ABSTRACT Objective: Recent studies have shown a relationship between adipose tissue and coronary artery disease (CAD). The ABCA1 transporter regulates cellular cholesterol content and reverses cholesterol transport. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) R230C, C-17G, and C-69T and their expression in epicardial and mediastinal adipose tissue in Mexican patients with CAD. Subjects and methods: The study included 71 patients with CAD and a control group consisting of 64 patients who underwent heart valve replacement. SNPs were determined using TaqMan probes. mRNA was extracted using TriPure Isolation from epicardial and mediastinal adipose tissue. Quantification and expression analyses were done using RT-qPCR. Results: R230C showed a higher frequency of the GG genotype in the CAD group (70.4%) than the control group (57.8%) [OR 0.34, 95% CI (0.14-0.82) p = 0.014]. Similarly, C-17G (rs2740483) showed a statistically significant difference in the CC genotype in the CAD group (63.3%) in comparison to the controls (28.1%) [OR 4.42, 95% CI (2.13-9.16), p = 0.001]. mRNA expression in SNP R230C showed statistically significant overexpression in the AA genotype compared to the GG genotype in CAD patients [11.01 (4.31-15.24) vs. 3.86 (2.47-12.50), p = 0.015]. Conclusion: The results suggest that the GG genotype of R230C and CC genotype of C-17G are strongly associated with the development of CAD in Mexican patients. In addition, under-expression of mRNA in the GG genotype in R230C is associated with patients undergoing revascularization. Objective . (CAD) ABCA transport (SNPs RC R C C17G, C17G CG 17G, 17G G C69T CT 69T T methods 7 6 replacement probes RTqPCR. RTqPCR RT qPCR. qPCR RT-qPCR Results 70.4% 704 70 4 (70.4% 57.8% 578 57 8 (57.8% OR 034 0 34 0.34 95 0.140.82 014082 0.14 0.82 14 82 (0.14-0.82 0.014. 0014 0.014 014 0.014] Similarly rs2740483 rs (rs2740483 63.3% 633 63 3 (63.3% 28.1% 281 28 1 (28.1% 442 42 4.42 2.139.16, 213916 2.13 9.16 , 2 13 9 16 (2.13-9.16) 0.001. 0001 0.001 001 0.001] 11.01 1101 11 01 [11.0 4.3115.24 4311524 4.31 15.24 31 15 24 (4.31-15.24 vs 386 86 3.8 2.4712.50, 2471250 2.47 12.50 47 12 50 (2.47-12.50) 0.015. 0015 0.015 015 0.015] Conclusion addition underexpression under revascularization (CAD 70.4 (70.4 57.8 5 (57.8 03 0.3 140 0.140.8 01408 0.1 082 0.8 (0.14-0.8 0.01 rs274048 (rs274048 63.3 (63.3 28.1 (28.1 44 4.4 139 2.139.16 21391 213 2.1 916 9.1 (2.13-9.16 000 0.00 00 11.0 110 [11. 3115 4.3115.2 431152 431 4.3 1524 15.2 (4.31-15.2 38 3. 4712 2.4712.50 247125 247 2.4 1250 12.5 (2.47-12.50 70. (70. 57. (57. 0. 0.140. 0140 08 (0.14-0. 0.0 rs27404 (rs27404 63. (63. 28. (28. 4. 2.139.1 2139 21 2. 91 9. (2.13-9.1 11. [11 311 4.3115. 43115 43 152 15. (4.31-15. 471 2.4712.5 24712 125 12. (2.47-12.5 (70 (57 0.140 (0.14-0 rs2740 (rs2740 (63 (28 2.139. (2.13-9. [1 4.3115 4311 (4.31-15 2.4712. 2471 (2.47-12. (7 (5 (0.14- rs274 (rs274 (6 (2 2.139 (2.13-9 [ 4.311 (4.31-1 2.4712 (2.47-12 ( (0.14 rs27 (rs27 (2.13- (4.31- 2.471 (2.47-1 (0.1 rs2 (rs2 (2.13 (4.31 (2.47- (0. (rs (2.1 (4.3 (2.47 (0 (2. (4. (2.4 (4

Abstract This paper analyzes the participation of Interest Groups (IG) in the cases brought before the Constitutional Court of Chile. Based on evidence from 436 cases tracked between 2006 and 2020, we examine the overall volume of this participation, the areas in which it is developed, and the interests that are most represented. It is argued that: a) the participation of IG in the Court's decisions is generally low; b) that the distribution of participation between types of groups is balanced; c) that it concentrates more on matters of civil and political rights, and d) that the interest groups that represent more restricted interests participate more in discussions of an economic nature, and that those that preferentially defend general interests concentrate on civil and political rights processes. In contrast to the United States, Chile has a much lower level of lobbying activity.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la participación de Grupos de Interés (GI) en las causas seguidas ante el Tribunal Constitucional de Chile. Sobre la base de la evidencia recogida en 436 causas seguidas entre los años 2006 y 2020, se estudia el volumen general de esta participación, las áreas en que esta se desarrolla, así como qué intereses son más representados. Se argumenta que: a) la participación de GI en las decisiones del Tribunal es en general baja; b) que la distribución de participación entre tipos de grupo es equilibrada; c) que esta se concentra más en materias de derechos civiles y políticos, y d) que los gru-pos de interés que representan intereses más restringidos participan más en discusiones de carácter económico, y que los que defienden preferentemente intereses generales se concentran en procesos sobre derechos civiles y políti-cos. Contrastada esta evidencia con la de Estados Unidos, el lobby ante el TC en Chile tiene un volumen mucho menor al que se encuentra en ese país.

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar un score ajustado al riesgo de complicaciones durante el cateterismo cardiaco en cardiopatías congénitas. Diseño: Observacional, analítico y ambispectivo de 3,504 casos. Se incluyeron edad, cardiopatía, procedimiento, complicaciones mayores y menores. Métodos: 3,504 procedimientos realizados entre octubre de 1987 y mayo de 2019. Variables independientes: edad, cardiopatía, procedimiento y estadio clínico. Se categorizó como bajo riesgo 5 a 7 puntos, moderado riesgo 8 a 11 puntos y alto riesgo 12 a 22 puntos. El score fue validado mediante la prueba de Hosmer-Lemeshow y la curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic). Resultados: Las complicaciones fueron 177 (5%), 66 mayores (1.9%) y 111 menores (3.1%). Mortalidad de 0.4% (15 pacientes). El grupo de bajo riesgo (n = 825) tuvo 1.5% de complicaciones, el de moderado riesgo (n = 2.221) 4.9% y el de alto riesgo (n = 458) 12% (p < 0.001). El análisis de los datos retrospectivos (n = 2,953) fue validado con los prospectivos (n = 551) mediante la prueba de Hosmer-Lemeshow; dejó en evidencia que los valores predichos son similares a los observados. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones siguen presentándose a pesar de la evolución de la técnica. El score resultó útil para estratificar a los pacientes y conocer la probabilidad de complicaciones antes del procedimiento.

Abstract Objetive: to present a risk-ajusted score of complications during cardias catheterization in congenital heart disease. Design: observational, analitic, ambispective of 3.504 cases. The data analyzed included age, heart disease, type of procedure, major and minor complications. Methods: 3.504 procedures performed between october 1987 and may 2019. The variables were age, heart disease, procedere and clinical stege. Each patients was categorized as low risk 5 to 7 points, moderate risk 8 to 11 points and higt risk 12 to 22 points. The score was validated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Results: complications 177 (5%) 66 major (1.9%) and 111 minor (3.1%). Mortality was 0.4% (15 patients). The low-risk group (n = 825) had 1.5% complications; moderate risk (n = 2,221) 4.9%; high risk (n: 458) 12% (p < 0.001). The analysis of the retrospective data (n = 2953) was validated with prospective (n = 551) using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, showed that the predicted values are similar to those observed. Conclusions: Complications continue to occur despite the evolution of the technique. The score was useful for stratifying patients and knowing the probability of complication before the procedere.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the expression of UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 mRNA and encoded proteins in epicardial and mediastinal adipose tissues in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Subjects and methods: We studied 60 patients with CAD and 106 patients undergoing valve replacement surgery (controls). Expression levels of UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 mRNA and encoded proteins were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Results: We found increased UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 mRNA levels in the epicardial adipose tissue in the CAD versus the control group, and higher UCP1 and UCP3 mRNA expression in the epicardial compared with the mediastinal tissue in the CAD group. There was also increased expression of UCP1 protein in the epicardial tissue and UCP2 protein in the mediastinum tissue in patients with CAD. Finally, UCP1 expression was associated with levels of fasting plasma glucose, and UCP3 expression was associated with levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density cholesterol in the epicardial tissue. Conclusions: Our study supports the hypothesis that higher mRNA expression by UCP genes in the epicardial adipose tissue could be a protective mechanism against the production of reactive oxygen species and may guard the myocardium against damage. Thus, UCP levels are essential to maintain the adaptive phase of cardiac injury in the presence of metabolic disorders. Objective . (CAD) methods 6 10 controls. controls (controls) realtime real time analysis respectively Results group Finally glucose highdensity high density lowdensity low Conclusions damage Thus disorders (CAD 1 (controls

Resumo Fundamento A hipertensão arterial (HTA) representa um grande fator de risco de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. Ainda não se sabe que mecanismos moleculares específicos estão associados ao desenvolvimento de hipertensão essencial. Objetivo Neste trabalho, analisamos a associação entre expressão mRNA de monócito LRP1, expressão de proteína LRP1, e espessura íntima-média de carótida (EIMC) de pacientes com hipertensão essencial. Métodos A expressão mRNA de monócito LRP1 e os níveis de proteína e EIMC foram quantificados em 200 indivíduos mexicanos, sendo 91 normotensos (NT) e 109 hipertensos (HT) A significância estatística foi definida em p < 0,05. Resultados O grupo de pacientes HT tinha EIMC maior altamente significativa em comparação com os pacientes NT (p = 0,002), e isso está relacionado ao aumento na expressão mRNA de LRP1 (6,54 versus. 2,87) (p = 0,002) e expressão de proteína LRP1 (17,83 versus 6,25), respectivamente (p = 0,001). Essas diferenças foram mantidas mesmo quando dividimos nossos grupos de estudo, levando em consideração apenas aqueles que apresentavam dislipidemia na expressão de mRNA (p = 0,041) e de proteínas (p < 0,001). Também se identificou que a indução de LRP1 mediada por LRP1 em monócitos em de maneira dependente de dose e tempo, com diferença significativa em NT versus HT (0,195 ± 0,09 versus 0,226 ± 0,12, p = 0,046). Conclusão Foi encontrado um aumento em EIMC em indivíduos com hipertensão, associada a expressões de proteína LRP1 e mRNA mais altas em monócitos, independente da presença de dislipidemia em pacientes HT. Esses resultados que a upregulation de LRP1 em monócitos de pacientes hipertensos mexicanos poderia estar envolvida na diminuição da EIMC. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):56-65)

Abstract Background Arterial hypertension (HTA) represents a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is not yet known which specific molecular mechanisms are associated with the development of essential hypertension. Objective In this study, we analyzed the association between LRP1 monocyte mRNA expression, LRP1 protein expression, and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) of patients with essential hypertension. Methods The LRP1 monocyte mRNA expression and protein levels and cIMT were quantified in 200 Mexican subjects, 91 normotensive (NT) and 109 hypertensive (HT). Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results HT patients group had highly significant greater cIMT as compared to NT patients (p=0.002) and this correlated with an increase in the expression of LRP1 mRNA expression (6.54 vs. 2.87) (p = 0.002) and LRP1 protein expression (17.83 vs. 6.25), respectively (p = 0.001). These differences were maintained even when we divided our study groups, taking into account only those who presented dyslipidemia in both, mRNA (p = 0.041) and proteins expression (p < 0.001). It was also found that Ang II mediated LRP1 induction on monocytes in a dose and time dependent manner with significant difference in NT vs. HT (0.195 ± 0.09 vs. 0.226 ± 0.12, p = 0.046). Conclusion An increase in cIMT was found in subjects with hypertension, associated with higher mRNA and LRP1 protein expressions in monocytes, irrespective of the presence of dyslipidemias in HT patients. These results suggest that LRP1 upregulation in monocytes from Mexican hypertensive patients could be involved in the increased cIMT. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):56-65)

Resumo Como os cidadãos decidem em quem votar nas eleições? As respostas tradicionais enfocam o papel do conhecimento político, identificação de partidos e avaliações do desempenho passado dos governos como variáveis explicativas. Neste artigo, avaliamos um argumento alternativo: o papel desempenhado pelas emoções. Usando dados de uma pesquisa realizada após as eleições gerais chilenas de dezembro de 2017, investigamos a associação das emoções com o voto em Sebastián Piñera e como as emoções interagem com outros fatores relevantes que se correlacionam com o voto. Concluímos que no Chile, juntamente com a identificação do partido e a avaliação de governos anteriores, as emoções dos eleitores em relação aos candidatos estão associadas à decisão do voto.

How do citizens decide who to vote for in an election? Traditional answers focus on the role of political knowledge, party identification, and evaluations of the past performance of governments as explanatory variables. In this study we evaluate an alternative argument: the role of emotions. Using data from a survey carried out following the Chilean general elections of December 2017, this article investigates the association of emotions with the vote for Sebastián Piñera, and how emotions interact with other relevant factors that correlate with the vote. We conclude that in Chile, together with party identification and the evaluation of past governments, the emotions aroused by candidates are strongly associated with the voting decision.

Resumen ¿Cómo deciden los ciudadanos a quién votar en una elección? Las respuestas tradicionales se centran en el papel del conocimiento político, la identificación de los partidos y la evaluación del desempeño pasado de los gobiernos como variables explicativas. En este estudio evaluamos un argumento alternativo: el papel desempeñado por las emociones. Utilizando datos de una encuesta realizada después de las elecciones generales chilenas de diciembre de 2017, este artículo investiga la relación de las emociones con el voto por Sebastián Piñera y cómo las emociones interactúan con otros factores relevantes que se correlacionan con el voto. Concluimos que en Chile, junto con la identificación de los partidos y la evaluación retrospectiva, las emociones de los electores hacia los candidatos están asociadas a su decisión de por quién votar.

Résumé Comment les citoyens décident-ils pour qui voter lors d'une élection? Les réponses traditionnelles mettent l'accent sur le rôle des connaissances politiques, l'identification des partis et les évaluations des performances passées des gouvernements en tant que variables explicatives. Dans cette étude, nous évaluons un argument alternatif: le rôle joué par les émotions. À l'aide des données d'une enquête réalisée à la suite des élections générales chiliennes de décembre 2017, cet article examine l’association des émotions avec le vote pour Sebastián Piñera et la façon dont les émotions interagissent avec d'autres facteurs pertinents en corrélation avec le vote. Nous concluons qu'au Chili, avec l'identification des partis et l'évaluation des gouvernements antérieurs, les émotions des électeurs envers les candidats sont associées à la décision de qui voter.

RESUMEN Objetivo/contexto: el trabajo estudia los efectos de la reforma electoral chilena sobre la proporcionalidad de la representación, y particularmente dentro de los pactos electorales. Metodología: la investigación utiliza los datos de las elecciones chilenas de 2017 para la Cámara de Diputados, estimando el efecto de las variables tamaño del partido y número de candidatos electos por pacto sobre la proporcionalidad de la distribución de cargos dentro de cada coalición. Se incorpora también un análisis de las estrategias de los partidos más pequeños para aumentar sus beneficios. Conclusiones: la proporcionalidad de la representación en el interior de los pactos varía en función del número de escaños que obtienen y del tamaño de cada partido dentro de estos. Los partidos pequeños que concentran sus candidaturas en pocos distritos, focalizando el gasto en campaña, pueden aumentar sus ganancias dentro del pacto. Originalidad: el trabajo aporta nueva evidencia sobre el efecto de los pactos electorales sobre la distribución de cargos en sistemas proporcionales, estudiando un caso que no ha sido analizado hasta el momento.

ABSTRACT Objective/context: This article analyzes the effects of the Chilean electoral reform on proportionality, focusing mainly on electoral pacts. Methodology: The research uses data of the election of the Chilean Chamber of Deputies of 2017, in order to calculate the effects of two variables on proportionality within the electoral pacts: party size and number of seats obtained. Moreover, it analyzes the strategies of small parties in order to maximize their gains. Conclusions: Proportionality within electoral pacts depends on the number of seats obtained and the size of the parties. Small parties that concentrate their candidacies in few districts and thereby use their economic resources more efficiently, can maximize their benefits within the pact. Originality: The article provides new evidence regarding the effects of electoral pacts on seat allocation in proportional systems by analyzing a case that has not been studied until now.

RESUMO Objetivo/Contexto: este trabalho estuda os efeitos da reforma eleitoral chilena sobre a proporcionalidade na representação e, em particular, sobre as coalizões eleitorais. Metodologia: a pesquisa utiliza os dados das eleições chilenas de 2017 para a Câmara dos Deputados, a fim de estimar o efeito das variáveis “tamanho do partido” e “número de candidatos eleitos por coalizão” sobre a proporcionalidade na distribuição de cargos dentro de cada coalizão. Além disso, apresenta uma análise das estratégias dos menores partidos para aumentarem seus benefícios. Conclusões: a proporcionalidade na representação no interior das coalizões varia de acordo com o número de cadeiras e o tamanho de cada partido. Os partidos pequenos, que focam suas candidaturas em poucos municípios, dão importância ao gasto em campanha e podem aumentar seu lucro com uma coalizão. Originalidade: este trabalho contribui com nova evidência sobre o efeito das coalizões eleitorais sobre a distribuição de cargos em sistemas proporcionais, com o estudo de um caso que não tinha sido analisado até o momento.

ABSTRACT This paper examines the characteristics of interest group representation in Chile through an analysis of the participation of interest groups in the legislative process (2006-2014). We argue that the Chilean system could be qualified as a “semi-neopluralism” or as “neopluralism a la chilena.” We show, first, that there is participation from different types of groups, although at the same time we observe an unbalanced representation in favour of business interests. Second, the level of participation is low, even though it is higher when economic bills are discussed. Therefore, there is scarce competition among groups. Third, the evidence indicates that IG participation is highly specialized, but in a context where most groups participated only once during the period covered by this study.

RESUMEN Este trabajo examina el sistema de representación de intereses en Chile a través del análisis de la participación de los grupos de interés en el proceso legislativo entre 2006 y 2014. Sostenemos que este puede calificarse como un caso de “neopluralismo a medias” o un “neopluralismo a la chilena”. Esto, primero, porque si bien se observa participación de distintos tipos de grupo a nivel general, hay a la vez un desequilibrio a favor de los grupos empresariales. Segundo, porque la magnitud de la participación según proyectos de ley es en general muy baja, aun cuando es mayor en materias económicas. Esto indica un bajo nivel de competencia entre grupos. Tercero, la participación de los grupos es altamente especializada y en un contexto donde la gran mayoría de grupos participaron solo una vez en el período analizado.

Resumen En Costa Rica no hay una recomendación explícita de las autoridades competentes para la utilización de un fantoma concreto, de ahí que los expertos deben explorar lo que ofertan los proveedores, entre los que destaca el fantoma Normi Mam Digital del fabricante PTW. Este artículo presenta los resultados del control de calidad dosimétrico y de imagen, aplicados al fantoma Normi Mam Digital para validarlo como equipo que cumple las recomendaciones del Human Health Series no. 17. Los resultados obtenidos fueron satisfactorios, logrando comprobar que los equipos cumplen con las tolerancias recomendadas por órganos sanitarios internacionales.

Resumo Na Costa Rica não há uma recomendação explícita das autoridades competentes para utilizar um fantoma concreto, razão pela qual os expertos devem explorar o que os fornecedores oferecem; sendo um dos destaques o fantoma Normi Mam Digital do fabricante PTW. Este artigo apresenta os resultados do controle de qualidade dosimétrico e de imagem aplicados no fantoma Normi Mam Digital para legitimá-lo como equipamento que cumpre as recomendações do Human Health Series no. 17. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, comprovando que os equipamentos cumprem com as tolerâncias recomendadas pelos órgãos sanitários internacionais.

Abstract In Costa Rica there is not an explicit recommendation given by the Regulatory Authorities for the utilization of a specific Phantom; that is why experts have to explore what is offered in the market. One of the most remarkable equipment is Normi Mam Digital made by PTW. This article introduces the results of image and dosimetry quality control, applied to the Normi Mam Digital Phantom to validate how the equipment complies with the recommendations of Human Health Series no. 17. The obtained results were satisfactory and achieved the regulatory tolerances by international sanitary organizations.

Abstract We examined the role of UCP gene polymorphisms as susceptibility markers for premature coronary artery disease (pCAD). The UCP2 Ala55Val (C/T rs660339), UCP2 -866G/A (rs659366), and UCP3 -55C/T (rs1800849) polymorphisms were genotyped in 948 patients with pCAD, and 763 controls. The distribution of the UCP2 A55V (C/T rs660339) and UCP3 -55 (rs1800849) was similar in patients and controls. However, under a recessive model, the UCP2 -866 (rs659366) A allele was associated with increased risk of developing pCAD (OR = 1.43, Pc = 0.003). On the other hand, patients with pCAD and UCP2 A55V (rs660339) TT showed high levels of visceral abdominal fat (VAF) (Pc = 0.002), low levels of subcutaneous abdominal fat (SAF) (Pc = 0.001) and high VAT/SAT ratio (Pc < 0.001). Also, patients with UCP2 -866 (rs659366) AA showed increased levels of VAF (Pc = 0.003), low levels of SAF (Pc = 0.001) and a high VAT/SAT ratio (Pc = 0.002), whereas patients with the UCP3 -55 (rs1800849) TT presented high levels of VAF (Pc = 0.002). The results suggest the association of the UCP2 -866 (rs659366) polymorphism with risk of developing pCAD. Some polymorphisms were associated with abdominal fat levels and cardiovascular risk factors.

The development of digital writing has allowed not only the emergence of digital humanities from the field of literary creation, but also its analysis using computer tools. These tools have made it possible to establish trends, patterns, and regularities in the texts, often massively, which have opened a field, that of the interpretation mediated by computers, which has generated significant achievements over the past two decades, particularly in what Moretti has called "distant reading". In this article some of these achievements are presented, namely, quantitative estimates of themes of literary texts, quantitative estimates of content of literary texts, classification of literary texts according to their semantic and lexical properties, the determining of literary patterns by gender and generation, the establishment of similarities between various literary texts, the creation of networks of contemporary authors.

El florecimiento de la escritura digital ha favorecido la irrupción no solo de las humanidades digitales desde el ámbito de la creación literaria, sino que también su análisis por medio de herramientas computacionales. Estas herramientas han permitido establecer tendencias, patrones, regularidades en los textos, a menudo de manera masiva, que han abierto un campo, el de la interpretación mediada por computadores, que ha generado importantes logros a lo largo de las últimas dos décadas, particularmente en lo que respecta a lo que Moretti denomina la "lectura distante". En el presente artículo se exponen algunos de estos logros, a saber: estimaciones cuantitativas temáticas de los textos literarios, estimaciones cuantitativas de contenido de los textos literarios, clasificación de textos literarios según sus propiedades semántico-léxicas, determinación de patrones literarios por género y generación, establecimiento de similitudes entre textos literarios diversos, establecimiento de redes de autores contemporáneos.

This article describes and analyzes the political process during Michelle Bachelet's second year in government. As it will be shown, the year 2015 was marked by the emergence of important cases of political and economic corruption, deep deficits in the political leadership of government and political coalitions, and a pronounced decline of trust in main political actors. Nevertheless, important legislative changes occurred that modified political institutions and improved social and political rights.

Este artículo describe y analiza el proceso político del segundo año del gobierno de Michelle Bachelet. El 2015 se caracterizó por el estallido de casos de corrupción política y económica, un déficit mayor en la conducción política por parte del gobierno y las coaliciones de partidos, y el desplome de los índices de confianza en los principales actores. No obstante, hubo importantes avances legislativos, que modifican la institucionalidad política y que reconocen derechos sociales y políticos.

¿Cuán desigual perciben los ciudadanos que es la sociedad chilena? ¿Ha cambiado la imagen que los chilenos tienen de esa desigualdad en los últimos años? ¿Qué factores determinan los niveles de desigualdad percibidos? El presente trabajo aborda estas preguntas utilizando datos provenientes de las encuestas del Centro de Estudios Públicos (CEP).. Los resultados muestran que los chilenos perciben mayoritariamente que viven en una sociedad desigual, que esas percepciones han variado poco entre 2000 y 2013, aunque muestran una tendencia levemente más positiva para 2013 y que los principales determinantes de esas percepciones son económicos y no políticos.

How unequal is Chilean society perceived to be by its citizens? Has this image changed over the last few years? What explains the levels of inequality perceived? Using data from public opinion surveys we consider these questions. Results show that Chileans believe they live in an unequal society, that those perceptions have remained stable between 2000 and 2013, with a small improvement by 2013, and that those perceptions can be explained by economic -and not political- factors.

This research estimates the candidates positions in the axis right-leftfor six Chilean presidential elections between 1970 and 2009, by using the Comparative Manifesto Project's (CMP) methodology. The aim is to test several hypothesis claimed by the mainstream literature in regards to the ideological evolution within political parties, and also to measure ideological distance among parties and coalitions. The results show that in 1970 there was a relevant ideological distance between the Left and the Center with respect to the right wing candidacy. Also, it confirms that after 1989 the Right-Wing Coalition (Alianza) and the Center-Left (Concertación) presented a greater moderation in the distance, being stable until 2000 and further reduced since then. In that same line, the research shows that the extreme left (mainly the Communist party) also shows more moderate positions than those shown by Allende in 1970.

Este trabajo estima la posición de los candidatos en el eje izquierda-derecha para las seis elecciones presidenciales realizadas entre 1970 y 2009, usando para el efecto la metodología del Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP). Esto con el objeto de testear distintas hipótesis producidas en la literatura sobre la evolución ideológica de los partidos chilenos, y medir la distancia ideológica entre los distintos partidos y coaliciones. Los resultados confirman, en general, que hacia 1970 la distancia ideológica entre la izquierda y el centro, por un lado, y la derecha por el otro, era muy pronunciada. Asimismo, confirma que desde 1989 la distancia ideológica entre las coaliciones principales (la Concertación y la Alianza) es comparativamente más moderada, además de estable, aun cuando se observa un mayor acercamiento en la década de 2000. Por su parte, la Izquierda Extraparlamentaria tiene hoy posiciones programáticas más moderadas que las de Allende en 1970.

Capacity building for the writing and publication of academic articles (AA) has focused on the development of drafting competencies and has put aside the situated properties of the process. However, the ESE:O methodology (100% online) is based on the fact that AA are a situated writing task wherein multiple agents participate, thus becoming the result of distributed communitary procedures. This methodology, developed for the "Peer Review" project aims to promote the publication of research findings from the Global South in peer-reviewed international journals in the field of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR). This South-South cooperation framework makes use of new technologies to foster synergies, and promote the development of critical thinking and best practices based on the teamwork with peers.

La construcción de capacidades para la elaboración y publicación de artículos académicos (AA) se concentraba en el desarrollo de habilidades de redacción y dejaba de lado las características situadas del proceso. En cambio, la metodología ESE:O (100% en línea), desarrollada para el proyecto "Peer Review", busca fomentar la publicación de hallazgos de investigadores del Sur Global en un marco de cooperación Sur-Sur, en revistas internacionales con revisión de pares, en el campo de género y sexualidad, derechos sexuales y salud reproductiva, basándose en que los AA son una tarea de escritura situada donde participan múltiples agentes. Esto los convierte en el resultado de procedimientos comunitarios distribuidos. La metodología hace uso de las nuevas tecnologías para aprovechar las sinergias, promoviendo el desarrollo de habilidad crítica y buenas prácticas en base al trabajo en equipo con pares.