ABSTRACT Coal gangue occupies substantial land resources. Using coal gangue as reinforcement fill material is an effective utilization method. The characteristics of the soil-reinforcement interface influence the safety and stability. Large-scale direct shear tests were conducted to study the interface characteristics of coal gangue with polypropylene woven geotextile, welded steel-plastic geogrid, and high-density polyethylene uniaxial geogrid. The tests revealed that the shear stress-shear displacement relationship is nonlinear and positively correlated with normal stress, with the breakage of burnt coal gangue particles observed during the process. The maximum shear stress and shear strength index of the interface for the three geosynthetics reinforced coal gangue are in the order of uniaxial high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geogrid showing the highest reinforcement strength, followed by the welded steel-plastic geogrid, with the polypropylene woven geotextile having the lowest strength. After HDPE geogrid reinforcement, interface friction angle slightly changes, but cohesion significantly increases, with an increase of 1156.9%. Considering the interface interactions, among the three geosynthetic materials, HDPE geogrid exhibits the most effective reinforcement effect on coal gangue, followed by the welded steel-plastic geogrid. The geotextile shows the least effectiveness in reinforcing burnt coal gangue. For reinforced coal gangue projects, HDPE geogrid is recommended as the reinforcing material. resources method soilreinforcement soil stability Largescale Large scale steelplastic steel plastic highdensity high density stressshear process (HDPE changes increases 11569 1156 9 1156.9% interactions materials projects 115 1156.9 11 1156. 1

Abstract Background The authors examined the relationship between Weight-adjusted Waist Index (WWI) and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among adults in the US. Methods This prospective cohort study included 26,882 individuals who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 through 2014. WWI was calculated as waist circumference divided by the square root of weight. The main outcomes of this study were all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Mortality status and cause of death were determined by NHANES-linked National Death Index records through December 31, 2015. Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to estimate Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% CIs for mortality for all causes and cardiovascular diseases. Results A total of 26,882 participants with a mean WWI of 10.89 ± 0.01, of whom 49.23% were male. The average follow-up time was 68.95 ± 1.07 months, and 1870 participants were determined as deceased (4.99%), including 349 cardiovascular death (0.88%). The Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a significant difference in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality between patients with WWI <11.33 and ≥11.33 (both log-rank testp < 0.0001). The fully adjusted Cox proportional hazard model indicated that a higher WWI level (≥ 11.33) was associated with an increased 95% risk for cardiovascular mortality (HR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.30‒2.93) and 68% risk for all-cause death (HR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.41‒2.00) compared with the counterparts. Conclusions Elevated WWI levels were associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality independently. Weightadjusted Weight (WWI allcause US 26882 26 882 26,88 NHANES (NHANES 200 2014 weight NHANESlinked linked 31 2015 KaplanMeier Kaplan Meier HR 95 diseases 1089 10 89 10.8 001 0 01 0.01 4923 49 23 49.23 male followup follow up 6895 68 68.9 107 1 07 1.0 months 187 4.99%, 499 4.99% , 4 99 (4.99%) 34 0.88%. 088 0.88% . 88 (0.88%) 1133 11 33 <11.3 ≥11.3 both logrank log rank 0.0001. 00001 0.0001 0001 0.0001) ≥ ( 11.33 195 1.95 1.30‒2.93 130293 30 2 93 168 1.68 1.41‒2.00 141200 41 00 counterparts independently 2688 26,8 20 201 3 9 108 8 10. 0.0 492 49.2 689 6 68. 1. 18 4.99 (4.99% 08 0.88 (0.88% 113 <11. ≥11. 0000 0.000 000 11.3 19 1.9 1.30‒2.9 13029 16 1.6 1.41‒2.0 14120 268 26, 0. 49. 4.9 (4.99 0.8 (0.88 <11 ≥11 0.00 11. 1.30‒2. 1302 1.41‒2. 1412 4. (4.9 (0.8 <1 ≥1 1.30‒2 130 1.41‒2 141 (4. (0. 1.30‒ 13 1.41‒ 14 (4 (0 1.30 1.41 1.3 1.4