RESUMO: Os microrganismos promotores do crescimento de plantas (MPCP) proporcionam uma série de efeitos diretos e indiretos sobre o crescimento das plantas, sendo muitos dos mecanismos associados com melhorias das condições físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, podendo ser classificados como condicionadores de solo. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficiência agronômica de um condicionador biológico a base de Pseudomonas thivervalensis SC5 no desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultura do milho no território brasileiro. Ao final do ciclo da cultura foi determinada a produção de biomassa da parte aérea, o teor e acúmulo de N e P na parte aérea das plantas, o rendimento de grãos e a atividade enzimática do solo por meio da quantificação da hidrólise do Diacetato de Fluoresceína (DAF). A cultura do milho foi altamente responsiva à inoculação com o produto a base de P. thivervalensis SC5, com incrementos variando de 10,1 a 40,6% na produção de biomassa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e de 9,0 a 27,8% para rendimento de grãos comparativamente ao controle. Esses incrementos proporcionados pelo condicionador aqui testado foram relacionados com os teores e acúmulos de N e P na parte aérea das plantas. Além disso, a inoculação de P. thivervalensis SC5 proporcionou aumentos de 16,7 a 47,4% na atividade enzimática global do solo (DAF), confirmando a capacidade da referida cepa em atuar no aumento da atividade biológica do solo que reflete no aumento do fornecimento de nutrientes para a cultura. Conclui-se que a cepa Pseudomonas thivervalensis SC5 apresenta característica condicionadora do solo por meio de distintos mecanismos de atuação no sistema solo-planta, com consequente melhoria da qualidade do solo e aumento no rendimento de culturas de interesse agrícola, incluindo o milho. RESUMO MPCP (MPCP físicas forma SC brasileiro DAF. DAF . (DAF) 101 10 1 10, 406 40 6 40,6 MSPA (MSPA 90 9 0 9, 278 27 8 27,8 controle disso 167 16 7 16, 474 47 4 47,4 DAF, , Concluise Conclui se soloplanta, soloplanta planta, planta solo-planta agrícola (DAF 40, 2 27, 47,

ABSTRACT: Previous research has demonstrated the ability of isolate Pseudomonas thivervalensis SC5 to express the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC), which regulates ethylene levels, one of the most important phytohormones in the regulation of plant growth and development. Thus, the present study evaluated the agronomic efficiency of a biological conditioner based on P. thivervalensis SC5 in the growth and productivity increases of corn in Brazil. It was found that corn was highly responsive to the inoculation of P. thivervalensis SC5, with increments ranging from 10.1 to 40.6% in the production of dry shoot biomass (DSB) compared to the control, while for grain yield the increments ranged from 9.0 to 27.8%. The increments are related to the levels and accumulations of N and P in the shoots of the plants. This suggested the participation of P. thivervalensis SC5 in mechanisms of soil modulation and nutrient acquisition. The inoculation of P. thivervalensis SC5 provided average increments in FDA hydrolysis ranging from 16.7 to 47.4% compared to the control, confirming the ability of this strain to increase the supply of nutrients to plants. Therefore, it is concluded that Pseudomonas thivervalensis SC5 participates in key mechanisms in the soil-plant system, with a consequent improvement in soil quality and other plant-related parameters. ABSTRACT SC 1aminocyclopropane1carboxylate aminocyclopropanecarboxylate 1 aminocyclopropane carboxylate ACC, ACC , (ACC) development Thus Brazil 101 10 10. 406 40 6 40.6 DSB (DSB control 90 9 0 9. 278 27 8 27.8% plants acquisition 167 16 7 16. 474 47 4 47.4 Therefore soilplant system plantrelated parameters (ACC 40. 2 27.8 47. 27.

RESUMO O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes concentrações de biossólido de lodo de esgoto, submetido a tratamento térmico, no estabelecimento de espécies herbáceas (aveia preta, ervilhaca e azevém) e nos atributos químicos e microbiológicos de um solo degradado pela mineração de carvão. O experimento foi instalado em área degradada pela mineração de carvão, localizada no munícipio de Treviso (SC), sendo os tratamentos compostos pelas concentrações de 0, 6,25, 100, 250 e 500 Mg ha-1 de biossólido, em parcelas de 2×2 m. Foram cultivadas espécies de aveia preta, ervilhaca e azevém de maneira consorciada, avaliando-se os parâmetros das plantas e os atributos químicos do solo nas profundidades 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm. O biossólido proporcionou a elevação do pH do solo e o aumento dos teores disponíveis de P, K e carbono orgânico total e não influenciou na colonização micorrízica, na respiração basal do solo e na nodulação radicular. O uso do resíduo biossólido como substrato em áreas degradadas é uma alternativa para sua disposição final pela economia ao utilizá-lo como fertilizante, além dos benefícios ambientais, associados ao seu uso.

ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of sewage sludge biosolid concentrations, submitted to thermal treatment, in the establishment of herbaceous species (black oats, vetches, and ryegrass) and in the chemical and microbiological attributes of a soil degraded by coal mining. The experiment was installed in an area degraded by coal mining, in Treviso/SC, with treatments composed of concentrations of 0; 6.25; 100; 250; and 500 Mg ha-1 of biosolids, in 2×2 m plots. Species of black oat, vetch, and ryegrass were grown in a consortium manner, evaluating the plant parameters and chemical attributes of the soil at depths 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm. The biosolids provided improvements in soil fertility, such as pH elevation, increased levels available of P, K, and total organic carbon, in addition to not influencing mycorrhizal colonization, basal soil respiration, and root nodulation. The use of biosolid waste as a substrate in degraded areas is an alternative to its final disposal due to the economy when using it as a fertilizer, in addition to the environmental benefits associated with its use.

RESUMO: Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) desempenham um papel importante no crescimento das plantas, no entanto, não há relatos de inoculantes legais baseados em AMF para culturas agrícolas no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência agronômica de um inoculante a base de Rhizophagus intraradices em combinação com a adubação fosfatada no rendimento de grãos de milho sob diferentes condições edafoclimáticas no Brasil. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em cinco estados brasileiros (Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina) em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, com dois tratamentos de inoculação (sementes inoculadas e não inoculadas) e três doses de adubação fosfatada (0, 50 e 100% do P recomendado). No final do ciclo da cultura (estágios R4-R5), a inoculação proporcionou aumentos na biomassa (média de 48%), independentemente da dose aplicada de P, maior absorção de P e aumento médio de 54% no rendimento de grãos. Conclui-se que o inoculante micorrízico arbuscular aumenta a produção de biomassa, a absorção de P e a produtividade de grãos de milho em diferentes condições edafoclimáticas no Brasil, especialmente em solos que originalmente apresentavam níveis baixos ou médios de P.

ABSTRACT: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in plant growth. However, there are no reports of legally commercialized AMF-based inoculants for agricultural crops in Brazil. The objective of this research was to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of a Rhizophagus intraradices inoculant in combination with phosphate fertilization in grain yield of corn under different edaphoclimatic conditions in Brazil. Experiments were conducted in five Brazilian states (Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina) in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, with two inoculation treatments (inoculated and non-inoculated seeds) and three doses of phosphate fertilization (0, 50 and 100% of the recommended P). At the end of the crop cycle (stages R4-R5), inoculation provided increases in biomass (average of 48%) regardless of the applied dose of P, higher P absorption, and 54% average increase in grain yield. In conclusion, the mycorrhizal inoculant increases biomass yield, P uptake and corn grain yield under different edaphoclimatic conditions in Brazil, especially in soils that originally had low or medium levels of available P.

Resumo Os estudos envolvendo a nogueira-pecã têm evoluído consideravelmente nos últimos anos no Brasil. Esta cultura foi introduzida no país no início do século passado e tornou-se importante comercialmente após os anos de 1960, principalmente na região sul. A nogueira-pecã é comprovadamente um simbionte, formando diversas associações mutualísticas com fungos ectomicorrízicos do solo. Assim, a presente revisão tem como objetivos apresentar os estudos sobre os fungos ectomicorrízicos em plantações comerciais de nogueira-pecã no Brasil, destacar a importância agrícola e ambiental desta simbiose, e o potencial da micorrização controlada da nogueira-pecã, visando à produção de espécies desejadas de trufas, notadamente do gênero Tuber, em pomares comerciais, uma atividade econômica de alta rentabilidade.

Abstract Studies involving pecan tree have evolved considerably in recent years in Brazil. Pecans were introduced in the country at the beginning of the last century, and became commercially important after the 1960´s, primarily in the South region. Pecan trees form several ECM associations with mutualistic fungi. Thus, the aims of the present review were to show research data using ECM fungi in commercial pecan orchards in Brazil, present the agricultural and environmental importance of this symbiosis, and show the potential of man-driven mycorrhyzation with pecan, aiming at the production of selected truffles, notably of the genus Tuber, in commercial orchards, a highly profitable economic activity.

ABSTRACT Crotalaria juncea is used as plant cover in grape vineyards in Brazil, which usually present soils with high copper (Cu) levels due to the application of Cu-based phyto-sanitary products. Under this condition an increase growth and cover of C. juncea is needed to improve the phytoremediation processes in those soils. Some alternatives to achieve this condition is the inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which has demonstrated an important increase of plant growth in Cu-contaminated soils at different soil P levels. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of AMF inoculation in soils with high Cu contents on the growth of C. juncea, the acid phosphatase (APase) enzyme activity in plants and soil, and the presence of glomalin under different P supply conditions, as a basis to identify if there is a synergistic interaction between AMF inoculation and P supply on soils with high Cu levels. The experiment was carried under greenhouse conditions in a factorial 3 × 2 design (natural P content, addition of 40 and 100 mg kg-1 P, with and without the inoculation of the AMF Rhizophagus clarus with three replicates) in a soil with high Cu content (60 mg kg-1). The addition of 40 and 100 mg kg-1 P favored plant growth both in the presence and in the absence of AMF. However, when plants were grown in soil with a natural P level, the inoculation with AMF increased by 116 % the shoot biomass, compared to the non-inoculated treatment. Our results showed that the combination of P supply and R. clarus inoculation could be an adequate strategy to reduce Cu phytotoxicity in C. juncea, as it increases plant biomass and modify the APase enzyme activity in the soil and plant. Additionally, glomalin produced by the AMF and accumulated in the soil can decrease the availability of Cu to the plants by means of sequestration beyond the root surface, with a consequent plant protective effect.

ABSTRACT: Areas affected by coal mining can be recovered by revegetation with leguminous plants associated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. This study addressed the isolation and characterization of native nitrogen-fixing bacteria from coalmine wasteland under different vegetation restoration approaches using Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC) Urb and Vicia sativa L. as trap plants. The bacteria were characterized and identified on the basis of 16S rRNA sequences. Additionally, nitrogen-fixing strains were characterized for tolerance to high heavy metal and low pH levels, as well as for their effect on growth, nodulation, and symbiotic efficiency of M. atropurpureum and V. sativa. Soil samples were taken from the rhizosphere of eight areas, between 6 and 20 years under vegetation restoration, in the coal mining area of Candiota, RS-Brazil. The following properties were evaluated: colony characterization on solid “79” culture medium; pH (3.0-9.0) and heavy metal (Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ni) tolerance; partial sequencing of 16S rRNA gene; presence of nodA and nifH genes and symbiotic efficiency. A total of 115 isolates, i.e., 77 from M. atropurpureum and 38 from V. sativa, were obtained. The tolerance of these isolates is high for a wide range of pH levels and heavy metal contents, and 18 among them were selected for symbiotic efficiency and 16S rRNA sequencing. Inoculated with M. atropurpureum, the strains UFSM-B53, UFSM-B64, and UFSM-B74 had high symbiotic efficiency. The nitrogen-fixing bacteria were classified in the genera Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Burkholderia. The results indicate the potential of these native rhizospheric bacterial strains as inoculants and biofertilizers for legume species under pH and heavy metal stress in coal mining degraded areas in Southern Brazil.

RESUMO O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inoculação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) no crescimento, colonização micorrízica e absorção de P e elementos-traço em leguminosas arbóreas expostas a rejeito de mineração de carvão. Ensaios independentes para as leguminosas Mimosa scabrella Benth. (bracatinga), Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze (maricá) e Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan (angico-vermelho) foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos. Foram avaliados cinco isolados de FMA autóctones de áreas de mineração (Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora morrowiae, Dentiscutata heterogama, Rhizophagus clarus e Rhizophagus irregularis), além de um tratamento controle não inoculado, com quatro repetições. Verificou-se que a colonização micorrízica foi superior a 60% para a bracatinga e o maricá, enquanto que, para o angico-vermelho, foi de no máximo 26%. De maneira geral, a inoculação de FMA favoreceu o crescimento das leguminosas arbóreas, atingindo incrementos de até 1430%. A absorção de fósforo foi beneficiada principalmente pela inoculação de A. colombiana, R. irregularis e A. morrowiae. Apesar de se verificar redução nos teores de elementos-traço na parte aérea das plantas, a inoculação de FMA ocasionou incrementos significativos no acúmulo de As, Cu, Zn e Cr para todas as leguminosas avaliadas. Desta forma, os FMA desempenham papel importante para o crescimento de espécies arbóreas em áreas de mineração de carvão, as quais apresentam ambientes pobres, degradados e muitas vezes contaminados.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in the growth, colonization and absorption of P and trace elements of leguminous trees on coal mine wastes. Independent assays for Mimosa scabrella Benth. (common name bracatinga), Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze (maricá) and Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan (angico-vermelho) were carried out in a greenhouse on an entirely casualized experimental delineation composed of six treatments. Five coal mine autochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates were tested, including Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora morrowiae, Dentiscutata heterogama, Rhizophagus clarus and Rhizophagus irregulars, aside from a control treatment, with four replications each. Results show that arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization was greater than 60% for Mimosa species, and up to 26% for Parapiptadenia. Overall, the fungal inoculation promoted better plant growth, with increments of up to 1430%. Phosphorous absorption was favored, especially when inoculation was done with A. colombiana, R. irregularis and A. morrowiae. Even though there was a conclusive reduction in the levels of trace elements in the plant´s shoots, the inoculation with those species of fungi promoted significant increments in the accumulated levels of As, Cu, Zn and Cr for all plant species tested. Therefore, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play important roles in these poor, degraded and often contaminated environments.

ABSTRACT An alternative for recovery of areas degraded by coal mining is revegetation with rapidly growing leguminous trees, which often do not establish in low fertility soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of native rhizobia isolated from coal mining areas in the nodulation and growth of leguminous trees. We isolated 19 strains of rhizobia from a degraded soil near Criciúma, SC, Brazil, and evaluated the nodulation and growth-promoting capacity of the inoculated isolates for bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella), maricá (M. bimucronata) and angico-vermelho (Parapiptadenia rigida). Isolates UFSC-B2, B6, B8, B9, B11 and B16 were able to nodulate bracatinga, providing average increases of 165 % in shoot dry matter, with a significant contribution to N accumulation. Isolates UFSC-B5, B12, and M8 favored nodulation and growth of maricá, especially isolate UFSC-B12, which promoted increases of 370 % in N accumulation compared to treatment with N fertilizer. All strains were inefficient in promoting growth and N uptake by angico-vermelho. In conclusion, isolation and use of selected rhizobia for bracatinga and maricá plant inoculation can contribute to the growth and accumulation of N, with prospects for use in programs for revegetation of degraded soils in coal mining areas.

O crescimento de Eucalyptus é favorecido por fungos ectomicorrízicos (FECM). De ocorrência comum nas plantações florestais, os FECM diferem, entretanto, em infectividade e eficiência. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a compatibilidade e a eficiência do inoculante ectomicorrízico produzido por fermentação semi-sólida, em relação a Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden. Neste sentido, o inoculante de Pisolithus sp., produzido por fermentação semi-sólida em vermiculita-solução nutritiva, foi aplicado ao substrato turfa-vermiculita (30:70, v/v) nas concentrações de 0, 1, 3, 5 e 10% (v/v) que foi semeado com E. dunnii, e mantido em casa de vegetação. A inoculação proporcionou colonização radicular e aumento da matéria seca da parte aérea e do conteúdo de P em razão da concentração do inoculante. O peso da matéria seca das plantas com 1% de inoculante não diferiu do peso das testemunhas. A 3% e 5%, a matéria seca aumentou 62%. O maior valor foi obtido com 10% de inoculante, onde o peso das plantas foi 73% superior ao das testemunhas, e o teor de P, 130%. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos em relação à raiz. Altura e diâmetro foram positivamente afetados pela inoculação, mas não a relação raiz/parte aérea. As doses mais eficientes de inoculante foram aquelas de 3% ou superiores. Este método de produção deverá ser testado com outros FECM, e sua eficiência, avaliada em viveiro e no campo.

Growth of Eucalyptus can be improved by ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF). Although widespread in forest plantations, ECMF differ in infectivity and effectiveness, hence the need of selection of compatible and efficient ECMF and the establishment of inoculum production methods. The objective of this study was to test compatibility and efficiency of the ectomycorrizal inoculum produced by solid state fermentation, in relation to Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden. For this purpose, inoculum of Pisolithus sp. was produced by solid state fermentation in vermiculite + nutrient solution and applied to peat:vermiculite (30:70 v/v) at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 10% (v/v). Seeds of E. dunnii were sown and kept in a glasshouse. Inoculation promoted root colonization, plant growth and phosphorus (P) uptake depending upon inoculum concentration. Plant dry matter with 1% inoculum did not differ from that of the controls. At 3% and 5%, plants had 60% more dry matter than the controls. At 10%, inoculum shoot dry weight (dw) was 70% higher, and P content was 130% higher than that of the controls. Similar results were obtained in relation to root dw. Height and diameter were also positively affected by inoculation. Root:shoot ratios were not influenced. The most efficient doses were those at 3% inoculum or higher. This method of inoculum production needs to be tested with other ECMF and its efficiency must be evaluated in the nursery and in the field.