous extract was prepared in a proportion of 100 g of dried, ground leaves dissolved in 1000 mL of distilled water, resulting in a 10% extract concentrate. Dilutions of this concentrate were made with distilled water to 7.5, 5.0 and 2.5%. In seedling growth tests, we compared the effect of these extracts with the herbicide nicosulfuron. Both extracts of mature and young leaves caused delays and reductions in diaspore germination and seedling length of barnyardgrass and morningglory, with the most intense effects observed at a concentration of 10%. The effects of the young leaf extract were more similar to those observed with the herbicide, demonstrating that leaf maturation stage of S. saponaria affects its inhibitory effects on the growth of other plants and that this species is effective in controlling weeds.

Sapindus saponaria (soapberry) is a species that presents a great diversity of chemical compounds, such as saponins; however, few studies have examined the allelopathic effect of this species. Therefore, this study provides an evaluation of the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of the roots and mature leaves of S. saponaria on the germination of diaspores and seedlings growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and onion (Allium cepa). The aqueous extract was prepared in the proportion of 100 g of dry plant material in 1,000 mL of distilled water (a concentration of 10% w v-1), and diluted with distilled water to 7.5, 5.0 and 2.5% concentrations. The mature leaf extracts caused delay and decrease in the germination process of the lettuce and onion diaspores, with inhibitory effect concentration-dependent, while the root extracts showed no allelopathic effects on the germination process. Both extracts caused abnormalities and inhibited the growth of shoot and root seedlings.

Visando avaliar os efeitos do estresse hídrico sobre as trocas gasosas de CO2 e H2O, mudas de paratudo com cinco meses de idade cultivadas em sacos de plantio foram submetidas a estresse hídrico simulado pela supressão da irrigação durante 21 dias. Após 14 dias de supressão de irrigação, os valores de transpiração, condutância estomática e fotossíntese líquida das folhas foram nulos, enquanto o potencial hídrico das folhas atingiu -2,4 MPa. A partir deste ponto foi reiniciada a irrigação diária, sendo que após 96 horas as taxas voltaram a oscilar na faixa dos valores iniciais (transpiração - 3,2 a 3,5 mmol m-2 s-1; condutância estomática - 0,32 a 0,35 mol m-2 s-1; e, fotossíntese - 8,0 a 9,8 µmol m-2 s-1), além do potencial hídrico voltar a apresentar valores similares ao início do experimento (-0,6 MPa), demonstrando que a espécie possui mecanismos para tolerar déficit hídrico durante um período que pode ser considerado ecologicamente relevante.

To evaluate the effects of hydric stress on CO2 and H2O exchange, five-month-old Tabebuia aurea seedlings cultivated in planting bags were subjected to hydric stress by suppressing irrigation for 21 days. After 14 days without irrigation, the rates of transpiration, stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis in leaves were zero, while the hydric potential of leaves reached -2.4 MPa. After this point, daily irrigation was resumed, and the values of the measured variables recovered to initial levels after 96 hours (transpiration rate from 3.2 to 3.5 mmol m-2 s-1; stomatal conductance rate from 0.32 to 0.35 mol m-2 s-1 and photosynthesis rate from 8.0 to 9.8 µmol m-2 s-1). Likewise, hydric potential values were similar to those at the beginning of the experiment (-0.6 MPa). These results demonstrate that T. aurea has mechanisms to tolerate a period of hydric deficit, which may be considered ecologically relevant.