Abstract Habitat fragmentation and the associated landscape connectivity loss can reduce gene flow among populations, which could lead to a decrease in genetic variability, and an increase in the extinction risk of a species. The main goal of this study was to provide genetic diversity and population structure data for Pampas foxes from the southern Argentine Espinal ecoregion. Through the analyses of 30 tissue samples collected during 2013-2018, we were able to genotype 23 individuals at 18 microsatellite loci. Results indicate high diversity values, and exhibiting an average of 10 alleles per locus (min= 6, max= 13), 0.71 (range= 0.35-0.91) of mean observed heterozygosity and 0.83 (min= 0.61, max= 0.91) of mean expected heterozygosity. Bayesian analyses suggest no population structure. Finally, we did not detect a pattern of isolation by distance. The high habitat adaptability and the generalist feeding behavior of Pampas fox may explain our findings, which are in agreement with the general patterns described for other fox species. The panel of microsatellites employed in this study proved to be suitable for Pampas fox genotyping and it can be used in further genetic assessments needed to validate and expand our understanding of its population genetics.

Several phylogeographic studies of seabirds have documented low genetic diversity that has been attributed to bottleneck events or individual capacity for dispersal. Few studies have been done in seabirds on the Brazilian coast and all have shown low genetic differentiation on a wide geographic scale. The Kelp Gull is a common species with a wide distribution in the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, we used mitochondrial and nuclear markers to examine the genetic variability of Kelp Gull populations on the Brazilian coast and compared this variability with that of sub-Antarctic island populations of this species. Kelp Gulls showed extremely low genetic variability for mitochondrial markers (cytb and ATPase) and high diversity for a nuclear locus (intron 7 of the β-fibrinogen). The intraspecific evolutionary history of Kelp Gulls showed that the variability found in intron 7 of the β-fibrinogen gene was compatible with the variability expected under neutral evolution but suggested an increase in population size during the last 10,000 years. However, none of the markers revealed evidence of a bottleneck population. These findings indicate that the recent origin of Kelp Gulls is the main explanation for their nuclear diversity, although selective pressure on the mtDNA of this species cannot be discarded.