ABSTRACT The concept of production environments, which is widely used to classify the yield potential of soils, and magnetic susceptibility (MS), is emerging as an important tool for mapping ultra-detailed areas. Given this background, this paper aims to evaluate the use of MS as a tool for the identification of areas with different potential the enhancing of sugarcane yield and quality, and the allocation of varieties. An area of 445 ha was sampled at 1 point every 7 ha, and 14 points were determined for stratified sampling following the top of the landscape. Particle size and MS of samples at depths of 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m were analyzed. The data on yield and quality of raw material were obtained from a nine crop season database and biometry performed in the 2018/19 crop season. The multivariate analysis of historical results showed the formation of three groups with different yield and quality potential, with a difference of up to 17.28 mg of cane per hectare between the group with the highest and lowest potential, based on soil MS. An analysis of the performance of the varieties involved showed that MS is effective in identifying areas with different potential for sugarcane yield and quality, differentiating by up to 34.5 % the performance of the same variety in different MS classes and by up to 38.5 % the performance of different varieties in similar MS classes. Thus, MS is an effective tool for identifying areas with different potential for sugarcane yield and quality, and can be used for allocating varieties in the field.

ABSTRACT With agricultural expansion in Amazonian regions, studies are needed to verify the effect of mechanization on the soils of the regions. This study aimed to assess soil physical attributes under different compaction conditions induced by tractor traffic on a soil of southern Amazonas State, Brazil. Treatments consisted of three compaction levels: conventional soil tillage without additional compaction (CT) and conventional soil tillage with additional compaction with four (CTc4) and eight tractor passes (CTc8). An intense increase in soil aggregate diameter was observed in the superficial soil layer (0.00-0.05 m) from four tractor passes, decreasing in the successive soil layers (0.05-0.20 m). Soil density increased up to a depth of 0.10 m. The reduced macroporosity and soil moisture on the soil surface (0.00-0.05 m) did not significantly alter soil microporosity in the different treatments. For the macroporosity, the 0.00-0.05 m layer was the most impaired, with a reduction of more than 50% for the treatments submitted to compaction (CTc4 and CTc8). The penetration resistance for the 0.00-0.05 m layer was increased by more than 150% between the treatment without compaction (CT = 0.88 MPa) and compaction (CTc4 = 2.25 MPa; CTc8 = 2.50 MPa). These results show a greater caution in the agricultural machinery management in Amazonian soils, which may be aggravated due to the intense water regime in the region.

Resumo O consumo de águas contaminadas representa uma das principais vias de contaminação humana e animal por metais pesados. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as concentrações de Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn em águas utilizadas para consumo humano e animal e na irrigação de hortaliças no município de Camocim de São Félix (PE). Nas propriedades agrícolas, as amostras de água analisadas foram coletadas de poço artesiano e de reservatórios destinados ao consumo humano, animal e irrigação das lavouras. Os resultados demonstraram que as águas analisadas no presente estudo apresentaram concentrações de Cd (> 0,001 mg L-1), Ni (> 0,025 mg L-1) e Pb (> 0,01 mg L-1) superiores aos teores máximos permitidos indicados pela legislação brasileira, sinalizando a necessidade de um programa de monitoramento preventivo e ações de intervenção imediata das fontes de contaminação. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de quantificação das concentrações de metais pesados nas hortaliças, visto que contaminadas pelas águas de irrigação podem ser uma fonte nociva à saúde humana. A precipitação pluviométrica tem influência sobre a variação sazonal dos teores dos metais nas águas, com maior efeito na concentração de Pb e influência moderada nas concentrações de Cd e Ni.

Abstract The consumption of contaminated water is a major source of heavy metal contamination in humans and animals. This study therefore aimed to assess Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn levels in water used for human and animal consumption and vegetable crop irrigation in Camocim de São Félix, Pernambuco, Brazil. Water samples were collected on the studied farms from an artesian well and reservoirs used for human and animal consumption as well as for crop irrigation. The results showed that concentrations of Cd (> 0.001 mg L-1), Ni (> 0.025 mg L-1) and Pb (> 0.01 mg L-1) were above the maximum allowable limits established under Brazilian law, indicating the need for a preventive monitoring program and immediate intervention initiatives aimed at the sources of contamination. The results demonstrate the need to quantify heavy metal content in vegetable crops, since their contamination by irrigation water may make them harmful to human health. Rainfall has a seasonal effect on heavy metal concentrations in water, showing a significant effect on Pb levels, whereas Cd and Ni content was less dependent on seasonal variation.

RESUMO Metais pesados são naturalmente encontrados em solos, mas suas concentrações podem ser aumentadas por meio de ações antrópicas. Objetivou-se determinar as concentrações de Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn em Latossolos Amarelos de áreas produtoras de olerícolas, bem como a influência do cultivo e da posição no relevo dos solos no acúmulo desses elementos. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em cinco propriedades e quatro áreas com vegetação natural, as quais serviram de referência. O solo foi coletado nos terços superior, médio e inferior da encosta, nas linhas de plantio, e no topo, nas áreas de mata, em três profundidades (0,0-0,10 m; 0,10-0,30 m; e 0,30-0,60 m). Os resultados das análises químicas demonstraram que as concentrações de Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb e Zn nos solos foram aumentadas pelo cultivo. Apenas Cd e Cu estiveram acima do valor de referência de qualidade para Pernambuco. As técnicas de análise multivariada utilizadas foram eficientes para separação dos ambientes e para diferenciação da origem dos metais. Os solos nas áreas de mata foram claramente separados das áreas de cultivo, demonstrando o efeito das práticas agrícolas sobre os teores dos metais nos solos. A análise de componentes principais indicou origem predominantemente antropogênica (adubação fosfatada) para Cd, nas amostras de solo mais superficiais.

ABSTRACT Heavy metals are naturally found in soils, but their levels may increase as a result of anthropogenic actions. This study aimed at determining the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in Yellow Latosol from vegetable crops areas, as well as the influence of the cultivation and position in the landscape on the accumulation of these elements. Soil samples were collected from five farming areas and four areas with natural vegetation, which served as a reference. Soil was collected along the planting rows from three transect positions (upper, middle and lower sections of the slope), as well as from the upper portion of forest areas, at three depths (0.0-0.10 m, 0.10-0.30 m and 0.30-0.60 m). The results from the chemical analyses indicated that Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn levels in the soil increased as a result of cultivation. Only Cd and Cu concentrations were above the quality reference values for the Pernambuco State. The multivariate analysis techniques used were efficient at separating the environments and at differentiating the origin of the metals. Soils from forest areas were clearly separated from croplands, demonstrating the effect of agricultural practices on the metal contents in the soils. The principal component analysis indicated a predominantly anthropogenic origin (phosphate fertilizing) for Cd, in more superficial soil samples.