ABSTRACT Despite a rise in women being arrested for domestic violence and court-ordered to batterer intervention, batterer interventions remain limited in their ability to address women's treatment needs. Alcohol use is an important intervention target: one-third of women in batterer interventions have an alcohol-related diagnosis, half engage in at-risk drinking, and alcohol use contributes to intimate partner violence (IPV) and batterer intervention dropout. Research has not evaluated whether adding an alcohol intervention to batterer intervention improves women's alcohol use and IPV outcomes. We randomized 209 women (79.9% white) in Rhode Island to receive the state-mandated batterer intervention program alone or the batterer intervention program plus a brief alcohol intervention. Alcohol use (percentage of days abstinent from alcohol [PDAA], number of drinks per drinking day [DPDD], percentage of heavy drinking days [PHDD], percentage of days abstinent from alcohol and drugs [PDAAD]), and IPV perpetration and victimization frequency (psychological, physical, and sexual IPV, injury) data were collected at baseline and 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. Multilevel modeling revealed that, relative to the batterer intervention alone, women who received the brief alcohol intervention reported a higher PDAA and PDAAD, fewer DPDD, and a lower PHDD across all follow-up assessments. Women who received the brief alcohol intervention perpetrated less physical IPV and experienced less injury than did women who only received the batterer intervention. For physical IPV, these differences became more pronounced over time. No other group differences or group x time interactions emerged. Adding an alcohol intervention may improve batterer intervention outcomes for women arrested for domestic violence.

RESUMEN Aunque haya aumentado el número de mujeres detenidas por violencia doméstica remitidas a programas de intervención, los programas de intervención para agresores siguen estando limitados en cuanto a su capacidad para cubrir las necesidades de tratamiento de las mujeres. El consumo de alcohol es un objetivo de intervención importante: un tercio de las mujeres en intervención para maltratadores tienen diagnósticos relacionados con el alcohol, la mitad presentan consumo de alcohol de alto riesgo y el consumo de alcohol contribuye a la violencia de pareja (VP) y al abandono de la intervención para maltratadores. No se ha investigado si añadiendo una intervención para el consumo de alcohol a la intervención con maltratadores se reduce dicho consumo y la VP en mujeres. Aleatorizamos una muestra de 209 mujeres (79.9%) en Rhode Island para que recibieran solo el programa de intervención estándar previsto o acompañado de una intervención breve en alcohol. Se recogieron los datos de línea base sobre consumo de alcohol (porcentaje de días de abstinencia [PDAA], número de bebidas por día en el que se consume [VBD], porcentaje de días en que se bebe con intensidad [DBI], porcentaje de días de abstinencia de alcohol y drogas [DAAD]), y frecuencia de la perpetración y victimización de la violencia de pareja (VP psicológica, física y sexual, lesiones) y se realizó seguimiento de 3, 6 y 12 meses. Mediante un modelo multinivel se mostró que, en comparación con las mujeres que participaron en la condición control, aquellas que recibieron la intervención breve para el consumo de alcohol presentaron mayor PDAA y DAAD y menor VBD y DBI en todas las evaluaciones de seguimiento. Las mujeres que recibieron la intervención breve para el consumo de alcohol perpetraron menos VP física e informaron de menos lesiones que las que solo habían recibido intervención para maltradores. Estas diferencias se hicieron más pronunciadas con el tiempo para la VP física. No se encontraron otras diferencias entre ambos grupos o interacciones grupo x tiempo. Añadir una intervención para el consumo de alcohol puede mejorar los resultados de la intervención con mujeres agresoras detenidas por violencia doméstica.

Resumen Los micoplasmas son responsables de varias infecciones en pequeños rumiantes. En Brasil se han detectado micoplasmas potencialmente patógenas en el conducto auditivo externo sano de caprinos y bovinos y en asociación con ácaros, pero nunca se han detectado en ovinos. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la conjuntiva y el oído externo como fuente de infección silenciosa de micoplasmas en ovinos. Se obtuvieron muestras de frotis del conducto auditivo externo y ocular de cuarenta y cinco ovinos (machos y hembras). Fueron realizadas las pruebas de Detección molecular (PCR) y aislamiento de Mycoplasma spp. Se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria para el aislamiento, utilizando oxitetraciclina, cloranfenicol, tilosina y ácido nalidíxico. Fue aislado Mycoplasma conjunctivae a partir de la conjuntiva ocular de un ovino sano, además de la detección molecular de M. agalactiae y M. mycoides subsp. capri en ambos sitios anatómicos de ovinos del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. El análisis filogenético reveló proximidad y similitud con un aislado de ovino y de cabra estadounidenses. La conjuntiva ocular y el oído externo de los ovinos son sitios anatómicos que pueden portar micoplasmas patógenos provocando infecciones a ovinos vulnerables.

Summary: Mycoplasmas are responsible for several infections in small ruminants. Potentially pathogenic mycoplasmas have already been detected in the external ear canal of Brazilian healthy goats and cattle, and in association with mites, but not in sheep. The present research aimed to evaluate the role of the conjunctiva and external ear as a silent source of micoplasmas in sheep. Ocular and external ear canal swab samples were obtained from forty-five male and female sheep. Molecular detection (PCR) and isolation of Mycoplasma spp. were performed. Minimum inhibitory concentration was performed using oxytetracycline, tylosin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid. We describe the isolation of Mycoplasma conjunctivae fromthe ocular conjunctivae of a healthy sheep, besides the molecular detection of M. agalactiae and M. mycoides subsp. capri in both anatomical sites in sheep from the State of São Paulo. Phylogenetic analysis revealed proximity and similarity with an American sheep and goat isolates. The ocular conjunctiva and the external ear of sheep are keepers of potentially pathogenic veterinary mycoplasmas which can infect vulnerable sheep.

Resumo: Os micoplasmas são responsáveis por várias infecções em pequenos ruminantes. Micoplasmas potencialmente patogênicos já foram detectados no conduto auditivo externo de caprinos e bovinos brasileiros saudáveis e em associação com ácaros, mas não em ovinos. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o papel da conjuntiva e da orelha externa como fonte silenciosa de micoplasmas em ovinos. Amostras de esfregaço ocular e do canal auditivo externo foram obtidas de 45 ovelhas machos e fêmeas. Detecção molecular (PCR) e isolamento de Mycoplasma spp. foram realizados. A concentração inibitória mínima foi realizada com oxitetraciclina, tilosina, cloranfenicol e ácido nalidíxico. Descrevemos o isolamento de Mycoplasma conjunctivae da conjuntiva ocular de uma ovelha saudável, além da detecção molecular de M. agalactiae e M. mycoides subsp. capri em ambos os sítios anatômicos em ovinos do Estado de São Paulo. A análise filogenética revelou proximidade e similaridade com isolados de ovinos e caprinos americanos. A conjuntiva ocular e a orelha externa das ovelhas são detentoras de micoplasmas veterinários potencialmente patogênicos que podem infectar ovelhas vulneráveis.

Objective: To review the most common mental health strategies aimed at alleviating and/or preventing mental health problems in individuals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other coronavirus pandemics. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature assessing three databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, and PsycINFO). A meta-analysis was performed with data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). For non-RCT studies, a critical description of recommendations was performed. Results: From a total of 2,825 articles, 125 were included. Of those, three RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the interventions promoted better overall mental health outcomes as compared to control groups (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.87 [95%CI 0.33-1.41], p < 0.001, I2 = 69.2%), but did not specifically improve anxiety (SMD = 0.98 [95%CI -0.17 to 2.13], p > 0.05; I2 = 36.8%). Concerning the systematic review, we found a large body of scientific literature proposing recommendations involving psychological/psychiatric interventions, self-care, education, governmental programs, and the use of technology and media. Conclusions: We found a large body of expert recommendations that may help health practitioners, institutional and governmental leaders, and the general population cope with mental health issues during a pandemic or a crisis period. However, most articles had a low level of evidence, stressing the need for more studies with better design (especially RCTs) investigating potential mental health interventions during COVID-19. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020190212.

Introducing a hybrid xanthene as a fluorophore, an ‘ensemble’-based fluorescent sensor (E)-2-(6-(diethylamino)-2-((2-hydroxyphenylimino)methyl)-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid (a) was designed and synthesised for detection of cysteine. Cysteine can release CuII ion from the non-fluorescent a-CuII complex. Then hydrolytic cleavage of Schiff base a produces a pink fluorescent compound 2-(6-(diethylamino)-2-formyl-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid (2). We call this process a fluorescence off-on change. An obvious color change from purple a to pink 2 can be easily observed by the naked-eye. The calibration curve showed that the fluorescence intensity at 560 nm linearly increased over the cysteine concentration range of 0.379-100 µmol L-1 with a limit of detection of 0.379 µmol L-1. Sensor a-CuII displayed excellent selectivity for cysteine, even homocysteine and glutathione did not show influence. The sensor was also used for detecting cysteine in human breast adenocarcinoma cells, which illustrates the practical value. Overall, the sensor appears to be useful for rapid, convenient and selective cysteine detection in living tissues.

Abstract: The growth in the number of Spanish heritage language learners in languages for specific purposes classes has been accompanied by an increase in the number and types of community service learning programs in which these students can participate to better prepare them for future employment opportunities. In spite of the increase in the number of Spanish heritage language learners in the languages for specific purposes classroom, few studies have looked at these students in this setting and even fewer have looked at the role that community service learning can play in developing these learners’ domain-specific abilities. Through an analysis of research in the areas of heritage language learners, Spanish for specific purposes, and community service learning, this article discusses strategies to effectively teach Spanish heritage language learners in language for specific purposes classes and to develop their language and cultural knowledge through community service learning. In addition, we address many of the challenges that arise when connecting Spanish heritage language learners with community partners as well as the obstacles to the integration of community service learning into the Spanish for specific purposes curriculum. The article concludes providing suggestions on how community service can be used to help Spanish heritage language learners not only see the benefits of language for specific purposes courses but also transfer their skills to other fields of study.

Resumen: El crecimiento en los aprendices de español como lengua de herencia en clases para fines específicos también ha sido acompañado por un aumento en el número y los tipos de programas de aprendizaje-servicio comunitario en los que estos estudiantes pueden participar para prepararse mejor con miras a futuras oportunidades. A pesar del aumento en el número de aprendices de español como lengua de herencia en cursos para fines específicos, pocos estudios han analizado el impacto de este enfoque en su aprendizaje y, aún menos, han examinado el papel que el aprendizaje-servicio comunitario puede desempeñar en el desarrollo de las habilidades profesionales de estos estudiantes en determinados campos. A través de un análisis de la investigación en las áreas de los aprendices de español como lengua de herencia, el español con fines específicos y el aprendizaje-servicio comunitario, este artículo discute estrategias para enseñar eficazmente a los aprendices de español como lengua de herencia en clases para fines específicos y desarrollar su conocimiento del idioma y la cultura a través del aprendizaje-servicio comunitario. Además, abordamos algunos de los desafíos que surgen al conectar a los aprendices de español como lengua de herencia con los socios comunitarios, así como los desafíos para integrar el aprendizaje-servicio comunitario en el currículo del aula del español con fines específicos. El artículo concluye proporcionando sugerencias sobre cómo el servicio comunitario se puede utilizar para ayudar a los aprendices de español como lengua de herencia a ver no solo los beneficios de los cursos con fines específicos, sino también a transferir sus habilidades a otras áreas de estudio.

Resumen: Las enfermedades respiratorias de los terneros son un problema sanitario importante debido a que cursan con altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad, originando grandes pérdidas económicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de anticuerpos séricos frente a los principales agentes etiológicos virales relacionados con la bronconeumonía en bovinos (virus de la diarrea viral bovina, herpesvirus bovino tipo-1 y virus respiratorio sincitial bovino), evaluando la asociación entre la presencia de anticuerpos y las manifestaciones clínicas. Se estudiaron 63 terneros pertenecientes a dos rebaños del estado de Sao Paulo (Brasil). Los animales fueron divididos en dos grupos: animales sanos y enfermos con sintomatología respiratoria después del examen físico. Se extrajo sangre para la posterior detección de anticuerpos en suero por neutralización viral y se estudió la asociación entre los signos clínicos y los hallazgos serológicos. Los anticuerpos frente al virus de la diarrea viral bovina, herpesvirus bovino tipo-1 y virus respiratorio sincitial bovino se detectaron respectivamente en el 57,10%, el 66,70% y el 93,70% de las muestras. Se observó una mayor frecuencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la diarrea viral bovina en animales con exudado nasal seroso / mucoso (P = 0,01). Los animales deshidratados (P = 0,008) y aquellos con temperatura rectal por encima de 39,5 ºC (P = 0,03) presentaron con mayor frecuencia anticuerpos frente al virus respiratorio sincitial bovino. El presente trabajo presentó resultados de seropositividad más elevados a los encontrados en otros estudios realizados en granjas con un sistema de manejo extensivo, confirmando la importancia del manejo en la transmisión de estos microorganismos.

Summary: Respiratory diseases are a major health problem due to the high morbidity and mortality rates, with great economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of antibodies against the main viral etiological agents related to bronchopneumonia in cattle (bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus type-1 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus), searching for associations between these agents and the clinical signs observed. We studied 63 calves from two herds from São Paulo, Brazil. After physical examination, the calves were divided into healthy calves and calves with respiratory disease. Serum was obtained for subsequent detection of antibodies by viral neutralization. The association between clinical signs and serological findings was studied. Antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus type-1 and bovine respiratory syncytial virus were detected in 57.10%, 66.70% and 93.70% of the samples. A higher frequency of antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus was observed in animals with serous / mucous nasal discharge (P = 0.01). The dehydrated animals (P = 0.008) and those with a rectal temperature above 39.5 ºC (P = 0.03) presented a higher frequency of antibodies against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus. The present work presented results superior to those found in studies in farms with extensive system, confirming the importance of management in the transmission of microorganisms.

RESUMO Os processos de polinização e fecundação estão diretamente relacionados a capacidade reprodutiva do pessegueiro. Estudos anteriores demonstram que existem cultivares que apresentam alternância de safra em regiões subtropicais. A aplicação de ácido bórico no florescimento pode minimizar este problema. Objetivou-sequantificar a germinação de grãos de pólen e fixação de frutos em 18cultivares de pessegueiros, em região subtropical, sob aplicação de ácido bórico. Para a definição dos tratamentos houve uma fase preliminar onde foram aplicadas três concentrações de ácido bórico (400 mgL-1, 800 mgL-1 e 1.200 mgL-1), utilizando-se como testemunha a água. Os tratamentos foram aplicados nos ramos mistos, onde as gemas encontravam-se no estádio de ponta prateada nas cultivares Aurora 2 e Doçura 2, consideradas mais precoces e assim utilizadas como pré-teste. De acordo com os resultados, a cultivar 'Aurora 2' apresenta efeito negativo à aplicação de ácido bórico na porcentagem de germinação de grãos de pólen e fixação de frutos. 'Doçura 2' apresenta resultado positivo à concentração de 400 mgL-1 de ácido bórico. Posteriormente, definiu-se a testemunha e o tratamento com a 400 mgL-1 para as demais cultivares, pois apresentaram os melhores resultados em relação a germinação de grãos de pólen e fixação de frutos. O aumento da germinação dos grãos de pólen e a fixação de frutos de pessegueiro é variante entre as cultivares e a concentração de 400 mgL-1 de ácido bórico aumenta a germinação do pólen e fixação de frutos, mas não em todas as cultivares.

ABSTRACT The pollination and fertilization process directly affects the crop yield of peach. Previous studies have shown that some cultivars lack consistent cropping (yield variation) in subtropical regions. The application of boric acid at flowering can minimize this problem. This study quantified the germination of pollen grains and fruit set on 18 cultivars of peach in a subtropical region when treated with boric acid at bud. The initial spray treatments were three concentrations of boric acid (400 mgL-1, 800 mgL-1 and 1,200 mgL-1) plus a control treatment of water. Treatments were sprayed on the shoots when the flower buds were flower bud swelling on early maturing cultivars Aurora 2 and Doçura 2. There is a cultivar difference where 'Aurora 2' had a negative effect from the application of boric acid on the percentage of germinated pollen grains and fruit set. 'Doçura 2' has a positive results at the concentration of 400 mgL-1 of boric acid. In a follow-up experiment with 18 cultivars, using only the water control and 400 mgL-1 boric acid treatment, boron increases pollen grain germination and fruit set for some cultivars. The increase in germination and fruit set varies significantly among the cultivars. The concentration of 400 mgL-1 of boric acid increases pollen germination and fruit set, but not in all cultivars.

OBJECTIVE: To determine what factors have a significant influence on the performance of medical device maintenance outsourcing, and to determine how the performance of external governance structures differs depending on whether a hospital is private or public. METHODS: This was a longitudinal study of 590 maintenance transactions at 20 hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia, involving 764 medical devices and 72 maintenance service providers. Maintenance performance data (i.e., turn-around time in hours; TAT) for the service providers (either in-house or outsourced) were primarily collected over a 20-month period, from December 2009-August 2011, by means of a monitoring procedure; then, a hazards model was run. RESULTS: The availability of specific repair parts, in-stock, in the city in which the medical devices were located, had a positive impact on the performance of both internal and external governance structures. Online service also had a positive impact on both, with a stronger positive impact on the performance of internal governance than on that of external governance. For transactions governed by external structures, better performance was seen in private hospitals than in public ones. In public health institutions, internal governance showed better performance than external governance. Both internal and external governance structures showed better performance in private healthcare institutions than in public ones. CONCLUSIONS: In public health institutions, internal governance shows better performance than external governance; this suggests that healthcare managers should reconsider the trend to eliminate in-house maintenance service staff in public healthcare institutions.

OBJETIVO: Establecer los factores que influyen significativamente en el desempeño del mantenimiento de los dispositivos médicos mediante contratación externa, y determinar cómo difiere el desempeño de las estructuras externas de gobernanza según un hospital sea privado o público. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal de 590 transacciones de mantenimiento en 20 hospitales de Bogotá (Colombia), que incluyeron 764 dispositivos médicos y 72 proveedores de servicio de mantenimiento. Por medio de un procedimiento de vigilancia, se recopilaron principalmente datos de desempeño del mantenimiento (es decir, el plazo de entrega en horas) por parte de los proveedores del servicio (ya fuera este interno o externalizado) durante un período de 20 meses, desde diciembre del 2009 a agosto del 2011; a continuación, se aplicó un modelo de riesgos. RESULTADOS: La disponibilidad de piezas de repuesto específicas en existencia en la misma ciudad en que se ubicaban los dispositivos médicos tuvo una repercusión positiva sobre el desempeño de ambas estructuras de gobernanza, la interna y la externa. El servicio en línea también tuvo una repercusión positiva en el desempeño de ambas estructuras; pero esta repercusión fue más intensa en el desempeño de la gobernanza interna que en el de la externa. En cuanto a las transacciones regidas por estructuras externas, se observó un mejor desempeño en los hospitales privados que en los públicos. En las instituciones de salud pública, la gobernanza interna mostró un mejor desempeño que la externa. Ambas estructuras de gobernanza mostraron un mejor desempeño en las instituciones de atención de salud privadas que en las públicas. CONCLUSIONES: En las instituciones de salud pública, la gobernanza interna muestra un mejor desempeño que la externa; ello indica que los gerentes de atención de salud deben reconsiderar la tendencia a eliminar al personal de los servicios de mantenimiento interno de las instituciones públicas de atención de salud.

Objective Disinfection procedures often cause deterioration in a maxillofacial prosthesis. Color and hardness alterations could lead to a replacement of the prosthesis. Material and Methods An experimental chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and a commercial polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) sample were treated with four different disinfection procedures for a period which simulates 1 year of clinical service. The applied disinfection procedures included microwave exposure and immersion in three solutions, sodium hypochlorite, neutral soap and a commercial disinfecting soap. Shore A hardness (∆H) and color differences (∆E) were determined before and after each procedure. All data were analyzed by Two Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc tests at a level of α=0.05. Results The samples presented significant alterations in color and hardness after the different disinfection treatments. The color differences (∆E) were at least eye detectable in all cases and clinically unacceptable in most of the cases, with values ranging from 1.51 to 4.15 and from 1.54 to 5.92 for the PDMS and CPE material, respectively. Hardness was decreased after all the disinfection procedures in the PDMS, while for the CPE, a decrement was observed after disinfection with sodium hypochlorite and neutral soap and an increment after microwave exposure and the disinfection with a commercial antimicrobial agent. The PDMS samples presented greater alterations in color and hardness after disinfection with sodium hypochlorite solution, while the microwave exposure caused negligible effects. The CPE samples were affected most after disinfection when treated with neutral soap, and more slightly when disinfected with sodium hypochlorite solution. Conclusions The disinfection procedures caused alterations in color and hardness of the examined materials. The most suitable disinfection procedure for the PDMS material is microwave exposure, while disinfection with sodium hypochlorite solution is not recommended. The CPE material is suggested to be disinfected with sodium hypochlorite solution and the use of neutral soap is not recommended. Comparing the two materials, the PDMS material is most color stable, while the CPE material presented fewer changes in hardness.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência da infecção pelo vírus Maedi-Visna em ovinos criados nas microrregiões de Botucatu, Campinas, Piedade e São Paulo do Estado de São Paulo. As amostras de soro sanguíneo foram colhidas de 226 ovinos e foi realizada a técnica de imunodifusão em gel de ágar para a detecção de anticorpos antivírus Maedi-Visna e verificou-se que nenhuma das amostras testadas foi sororeagente. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário um estudo mais amplo no estado, a fim de se confirmar a baixa ocorrência e importância da enfermidade no estado.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of infection with maedi-visna virus in sheep raised in the regions of Botucatu, Campinas, Piedade and São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil, that showed symptoms of the disease. Blood serum samples collected from 226 sheep were submitted to the agar gel immunodiffusion technique for detection of antibodies against maedi-visna virus, and none of the samples tested was serum reactive. In conclusion, the maedi-visna virus has low frequency in animals raised in the regions studied.

O objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso de orquiepididimite associado com infecção por Salmonella enterica subespécie diarizonae em carneiro da raça Santa Inês de quatro anos de idade, vasectomizado. Ao exame clínico reprodutivo, o animal mostrou aumento severo do conteúdo escrotal, sendo o testículo direito maior do que o esquerdo e a cauda do epidídimo direita maior do que a esquerda. A consistência testicular, avaliada em escala de 1 a 5, foi 5 para o testículo direito e 2,5 para o esquerdo; o órgão apresentava-se muito sensível ao toque. Na ultrassonografia foram observadas estruturas anecoicas/hipoecoicas circulares na cauda do epidídimo, sugestivas de abscessos; alguns pontos hiperecogênicos no parênquima testicular, sugerindo lesões de calcificação; e todo o testículo direito rodeado por imagem hipoecoica, indicativa de edema. Uma das estruturas da cauda do epidídimo direita foi puncionada, encontrando-se exsudato purulento, o qual foi enviado para exame microbiológico, sendo isolada e identificada Salmonella enterica subespécie diarizonae. O carneiro foi submetido a orquiepididectomia, e o órgão foi caracterizado macroscopicamente por adesões fibrosas entre as camadas escrotais, coexistência de abscessos epididimários e degeneração testicular. A Salmonella enterica subespécie diarizonae deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de infecção genital em ovinos.

The objective of this manuscript was to report a case of orchiepididymitis associated with Salmonella enterica subespécie diarizonae infection in a vasectomized 4-year-old Santa Inês ram. In the clinical-reproductive examination, the animal showed a severe enlargement of the scrotal contents, being the right testicle larger than left, and the right epididymal cauda was higher than the left. The testicular consistency, evaluated in a scale from 1 to 5, was 5 to the right and 2.5 to the left, and the organ was very sensitive to the touch. In the ultrasound circular structures anechoic/hypoechoic in the epididymal cauda were observed, and in the parenchyma of testicles some points of hyperechogenic image, suggesting calcification lesions and the entire right testicle was surrounded by hypoechoic image, indicative of edema. One of those structures of the right epididymal cauda was aspirated and a purulent exsudate was found, which was sent to microbiological exam, was isolated and identified Salmonella enterica subespécie diarizonae. The ram was submitted to orchiepididectomy, and the organ was characterized macroscopically by fibrous adhesions between scrotum layers, coexistence of epididymal abscesses and testicular degeneration. The Salmonella enterica subspecie diarizonae must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of ovine genital infections.

RESUMO A Artrite Encefalite Caprina é uma enfermidade de caráter multissistêmico afetando animais de qualquer idade e sexo; causado por um Lentivirus caprino pertencente ao grupo de Lentivirus de Pequenos Ruminantes. Os sintomas conhecidos são leucoencefalomielite, pneumonia intersticial crônica, artrite e mastite intersticial endurativa. Foi descrito que machos soropositivos apresentavam sêmen infectado pelo Lentivirus e processo inflamatório gradual do testículo. A detecção em amostras de sêmen pelas técnicas de PCR e nested-PCR são caracterizadas como métodos de altas especificidade e sensibilidade provendo resultados rápidos. O objetivo do estudo foi detectar, por meio da técnica molecular de PCR e nested-PCR, a presença de DNA pró-viral do Lentivirus caprino em amostras de sêmen de reprodutores criados no Estado de São Paulo. Das 17 amostras, cinco (29,4%) apresentaram a detecção do vírus provando que há a presença de partículas virais no sêmen dos caprinos reprodutores soropositivos a Atrite Encefalite Caprina estudados.

ABSTRACT Caprine arthritis encephalitis is a multisystemic infectious disease caused by a lentivirus and may affect animals of any age or sex. The major symptoms are leukoencephalomyelitis, chronic interstitial pneumonia, arthritis and hardening interstitial mastitis. It has been reported that the testicles of infected animals present infected semen and a gradual inflammatory process. For the detection of the agent in semen samples, PCR and nested PCR techniques are characterized as methods with high specificity and sensibility that provide fast results. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of pro-lentiviral DNA in the semen of caprine males in São Paulo State, Brazil, by the PCR and nested PCR molecular techniques. Five (29.4%) of the 17 samples presented positivity for the detection of the virus, proving the presence of viral particles in the semen of male goats seropositive for caprine arthritis encephalitis in this study.

RESUMO Uma cabra da raça Saanem, com 3 anos, foi atendida no Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, com histórico de emagrecimento progressivo, com doença respiratória não responsiva a antibioticoterapia convencional. O animal apresentava perda de peso, aumento de linfonodo submandibular esquerdo e sintomas de broncopneumonia. Tendo sido considerado positivo no teste cervical comparativo foi sacrificado e à necropsia foram observadas lesões sugestivas de tuberculose nos linfonodos submandibulares e mesentéricos, pulmão e baço. Nos exames laboratoriais houve crescimento, aos 32 dias, de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR), no meio de cultura de Stonebrink, e a estirpe isolada foi identificada no PCR como sendo Mycobacterium bovis. A pesquisa de Corynebacterium sp. foi negativa. Na histopatologia, as lesões examinadas apresentavam características dos granulomas típicos. Usandose coloração para BAAR foi possível observação de bacilos no centro de um granuloma, sugestivo de Mycobacterium spp. Casos de tuberculose em caprinos têm sido considerados raros no Brasil.

ABSTRACT A 3-year-old Saanen-breed was examined at the Veterinary Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry of the University of São Paulo, with a history of progressive emaciation and respiratory disease which did not respond to conventional antibiotic therapy. The animal was underweight, had swelling of the left submandibular lymph node and signs of bronchopneumonia. As it was reactor for comparative cervical test, the goat was slaughtered and at necropsy tuberculosis-like lesions were found in its submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs and spleen. Acid-fast bacilli growth occurred within 32 days in Stonebrink media culture and the isolate was identified by PCR as M.bovis. Diagnostic test for Corynebacterium sp. was negative. Histopathologic examination showed characteristics of tuberculosis granulomas. When the acid-fast stain was employed in lesions smears, it was possible to observe bacilli in the middle of a granuloma, suggesting Mycobacterium spp. Tuberculosis cases in goats have been considered rare in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV), WHO recommends that the first dose of hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine be given within 24 hours after birth. This presents a challenge in remote areas with limited cold-chain infrastructure and where many children are born at home. METHODS: Rural townships in three counties in China's Hunan Province were randomized into three groups with different strategies for delivery of the first dose of HepB vaccine. In group 1, vaccine was stored within the cold chain and administered in township hospitals. In group 2, vaccine was stored out of the cold chain in villages and administered by village-based health workers to infants at home. Group 3 used the same strategy as group 2, but vaccine was packaged in a prefilled injection device. Training of immunization providers and public communication conveying the importance of the birth dose was performed for all groups. FINDINGS: Among children born at home, timely administration (within 24 hours after birth) of the first dose of HepB vaccine increased in all groups after the study: group 1, from 2.4% to 25.2%; group 2, from 2.6% to 51.8%; and group 3, from 0.6% to 66.7%; P < 0.001 in each case. No significant difference in antibody response to vaccine was observed between the groups. CONCLUSION: Timely administration of the first dose of HepB vaccine was improved by communication and training activities, and by out-of-cold-chain storage of vaccine and administration at the village level, especially among children born at home.

OBJETIVO: A fin de prevenir la transmisión perinatal del virus de la hepatitis B, la OMS recomienda que la primera dosis de la vacuna contra esa enfermedad (HepB) se administre en un plazo de 24 horas después del nacimiento. Eso entraña serias dificultades en las zonas remotas, donde falta infraestructura de cadena de frío y donde muchos niños nacen en el hogar. MÉTODOS: Se procedió a asignar aleatoriamente diversos municipios rurales de tres cantones de la provincia china de Hunan a tres estrategias diferentes de implementación de la primera dosis de vacuna HepB. En el grupo 1 la vacuna se conservó en la cadena de frío y se administró en los hospitales del municipio. En el grupo 2 la vacuna se conservó fuera de la cadena de frío en las aldeas y fue administrada por los agentes de salud de aldea a los lactantes en su hogar. Con el grupo 3 se usó la misma estrategia que con el grupo 2, pero envasando la vacuna en un dispositivo de inyección precargado. En todos los grupos se adiestró oportunamente a los vacunadores y se hizo llegar a la población el mensaje de que la dosis de nacimiento era muy importante. RESULTADOS: Entre los niños nacidos en el hogar, la administración puntual (en las 24 horas siguientes al nacimiento) de la primera dosis de vacuna HepB aumentó en todos los grupos después del estudio: del 2,4% al 25,2% en el grupo 1; del 2,6% al 51,8% en el grupo 2; y del 0,6% al 66,7% en el grupo 3 (P < 0,001 en todos los casos). No se observó ninguna diferencia importante en la respuesta de anticuerpos inducida por la vacuna entre los tres grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: La administración puntual de la primera dosis de la vacuna HepB mejoró de resultas de las actividades de comunicación y capacitación, así como del procedimiento de conservar la vacuna fuera de la cadena de frío y administrarla en las aldeas, especialmente entre los niños nacidos en el hogar.

OBJECTIF: Pour prévenir la transmission périnatale du virus de l'hépatite B (VHB), l'OMS recommande que la première dose de vaccin contre l'hépatite B (HepB) soit administrée dans les 24 h suivant la naissance. Cela représente un défi pour les zones reculées et peu équipées en infrastructures de maintien de la chaîne du froid, dans lesquelles de nombreux enfants naissent à la maison. MÉTHODES: Des localités rurales appartenant à trois comtés de la province chinoise du Hunan ont été réparties au hasard entre trois groupes bénéficiant de stratégies différentes pour la délivrance de la première dose de vaccin anti-HepB. Dans le cas du groupe 1, le vaccin a été stocké dans le cadre de la chaîne du froid et administré dans des hôpitaux relevant des localités. Dans celui du groupe 2, le vaccin a été stocké en dehors de la chaine du froid dans des villages et administré à domicile aux nourrissons par des agents de santé basés dans ces villages. Pour le groupe 3, la même stratégie a été appliquée que pour le groupe 2, sauf que le vaccin a été conditionné dans un dispositif pour injection pré-rempli. Pour tous les groupes, une formation a été apportée aux vaccinateurs et une opération de communication en direction du public a été menée pour faire connaître l'importance de la vaccination à la naissance. RÉSULTATS: A l'issue de l'étude, l'administration dans les délais (dans les 24 h suivant la naissance) de la première dose de vaccin anti-HepB a augmenté chez les enfants nés à domicile de tous les groupes. Groupe 1 : 2,4 % à 25,2 % ; groupe 2 : 2,6 % à 51,8 % et groupe 3 : 0,6 % à 66,7 % ; (p < 0,001 dans tous les cas). Aucune différence notable n'a été relevée entre les groupes concernant la réponse en anticorps au vaccin. CONCLUSION: Les opérations de communication et de formation, ainsi que le stockage hors de la chaîne du froid du vaccin et son administration au niveau des villages, ont entraîné des améliorations en termes d'administration dans les délais de la première dose de vaccin anti-HepB, en particulier chez les enfants nés à domicile.

RESUMO Foi realizada a avaliação clínica de 2 caprinos acometidos por artrite atendidos junto a Clínica de Bovinos e Pequenos Ruminantes da FMVZ-USP. O diferencial entre artrite viral causada pelo vírus da CAE e a artrite bacteriana pelo Mycoplasma spp. foi feito baseado no exame específico, sorodiagnóstico, nas técnicas de isolamento, detecção do vírus pela PCR do líquido sinovial e laparoscopia.

ABSTRACT This work was undertaken with the aim of studying the clinical evaluation of arthritis in 2 goats at the Hospital of Bovines and Small Ruminants at FMVZ-USP, Brazil. The differential between viral arthritis caused by the virus of the CAE and the bacterial arthritis by Mycoplasma spp. was made by using clinical exam, laparoscopy of the affected region, PCR, serum diagnose, techniques of culture isolation and PCR of the sinovial fluid.