Abstract Of the 20,000 species of Annelida, most live in salt water, and the minority inhabits freshwater or terrestrial environments. Among the freshwater representatives, the family Aeolosomatidae draws attention mainly due to its enigmatic phylogenetic position. In the 1940s, Prof. Ernst Marcus was a pioneer in the study of Aeolosomatidae, mainly from collections in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. His research resulted in the description of eight species, four of which were new to science. Later, Marcus’ description of Aeolosoma headleyi was recognized as a fifth new species by Van der Land ( 1971 ) and named Aeolosoma marcusi in his honor. Recently, during a visit to the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (MZUSP), we found the original material deposited by Marcus ( 1944 ), but not formally registered. Thus, the aim of this work was to redescribe and designate the lectotypes and paralectotypes of Aeolosoma gertae Marcus, 1944 and Aeolosoma sawayai Marcus, 1944. We were able to study and photograph the specimens using a light microscope with Differential Interference Contrast (DIC). We were also able to identify and redescribe many important taxonomic features. However, some structures can only be observed in living individuals (as they are not preserved in the fixed material), which reinforces the need to study live specimens. This paper contributes to understand the diversity of Aeolosoma , provides new morphological knowledge and lays the foundation for new approaches to the study of aeolosomatids. 20000 20 000 20,00 Annelida water environments representatives position 1940s s Prof Brazil science Later 197 honor Recently MZUSP, MZUSP (MZUSP) 194 registered Thus DIC. DIC . (DIC) features However material, material) aeolosomatids 2000 2 00 20,0 19 (MZUSP (DIC 200 0 20, 1

Resumo Tardígrados, assim como outros organismos meiofaunais, possuem uma lacuna de conhecimento significativa acerca de muitos aspectos da sua biodiversidade. A inexistência de um acervo digital, e atualizado, com todas as espécies e detalhes de tardígrados limnoterrestres e aquáticos na América Central e Sul é uma das lacunas mais importantes a serem preenchidas. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo elaborar e disponibilizar, de maneira gratuita, um banco de dados contendo todas as espécies válidas de tardígrados limnoterrestres e aquáticos das América do Sul e América Central encontradas até 2023. Os dados de cada espécie foram obtidos diretamente na literatura, utilizando o Google Scholar e o site tardigrada.net. Com todos esses dados compilados, foi elaborado um banco de dados com nome da espécie, autor e ano de descrição da espécie, gênero, família, classe, país tipo, local tipo, coordenadas (longitude e latitude), se é aquático e/ou limnoterrestre, substrato onde foi encontrado, país coletado, local de coleta e manuscrito com a identificação da espécie. Ademais, as coordenadas obtidas de cada ocorrência foram plotadas em mapas das fronteiras político-administrativas e das regiões biogeográficas Neotropical e Andina. Além disso, uma análise estatística quanto à distribuição geográfica do esforço amostral foi feita. Da literatura, foram computados 2157 registros de espécies válidas de tardígrados limnoterrestre, endêmicas ou não. Desses registros, foram descobertas, até hoje, 271 espécies de tardígrados entre as duas regiões, com 223 espécies na América do Sul e 129 espécies na América Central. Foi possível demonstrar que ainda há muito viés na amostragem de tardígrados nas regiões Neotropical e Andina, e mais estudos acerca da biogeografia desses organismos meiofaunais nessas regiões biogeográficas são necessários. A partir desse banco de dados, espera-se contribuir para um maior entendimento da riqueza e dos padrões de distribuição de espécies de tardígrados limnoterrestres e aquáticos nas América Central e Sul. Tardígrados biodiversidade digital atualizado preenchidas disponibilizar gratuita 2023 literatura tardigradanet tardigrada net tardigrada.net compilados gênero família classe tipo longitude latitude, latitude , latitude) eou limnoterrestre encontrado coletado Ademais políticoadministrativas político administrativas Andina disso feita 215 não descobertas hoje 27 22 12 necessários esperase espera 202 21 2 1 20

Abstract Like other meiofaunal organisms, tardigrades suffer from a significant knowledge gap concerning many aspects of their biodiversity. The lack of an up-to-date digital collection with all species and details of limnoterrestrial and freshwater tardigrades in South and Central America is one of the most critical gaps to be filled. Therefore, the present work aims to develop a database containing all valid species of limnoterrestrial and freshwater tardigrades from South and Central America found until 2023 and provide open access to the results. Data for each species were obtained directly from the literature using Google Scholar and the website tardigrada.net. This compiled data resulted in the creation of a database with the species name, author and year of species description, genus, family, class, type country, type location, coordinates (longitude and latitude), if it is aquatic and/or limnoterrestrial, substrate where it was found, the country and location of collection, and manuscript containing the species identification. Furthermore, the coordinates of each occurrence were plotted on maps with political-administrative boundaries and Neotropical and Andean biogeographic regions. In addition, statistical analysis was performed related to the geographic distribution of the sampling effort. From the literature, 2157 records of valid non-marine Tardigrada species, endemic or not, were computed. From these records, 271 species of tardigrades have been identified in the two regions combined, with 223 species in South America and 129 species in Central America. We were able to show that there are still many biases in the sampling of tardigrades in the Neotropical and Andean regions and that further studies are needed on the biogeography of these meiofaunal organisms in these biogeographic regions. We expect this database to help better understand the richness and distribution patterns of limnoterrestrial and aquatic tardigrade species in Central and South America. biodiversity uptodate up date filled Therefore 202 results tardigradanet tardigrada net tardigrada.net name description genus family class longitude latitude, latitude , latitude) andor identification Furthermore politicaladministrative political administrative addition effort 215 nonmarine non marine not computed 27 combined 22 12 20 21 2 1

Resumo: A Serra do Japi, localizada no sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, é considerada uma área prioritária para conservação, por abrigar vestígios de cobertura original de Mata Atlântica. Apesar do número significativo de estudos sobre vertebrados e invertebrados realizados nesta região, a biodiversidade de grupos meiofaunais é completamente desconhecida. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar pela primeira vez Gastrotricha de água doce e Tardigrada limnoterrestre na Reserva Biológica da Serra do Japi. As amostras de sedimentos, perifíton e vegetação flutuante em reservatórios e lagoas naturais, e musgos presentes em troncos de árvores nativas e não nativas foram coletadas em maio de 2019. Foram encontrados cinco morfotipos de gastrótricos, sendo que apenas três deles já foram formalmente descritos: Chaetonotus acanthocephalus, C. dadayi (primeiro registro no Brasil) e Heterolepidoderma mariae (primeiro registro fora da localidade-tipo). Em relação aos tardígrados, foram identificados doze morfotipos, sendo que quatro deles já formalmente descritos: Pseudechiniscus juanitae, Minibiotus cf. acontistus, Echiniscus dreyfusi e Itaquascon umbellinae (as duas últimas espécies relatadas pela primeira vez fora da localidade-tipo). Este trabalho reforça que a diversidade e distribuição da meiofauna têm sido subestimadas, mesmo em um dos cinco maiores hotspots do mundo.

Abstract: Serra do Japi, located in the southeast of São Paulo State, is considered a priority area for conservation, as it houses original Atlantic Forest cover remains. Despite the significant number of studies about vertebrates and invertebrates that were carried out in this region, the meiofauna biodiversity is completely unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate for the first time freshwater Gastrotricha and limnoterrestrial Tardigrada in Serra do Japi Biological Reserve. Samples of sediments, periphyton and floating vegetation in reservoirs and natural lagoons, and mosses growing on native and non-native tree trunks were collected in May 2019. At least five gastrotrichs morphotypes were identified and three of them were formally described: Chaetonotus acanthocephalus, C. dadayi (first record in Brazil), and Heterolepidoderma mariae (first record outside the type locality). In regards to tardigrades, twelve morphotypes were identified and four of them were formally described: Pseudechiniscus juanitae, Minibiotus cf. acontistus, Echiniscus dreyfusi and Itaquascon umbellinae (last two species reported for the first time outside the type locality). This study reinforces that meiofaunal diversity and distribution have been underestimated, even in one of the five largest hotspots in the world.

RESUMO Neste estudo é apresentada uma lista atualizada das espécies de Gastrotricha que ocorrem nos corpos de água do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. A grande maioria das espécies de Gastrotricha pertence a Chaetonotidae (quatro gêneros, nove espécies), seguida por Dasydytidae (três gêneros, três espécies) e Neogosseidae (um gênero, uma espécie). Como apenas um estudo foi realizado até hoje no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, é mais do que evidente que o conhecimento da biodiversidade dos Gastrotricha está totalmente subestimado neste estado.

ABSTRACT In the present study an update checklist of the Gastrotricha species previously recorded in the water bodies of Mato Grosso do Sul state is presented. The majority of the Gastrotricha species belong to Chaetonotidae (four genera, nine species), followed by Dasydytidae (three genera, three species) and Neogosseidae (one genus, one species). As in the state only one study was done until now, it is clear that knowledge of the Gastrotricha biodiversity is totally underestimated and poor known in the state.

Polychaetes are metameric worms recognized for having parapodia, chaetae, and nuchal organs. Some authors have extended the Annelida to include Pogonophora, Echiura, and Clitellata. These suggestions are insufficient to generate a monophyletic group. They do not take into account two very large and important clades that in a cladistic analysis at a higher level are shown to be nested within the Annelida: the Ecdysozoa (arthropods and related taxa) and Enterocoela (deuterostomes and related taxa). Evolutionary histories of most characters across metazoan phyla are still very poorly known. Metameres and coeloms have been considered homoplastic in the literature, and yet the homeobox genes responsible for the expression of metamerism and of paired appendages, at least, are very largely distributed among the Metazoa. A phylogenetic analysis was performed for the ingroups of Polychaeta, including Clitellata, Enterocoela, and Ecdysozoa as terminal taxa. The remaining non-metameric phyla Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Mollusca, and Sipuncula were included to root the tree within the Bilateria. Empirical data was obtained from the literature and run with the software Hennig86 with two comparative interpretations of a priori hypotheses of primary homology: one with negative characters (coding losses) and another considering only positive characters (without assumptions about losses). The most relevant conclusions are: (1) Annelida and Polychaeta are non-monophyletic, even when including Echiura, Clitellata, and Pogonophora; (2) Articulata, as traditionally circumscribed for Annelida and Arthropoda, is also not monophyletic; (3) Metameria becomes monophyletic only when Ecdysozoa and Enterocoela are included in addition to the traditional annelid taxa; (4) Ecdysozoa are the sister group of Aphrodita; (5) Clitellata are related to deposit-feeding sedentary polychaetes (scolecids), and Questidae represent their sister group; (6) Owenia plus Enterocoela form a monophyletic group related to the tubicolous polychaetes.