ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in patients who survived moderate and severe forms of COVID-19 and the risk factors for LUTS six months after hospitalization. Materials and Methods: In this prospective cohort study, patients were evaluated six months after hospitalization due to COVID-19. LUTS were assessed using the International Prostate Symptom Score. General health was assessed through the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the EQ5D-L5 scale, which evaluates mobility, ability to perform daily activities, pain and discomfort and completed a self-perception health evaluation. Results: Of 255 participants, 54.1% were men and the median age was 57.3 [44.3 – 66.6] years. Pre-existing comorbidities included diabetes (35.7%), hypertension (54.5%), obesity (30.2%) and physical inactivity (65.5%). One hundred and twenty-four patients (48.6%) had a hospital stay >15 days, 181 (71.0%) were admitted to an ICU and 124 (48.6%) needed mechanical ventilation. Median IPSS was 6 [3-11] and did not differ between genders. Moderate to severe LUTS affected 108 (42.4%) patients (40.6% men and 44.4% women; p=0.610). Nocturia (58.4%) and frequency (45.9%) were the most prevalent symptoms and urgency was the only symptom that affected men (29.0%) and women (44.4%) differently (p=0.013). LUTS impacted the quality of life of 60 (23.5%) patients with women more severely affected (p=0.004). Diabetes, hypertension, and self-perception of worse general health were associated with LUTS. Conclusions: LUTS are highly prevalent and bothersome six months after hospitalization due to COVID-19. Assessment of LUTS may help ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment in these patients. Purpose (LUTS COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Methods study COVID19. 19. Score EQ5DL5 EQDL EQ5D L5 EQ D L EQ5D-L scale mobility activities selfperception self perception evaluation Results 25 participants 541 54 1 54.1 573 57 3 57. 44.3 443 44 [44. 66.6 666 66 years Preexisting Pre existing 35.7%, 357 35.7% , 35 7 (35.7%) 54.5%, 545 54.5% 5 (54.5%) 30.2% 302 30 2 (30.2% 65.5%. 655 65.5% . 65 (65.5%) twentyfour twenty four 48.6% 486 48 (48.6% 15 >1 days 18 71.0% 710 71 0 (71.0% 12 ventilation 311 11 [3-11 genders 10 42.4% 424 42 4 (42.4% 40.6% 406 40 (40.6 444 44.4 p=0.610. p0610 p p=0.610 610 p=0.610) 58.4% 584 58 (58.4% 45.9% 459 45 9 (45.9% 29.0% 290 29 (29.0% (44.4% p=0.013. p0013 p=0.013 013 (p=0.013) 23.5% 235 23 (23.5% p=0.004. p0004 p=0.004 004 (p=0.004) Diabetes Conclusions COVID1 COVID- DL EQ5DL EQD 54. 44. [44 66. 35.7 (35.7% 54.5 (54.5% 30.2 (30.2 65.5 (65.5% 48.6 (48.6 > 71.0 (71.0 31 [3-1 42.4 (42.4 40.6 (40. p061 p=0.61 61 58.4 (58.4 45.9 (45.9 29.0 (29.0 (44.4 p001 p=0.01 01 (p=0.013 23.5 (23.5 p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.004 [4 35. (35.7 (54.5 30. (30. 65. (65.5 48. (48. 71. (71. [3- 42. (42. 40. (40 p06 p=0.6 58. (58. 45. (45. 29. (29. (44. p00 p=0.0 (p=0.01 23. (23. (p=0.00 [ (35. (54. (30 (65. (48 (71 [3 (42 (4 p0 p=0. (58 (45 (29 (44 (p=0.0 (23 (35 (54 (3 (65 (7 ( p=0 (5 (2 (p=0. (6 p= (p=0 (p= (p

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the current state of research funding in Brazil. Materials and Methods: This study is based on the most recent edition of the course Funding for Research and Innovation in the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine which was a three-day course with 12 hours of instruction. The course brought together leading experts in the field to comprehensively discuss the current state of research funding in Brazil. Each speaker provided a presentation on a specific topic related to research funding. After the workshop, speakers assembled relevant topics in this manuscript. Results: collaborative research is critical for securing research funding. It optimizes proposal competitiveness, amplifies societal impact, and manages risks effectively. As such, fostering and supporting these collaborations is paramount for both researchers and funding agencies. To maintain the highest integrity in research, investigators involved in these collaborations must disclose any relationships that could potentially influence the outcomes or interpretation of their projects. Conclusions: In Brazil, the mainstay of research funding stems from public entities, with agencies such as CNPq, CAPES, and state bodies like FAPESP, FAPERJ, FAPEMIG and others at the forefront. Concurrently, industry funding offers viable pathways, especially through industry-sponsored studies, investigator-led projects, and collaborative initiatives. The Brazilian funding landscape is further enriched by innovative platforms, including crowdfunding and the contributions of institutions like the Serrapilheira Institute. Internationally, esteemed organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation stand out as potential funders. Objective Brazil Methods threeday three day 1 instruction workshop manuscript Results competitiveness impact effectively projects Conclusions entities CNPq CAPES FAPESP FAPERJ forefront Concurrently pathways industrysponsored sponsored studies investigatorled investigator led initiatives platforms Institute Internationally NIH (NIH funders

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemics on clinical and surgical practice, educational activities, health and lifestyle behavior of Brazilian urology residents after 1 year of socio-economic restrictions. Materials and Methods: An electronic survey was e-mailed to all postgraduate (PG) students registered by the Brazilian Society of Urology. The survey included an assessment of socio-demographic, clinical practice, educational, health-related and behavior parameters. We also evaluated which subareas of urology were predominantly affected. A similar survey was adapted and sent to the directors of all urology residency programs. Results: COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted the clinical, surgical, and educational activities of urology residents in Brazil. Urology residents reported >50% decrease in multiple surgical modalities. We highlight kidney transplantation surgeries (66.2%), minor surgeries (62.3%), endoscopic surgeries (42.6%) and reconstructive surgeries (38.8%). This could represent a critical skills gap that residents may face beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, PG students faced stressful situations that caused worsening of mental and physical health, such as getting redirected to assistance of COVID-19 patients (66.9%), and high rate of infection by SARS-CoV-2 (58.2%). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted the clinical, surgical, and educational activities of urology residents in Brazil. This could represent a critical skills gap that residents may face beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. PG students faced stressful situations that caused worsening of mental and physical health such as redirection to assistance of COVID-19 patients, concern about their own contamination and of family members. Objectives COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 practice socioeconomic socio economic restrictions Methods emailed e mailed (PG sociodemographic, sociodemographic demographic, demographic socio-demographic healthrelated related parameters affected programs Results Brazil 50 >50 modalities 66.2%, 662 66.2% , 66 2 (66.2%) 62.3%, 623 62.3% 62 3 (62.3%) 42.6% 426 42 6 (42.6% 38.8%. 388 38.8% . 38 8 (38.8%) Furthermore 66.9%, 669 66.9% 9 (66.9%) SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV SARS-CoV- 58.2%. 582 58.2% 58 (58.2%) Conclusions members COVID1 COVID- 5 >5 66.2 (66.2% 62.3 (62.3% 42.6 4 (42.6 38.8 (38.8% 66.9 (66.9% SARS-CoV 58.2 (58.2% > 66. (66.2 62. (62.3 42. (42. 38. (38.8 (66.9 58. (58.2 (66. (62. (42 (38. (58. (66 (62 (4 (38 (58 (6 ( (3 (5

Abstract The Learning Approaches Scale (EABAP) showed evidence of structural and external validity in assessing the deep and surface approach of elementary and high school students. However, this evidence is supported only by participants from a single school. The present study evaluates the generality of EABAP by verifying through the multigroup confirmatory factor analysis whether this scale is invariant across sex, type of school, and educational level variables. The sample consisted of 2,148 students from elementary school II, high school, and higher education in public and private schools. The results indicate configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance for the sex variable; configural, partial metric, and partial scalar invariance for the educational level variable; and configural, partial metric, and scalar invariance for the type of school variable. We conclude that it is possible to compare the means of the latent variables measured by EABAP for the groups analyzed in this sample. (EABAP However 2148 2 148 2,14 II schools configural metric variable 214 14 2,1 21 1 2,

Resumo A Escala de Abordagens de Aprendizagem (EABAP) apresenta evidências de validade estrutural e validade externa para avaliar a abordagem profunda e superficial de estudantes do ensino fundamental II e ensino médio. Não obstante, essas evidências são sustentadas apenas por participantes de uma escola. O presente estudo avalia a generalidade da EABAP, verificando por meio da análise fatorial confirmatória multigrupo se essa escala é invariante para a variável sexo, tipo de escola e nível educacional. A amostra foi composta por 2.148 estudantes do ensino fundamental II, ensino médio e ensino superior, oriundos de escolas públicas e particulares. Os resultados indicam invariância configural, métrica e escalar parcial para a variável sexo; invariância configural, métrica parcial e escalar parcial para a variável nível educacional; e invariância configural, métrica parcial e escalar para a variável tipo de escola. Conclui-se que é possível comparar médias das variáveis latentes mensuradas pela EABAP nos grupos analisados nesta amostra. (EABAP obstante sexo educacional 2148 2 148 2.14 superior particulares configural Concluise Conclui 214 14 2.1 21 1 2.

Resumen La Escala de Enfoques de Aprendizaje (EABAP) presenta evidencias de validez estructural y validez externa para evaluar el enfoque profundo y superficial de los estudiantes de primaria y secundaria. Sin embargo, las evidencias solo están respaldadas por participantes de una escuela. El presente estudio evalúa la generalidad de la EABAP, verificando mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio si esta escala es invariante para las variables sexo, tipo de escuela y nivel educativo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 2148 estudiantes de primaria II, bachillerato y educación superior, de colegios públicos y privados. Los resultados indican invarianza de configuración, métrica y escalar parcial para la variable sexo; invarianza configuracional, métrica parcial y escalar parcial para la variable nivel educativo e invarianza configuracional, métrica parcial y escalar para el tipo de variable de escuela. Concluimos que es posible comparar las medias de las variables latentes medidas por EABAP en los grupos analizados en esta muestra. (EABAP secundaria embargo sexo 214 II superior privados configuración configuracional 21 2

Abstract Objective This scoping review aimed to describe and map the measures provided by smartwatches as a tool for identifying Frailty Syndrome in older adults. Methods Studies published in any language, without publication date restrictions, that described the use of measures provided by smartwatches in evaluating or identifying Frailty Syndrome and/or its criteria in older adults were included. English descriptors for smartwatches, smartbands, Frailty Syndrome and Older Adults were used to develop a comprehensive search strategy, which was then applied to search the following databases: COCHRANE LIBRARY, EMBASE, SCOPUS, PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS, WEB OF SCIENCE and PEDRO. Results The initial search identified a total of 156 articles and 2 articles were identified from the manual search in the references of eligible studies. Next, 4 studies that used daily step count measurements for descriptive synthesis were included, and three of the four also used sleep and heart rate data to assess frailty in older adults. The results obtained in this review indicate that parameters derived from smartwatches have been used to identify stages of frailty in different areas, with the majority of studies being associated with other clinical conditions. Conclusion Smartwatches are an excellent frailty monitoring tool through daily measurements of step count, sleep data and heart rate. The results obtained with the use of these devices may suggest a broader evaluation of older adults who face an increased risk of developing Frailty Syndrome. language restrictions andor included smartbands strategy databases LIBRARY EMBASE SCOPUS PUBMEDMEDLINE PUBMED MEDLINE PUBMED/MEDLINE LILACS PEDRO 15 Next areas conditions 1

Resumo Objetivo Esta Revisão de Escopo teve como objetivo descrever e mapear as medidas disponibilizadas pelos smartwatches como ferramenta para identificação da Síndrome de Fragilidade em idosos. Métodos Foram incluídos estudos publicados em qualquer idioma, sem restrição de data de publicação, que descrevessem o uso de medidas fornecidas por smartwatches na avaliação da Síndrome de Fragilidade e/ou seus critérios em idosos. Descritores em inglês para smartwatches, smartbands, Síndrome da Fragilidade e envelhecimento foram utilizados para desenvolver uma estratégia de busca abrangente, que foi então aplicada para pesquisar nas seguintes bases de dados: COCHRANE LIBRARY, EMBASE, SCOPUS, PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS, WEB OF SCIENCE e PEDRO. Resultados A busca inicial identificou um total de 156 artigos e foram identificados 2 artigos a partir da busca manual nas referências dos estudos elegíveis. Em seguida, foram incluídos 4 estudos que utilizaram medidas diárias de contagem de passos para síntese descritiva, e três dos quatro também utilizaram dados relacionados ao sono e FC para avaliar a fragilidade em idosos. Os resultados obtidos nesta revisão indicam que parâmetros derivados de smartwatches têm sido utilizados para identificar estágios de fragilidade em diferentes ambientes, sendo a maioria dos estudos associados a outras condições clínicas. Conclusão Os smartwatches são uma excelente ferramenta de monitoramento de fragilidade por meio de medições diárias de contagem de passos, dados de sono e frequência cardíaca. Os resultados obtidos com o uso desses dispositivos podem sugerir uma avaliação mais ampla dos idosos que enfrentam risco aumentado de desenvolver a Síndrome da Fragilidade. idioma publicação eou ou smartbands abrangente LIBRARY EMBASE SCOPUS PUBMEDMEDLINE PUBMED MEDLINE PUBMED/MEDLINE LILACS PEDRO 15 elegíveis seguida descritiva ambientes clínicas cardíaca 1

Abstract Background The area of self-regulated learning integrates the fields of metacognition and self-regulation and assumes that the student is an active processor of information capable of self-regulating his learning by putting together the cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational components. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) is a benchmark for the measurement of self-regulated learning. However, the field of study does not show adequate evidence of its structural validity. The vast majority of studies involving this question present serious methodological mistakes, compromising the evidence of validity. Objective Our study investigates the structural validity of MSLQ including all 15 scales and corrects relevant mistakes in the previous studies. Method We tested different models through item confirmatory factor analysis in a convenience sample of 670 college students (M = 22.8 years, SD = 5.2) from a public Brazilian university in the technological area. The models with the ML, MLR, MLM and WLMSV estimators. Results Only WLSMV produced models with acceptable fit. The final model has a bi-factor structure with a general factor (self-regulated learning), 15 components as first-order factors, and four broad components as second-order factors. Twelve first-order components, all second-order components and the general factor had acceptable reliability. The components’ elaboration, intrinsic goal orientation and metacognitive self-regulation, did not show acceptable reliability, in terms of McDonald's omega. Conclusion Considering the worldwide importance of the MSLQ, we do not recommend the use of the measurement of these components for clinical practice and psychoeducational diagnosis until new studies show that this low reliability only occurs in our sample. Our study shows new evidence, correcting many previous methodological mistakes and producing initial evidence favorable to the factor structure of the MSLQ. selfregulated self regulated selfregulation regulation selfregulating regulating cognitive (MSLQ However 1 67 M 228 22 8 22. years 5.2 52 5 2 ML MLR estimators fit bifactor bi learning, , learning) firstorder first order factors secondorder second elaboration selfregulation, regulation, McDonalds McDonald s omega 6 5.

Resumo Fundamento Sabe-se que em torno de 30% dos pacientes apresentam valores de pressão arterial (PA) mais elevados quando examinados no consultório do que em suas residências. No mundo, admite-se que apenas 35% dos hipertensos já tratados tenham alcançado meta pressórica. Objetivo Fornecer dados epidemiológicos sobre o controle da PA nos consultórios, em uma amostra de cardiologistas brasileiros, avaliado pela medida de consultório e monitorização residencial da pressão arterial (MRPA). Métodos Análise transversal. Observou-se pacientes com diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial, em tratamento anti-hipertensivo, podendo ou não estar com a PA controlada. A PA foi verificada no consultório por profissional médico, e no domicílio através da MRPA. A associação entre variáveis categóricas se deu por meio do teste do qui-quadrado (p < 0,05). Resultados Foram incluídos 2.540 pacientes, com idade média 59,7 ± 15,2 anos. A maioria dos pacientes eram mulheres (62%; n = 1.575). O estudo mostrou uma prevalência de 15% (n = 382) de hipertensão do avental branco não controlada, e 10% (n = 253) de hipertensão mascarada não controlada. A taxa de controle da PA no consultório foi 56,3%, e no domicílio, de 61%; 46,4% dos pacientes tiveram PA controlada no consultório e fora dele. Observou-se maior controle no sexo feminino e na faixa etária 49-61 anos. Observando o controle domiciliar com o novo ponto de corte das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão Arterial de 2020, a taxa de controle foi de 42,4%. Conclusão O controle pressórico nos consultórios em uma amostra de cardiologistas brasileiros foi de 56,3%; 61% quando a PA foi obtida no domicílio, e 46,4% quando o controle foi observado tanto no consultório como no domicílio. Sabese Sabe 30 (PA residências mundo admitese admite 35 pressórica MRPA . (MRPA) transversal Observouse Observou antihipertensivo, antihipertensivo anti hipertensivo, hipertensivo anti-hipertensivo médico quiquadrado qui quadrado p 0,05. 005 0,05 0 05 0,05) 2540 2 540 2.54 597 59 7 59, 152 15 15, anos 62% 62 (62% 1.575. 1575 1.575 1 575 1.575) 382 10 253 563 56 3 56,3% 61 464 46 4 46,4 dele 4961 49 49-6 2020 424 42 42,4% (MRPA 00 0,0 254 54 2.5 5 6 (62 157 1.57 57 38 25 56,3 46, 496 49- 202 42,4 0, 2. (6 1.5 56, 20 42, ( 1.

Abstract Background It is known that around 30% of patients have higher blood pressure (BP) values when examined at the office than at home. Worldwide, only 35% of patients with hypertension undergoing treatment have reached their BP targets. Objective To provide epidemiological data on BP control in the offices of a sample of Brazilian cardiologists, considering office and home BP measurement. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of patients with a hypertension diagnosis and undergoing antihypertensive treatment, with controlled BP or not. BP was assayed in the office by a medical professional and at home using home BP monitoring (HBPM). The association between categorical variables was verified using the chi-square test (p<0.05). Results The study included 2540 patients, with a mean age of 59.7 ± 15.2 years. Most patients were women (62%; n=1575). Prevalence rates of 15% (n=382) for uncontrolled white coat hypertension and 10% (n=253) for uncontrolled masked hypertension were observed. The rate of BP control in the office was 56.3% and at home, 61%. Meanwhile, 46.4% of the patients had controlled BP in and outside of the office. Greater control was observed in women and in the 49-61 years age group. Considering the new DBHA 2020 threshold for home BP control, the control rate was 42.4%. Conclusion BP control in the offices of a sample of Brazilian cardiologists was 56.3%; this rate was 61% when BP was measured at home and 46.4% when considering both the office and home. 30 (BP Worldwide 35 targets measurement crosssectional cross sectional not HBPM. HBPM . (HBPM) chisquare chi square p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) 254 597 59 7 59. 152 15 2 15. 62% 62 (62% n=1575. n1575 n n=1575 1575 n=1575) n=382 n382 382 (n=382 10 n=253 n253 253 (n=253 563 56 3 56.3 61 Meanwhile 464 46 4 46.4 4961 49 49-6 group 202 424 42 42.4% (HBPM p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 25 5 1 6 (62 n157 n=157 157 n=38 n38 38 (n=38 n=25 n25 (n=25 56. 46. 496 49- 20 42.4 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 (6 n15 n=15 n=3 n3 (n=3 n=2 n2 (n=2 42. p<0 (p<0. ( n1 n=1 n= (n= p< (p<0 (n (p< (p

RESUMO A expansão da educação superior está associada à progressiva diversificação dos perfis discentes, tais como aumento do número de estudantes mais velhos, trabalhadores e mulheres. A transição para o ensino superior comporta desafios para os estudantes que nele ingressam, gerando expectativas que podem impactar a adaptação acadêmica. Este estudo comparou as expectativas acadêmicas por gênero e situação de trabalho em dois coortes de estudantes ingressantes em uma universidade pública brasileira, envolvendo 13.336 participantes. Utilizou-se a Escala Brasileira de Expectativas Acadêmicas para Estudantes Ingressantes na Educação Superior. Estudantes mulheres e não trabalhadores apresentaram maiores expectativas acadêmicas em ambas as coortes. Os resultados fornecem subsídios às instituições de ensino superior para desenvolvimento de programas de apoio e políticas voltadas aos estudantes ingressantes. discentes velhos ingressam acadêmica brasileira 13336 13 336 13.33 participantes Utilizouse Utilizou se Superior 1333 1 33 13.3 133 3 13.

ABSTRACT The expansion of higher education is associated with the progressive diversification of student’s profiles, such as the increasing number of older, working and female students. The transition to higher education poses challenges for students entering it, generating expectations that can impact academic adaptation. This study compared academic expectations by gender and work situation in two cohorts of first-year students from a Brazilian public university, involving 13,336 participants. The Brazilian Scale of Academic Expectations for First-Year University Students was administered. Non-working and female students had higher academic expectations in both cohorts. The findings provide subsidies to higher education institutions to develop support programs and policies targeting first-year students. student s profiles older it adaptation firstyear first year university 13336 13 336 13,33 participants FirstYear First Year administered Nonworking Non 1333 1 33 13,3 133 3 13,

Abstract Dropout from higher education is a worldwide phenomenon with negative consequences for students, families, institutions, and society. As student numbers increase, students become more heterogeneous in terms of academic competencies, motivation, and trajectories, creating new challenges for promoting student persistence. Higher education can pose difficulties for students, increasing their vulnerability and risk of underachievement or dropout. This study involved 2843 first-year students of a Portuguese public university. The aim was to identify the variables that predict the decision to persist or drop out, using the regression tree method. The results show a good model that classifies students into four groups and reveals that the decision to drop out is different for traditional and non-traditional students, suggesting higher vulnerability of older students. Some reflections are offered about institutional practices.

Resumen La deserción en la educación superior es un fenómeno mundial que genera consecuencias adversas para los estudiantes, las familias, las instituciones y la sociedad. Con el incremento de la matrícula, los estudiantes se vuelven más heterogéneos en términos de competencias académicas, motivación y trayectorias, lo cual supone nuevos retos para la promoción de la permanencia estudiantil. La educación superior puede plantear ciertas dificultades para los estudiantes, las cuales aumentan su vulnerabilidad y su riesgo de bajo rendimiento o deserción. El estudio, en el que participaron 2843 estudiantes de primer año de una universidad pública portuguesa, tiene por objetivo identificar las variables que predicen la decisión de permanecer o desertar, por medio del método del árbol de regresión. Los resultados muestran un buen modelo que clasifica a los estudiantes en cuatro grupos y revela que la decisión de desertar es diferente para los estudiantes tradicionales y no tradicionales, apuntando así a una mayor vulnerabilidad de estudiantes mayores. Se ofrecen algunas reflexiones en torno a las prácticas institucionales.

Abstract Meta-analyses show that the correlations of approaches to learning with academic achievement are low. However, only one study has controlled these correlations in the presence of intelligence. Our study investigates the incremental validity of the surface and deep approaches taking cognitive abilities as control and applied the multiple linear regression and CART regression tree method in a diversified sample of high school students from Minas Gerais, Brazil. We found a prediction of 20.37% and 35.20% of the outcome variance, through the linear regression and CART, respectively. Our results show that although cognitive abilities are more important than students’ approaches, the approaches have incremental validity and important roles as predictors of academic achievement.

Résumé Méta-analyses montrent que les corrélations entre les approches de l’apprentissage et le rendement scolaire sont faibles. Cependant, une seule étude a contrôlé ces corrélations en présence d’intelligence. Notre étude examine la validité incrémentielle des approches superficielles et profondes en prenant les capacités cognitives comme contrôle et en appliquant la régression linéaire multiple et la méthode de l’arbre de régression CART à un échantillon diversifié d’élèves du secondaire de Minas Gerais, au Brésil. Nous avons trouvé une prédiction de 20,37% et 35,20% de la variance des résultats, grâce à la régression linéaire et au CART, respectivement. Nos résultats montrent que bien que les capacités cognitives soient plus importantes que les approches des étudiants, les approches ont une validité incrémentale et des rôles importants en tant que prédicteurs du rendement scolaire.

Resumen El meta-análisis revela que las correlaciones entre las aproximaciones al aprendizaje y el rendimiento académico son bajas. Sin embargo, solo un estudio ha controlado estas correlaciones en presencia de la inteligencia. El presente estudio investiga la validez incremental de los enfoques superficiales y profundos tomando las habilidades cognitivas como variable control, y aplicando la regresión lineal múltiple y el método del árbol de regresión CART en una muestra diversificada de estudiantes de secundaria de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Encontramos una predicción de 20.37% y 35.20% de la varianza del resultado, mediante la regresión lineal y CART, respectivamente. Nuestros resultados muestran que, aunque las habilidades cognitivas son más importantes que los enfoques de los estudiantes, los enfoques tienen una validez incremental y roles importantes como predictores del rendimiento académico.

Resumo Meta-análises mostram que as correlações das abordagens da aprendizagem com o desempenho acadêmico são baixas. No entanto, apenas um estudo controlou essas correlações na presença de inteligência. Nosso estudo investiga a validade incremental das abordagens superficial e profunda tomando habilidades cognitivas como controle e aplicou a regressão linear múltipla e o método de regressão em árvore CART em uma amostra diversificada de estudantes do ensino médio de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Encontramos uma previsão de 20,37% e 35,20% da variância do desfecho, por meio da regressão linear e CART, respectivamente. Nossos resultados mostram que, embora as habilidades cognitivas sejam mais importantes do que as abordagens dos alunos, as abordagens têm validade incremental e papéis importantes como preditoras do desempenho acadêmico.

Resumo Qualquer método quantitativo é formatado por certas regras ou postulados que constituem a sua própria racionalidade. Não fortuitamente, esses postulados determinam as condições e constrangimentos segundo os quais as evidências podem ser construídas. Neste artigo, argumentamos por que a racionalidade do Método de Regressão em Árvore é mais apropriada do que a do Modelo Linear Geral para analisar dados educacionais complexos. Ademais, aplicamos o algoritmo CART do Método de Regressão em Árvore, assim como a Regressão Linear Múltipla, num modelo com 53 preditores, tomando como desfecho as pontuações dos estudantes em leitura da edição de 2011 do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM; N = 3.670.089), o qual é um dado educacional complexo. Esta comparação empírica ilustra como o Método de Regressão em Árvore é superior ao Modelo Linear Geral para fornecer evidências sobre relações não lineares, assim como para lidar com variáveis nominais com muitas categorias, e variáveis ordinais. Concluímos que o Método de Regressão em Árvore constrói melhores evidências sobre as relações entre os preditores e o desfecho em dados complexos.

Resumen Cualquier método cuantitativo está conformado por ciertas reglas o postulados que constituyen su propia racionalidad. No por casualidad, estos postulados determinan las condiciones y restricciones sobre las cuales se puede construir la evidencia En este artículo, argumentamos por qué la racionalidad del Método de Árbol de Regresión es más apropiada que el Modelo Lineal General para analizar datos educativos complejos. Además, se aplicó el algoritmo CART del Método de Regresión de Árbol, así como la Regresión Linear Múltiple, en un modelo con 53 predictores, tomando como variable de respuesta el desempeño de los estudiantes en lectura de la edición 2011 del Examen Nacional de Educación Secundaria (ENEM; N = 3.670.089), que es un dato educativo complejo. Esta comparación empírica ilustra cómo el Método de Árbol de Regresión es superior al Modelo Linear General al proporcionar evidencia de relaciones no lineales, así como al tratar con variables nominales con muchas categorías y variables ordinales. Llegamos a la conclusión de que el Método de Árbol de Regresión genera mejores evidencias sobre las relaciones entre los predictores y el variable de respuesta en datos complejos.

Abstract Any quantitative method is shaped by certain rules or assumptions which constitute its own rationale. It is not by chance that these assumptions determine the conditions and constraints which permit the evidence to be constructed. In this article, we argue why the Regression Tree Method’s rationale is more suitable than General Linear Model to analyze complex educational datasets. Furthermore, we apply the CART algorithm of Regression Tree Method and the Multiple Linear Regression in a model with 53 predictors, taking as outcome the students’ scores in reading of the 2011’s edition of the National Exam of Upper Secondary Education (ENEM; N = 3,670,089), which is a complex educational dataset. This empirical comparison illustrates how the Regression Tree Method is better suitable than General Linear Model for furnishing evidence about non-linear relationships, as well as, to deal with nominal variables with many categories and ordinal variables. We conclude that the Regression Tree Method constructs better evidence about the relationships between the predictors and the outcome in complex datasets.

ABSTRACT Overactive bladder is a symptom complex consisting of bothersome storage urinary symptoms that is highly prevalent among both sexes and has a significant impact on quality of life. Various antimuscarinic agents and the beta-3 agonists mirabegron and vibegron are currently available for the treatment of OAB. Each drug has specific pharmacologic properties, dosing schedule and tolerability profile, making it essential to individualize the medical treatment for the patient's characteristics and expectations. In this manuscript, we review the most important factors involved in the contemporary pharmacological treatment of OAB.