Abstract This study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the “Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised for Dental” (IPQ-RD) in parents/guardians of children aged six to 14 years. The sample consisted of 63 parents/guardians of schoolchildren from the municipal school system of Teófilo Otoni, MG. Remote and virtual data collection consisted of self-completion of personal data, socioeconomic questionnaire and the Brazilian short versions of the “Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire” (16-P-CPQ) and the “Family Impact Scale” (4-FIS). The IPQ-RD was applied by telephone interview. Almost half of the sample belonged to socioeconomic classes C1 and C2. Approximately 1/3 classified their child’s oral health as “regular” or “poor”, while 11.1% reported “strong” or “very strong” impact on their child’s well-being. The items most frequently cited as having an impact on the four domains of the 16-P-CPQ were: “bad breath” (23.8%), “mouth breathing” (20.7%), “feeling anxious or afraid” (20.7%), and “paying attention at school” (10%). In the 4-FIS, 11.1% “had little time for themselves or the family”. There were higher IPQ-RD scores in the “disease coherence” domain for women and lower values of “emotional dimensions” for parents/guardians with incomplete education. The mean IPQ-RD score was 126.4 (±15.1), and domain scores were positively correlated. The internal consistency was “almost perfect” for the IPQ-RD total score, ranging from “moderate” to “almost perfect” for the “child-control” and “child-consequences” domains. The intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.04 (poor) to 0.68 (substantial). The Brazilian Portuguese version of the IPQ-RD proved to be valid and reliable for assessing the cognitive and emotional perception of parents/guardians about childhood dental caries. Illness QuestionnaireRevised Questionnaire Revised Dental IPQRD IPQ RD (IPQ-RD parentsguardians parents guardians 1 years 6 Otoni MG selfcompletion self completion ParentalCaregiver Parental Caregiver 16PCPQ PCPQ 16 P CPQ (16-P-CPQ Family Scale 4FIS. 4FIS FIS 4 . (4-FIS) interview C C2 13 3 1/ childs child s regular “regular poor, poor , “poor” 111 11 11.1 strong “strong very wellbeing. wellbeing well being. being well-being bad breath 23.8%, 238 23.8% 23 8 (23.8%) mouth breathing 20.7%, 207 20.7% 20 7 (20.7%) feeling afraid paying 10%. 10 10% (10%) 4FIS, FIS, 4-FIS had family. family family” disease coherence dimensions education 1264 126 126. ±15.1, 151 ±15.1 15 (±15.1) correlated almost perfect moderate “moderate childcontrol control “child-control childconsequences consequences “child-consequences 004 0 04 0.0 (poor 068 68 0.6 substantial. substantial (substantial) caries (4-FIS “poor 11. 23.8 2 (23.8% 20.7 (20.7% (10% 12 ±15. (±15.1 00 0. 06 (substantial 23. (23.8 20. (20.7 (10 ±15 (±15. (23. (20. (1 ±1 (±15 (23 (20 ( ± (±1 (2 (±

ABSTRACT Objective: To translate, cross-culturally adapt and test the psychometric properties of the Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire (PFSQ) to Brazilian Portuguese language. Material and Methods: Three stages were carried out: 1st, the 27-item of PFSQ was translated, back-translated, reviewed by a Committee of Experts and pre-tested (n=60), obtaining the cross-culturally adapted version. 2nd, the final version was self-applied by 42 mothers for internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha). After 2-weeks, 19 mothers answered the PFSQ again for reproducibility (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, ICC). 3rd, 204 mothers of children aged 4-5 years answered the PFSQ for translation validation [convergent validity and exploratory factor analysis (EFA)]. Results: For subscales, Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.65 to 0.82; the overall reliability was 0.69, indicating substantial internal consistency. The ICC for overall PFSQ was 0.78 and for domains 0.56-0.89, indicating moderate to excellent reproducibility. ‘Control over eating’ correlated positively with ‘prompting/encouragement to eat’ and negatively with ‘instrumental feeding’; ‘prompting/encouragement to eat’ correlated positively with ‘emotional feeding’. By EFA, PFSQ items were loaded on four factors. ‘Control over eating’ and ‘prompting/encouragement to eat’ settled into two factors, whereas the ‘emotional’ and ‘instrumental feeding’ domains into one factor each. Conclusion: Despite the different factors found by AFE related to the original PFSQ, the reliability was satisfactory, making the Brazilian Portuguese version of the PFSQ adequate to assess parental feeding style. Objective translate crossculturally cross culturally (PFSQ language Methods out 1st st 27item item 27 translated backtranslated, backtranslated back back-translated pretested pre tested n=60, n60 n n=60 , 60 (n=60) 2nd nd selfapplied self applied 4 Cronbachs Cronbach s Alpha. Alpha . Alpha) 2weeks, 2weeks weeks 2 weeks, 2-weeks 1 Intraclass Coefficient ICC. ICC) 3rd rd 20 45 5 4- convergent EFA. EFA (EFA)] Results subscales 065 0 65 0.6 0.82 082 82 069 69 0.69 078 78 0.7 0.560.89, 056089 0.56 0.89, 56 89 0.56-0.89 Control eating promptingencouragement prompting encouragement eat instrumental emotional feeding. each Conclusion satisfactory style n6 n=6 6 (n=60 (EFA) 06 0. 0.8 08 8 07 7 560 0.560.89 05608 056 0.5 089 0.89 0.56-0.8 n= (n=6 (EFA 0.560.8 0560 05 0.56-0. (n= 0.560. 0.56-0 (n 0.560 0.56-

Abstract This study aimed to translate and to perform the cultural adaptation of the instrument Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised for Dental (IPQ-RD) into Brazilian Portuguese. The IPQ-RD consists of 34 items that assess the cognitive and emotional representation/perception of parents/caregivers of children with dental caries, with response options on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from “Strongly agree” (score 1) to “Strongly disagree” (score 5). The higher the score, the lower the perception of the disease. The protocol consists of translation into Brazilian Portuguese, back-translation into English, revision by an Expert Review Committee, and pre-test (application in parents/caregivers of children in dental care). For some questions, the translated versions were identical (T1 = T2); for others, one version was preferred (T1 or T2); for still others, it was decided to modify terms to obtain greater clarity on the item (T3). In the first pre-test, three questions were misunderstood by more than 15% of the sample, after which the items were reviewed by the Expert Review Committee. In the second pre-test, the adapted version was applied to a new sample of parents/caregivers (n = 15) and the questions were understood by more than 85% of the participants. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the IPQ-RD was well understood by the evaluated population. QuestionnaireRevised Questionnaire Revised IPQRD IPQ RD (IPQ-RD 3 representationperception representation parentscaregivers parents caregivers caries 5point point 5 scale Strongly agree score 1 disagree 5. . 5) disease backtranslation back English Committee pretest pre test application care. care care) T1 T (T T2 T2) others T3. T3 (T3) pretest, test, 15 n 85 participants population (T3 8

Abstract This study aimed to assess whether complementing atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) with oral health educational strategies (OHES) improves the perception of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and clinical oral outcomes. A controlled clinical trial included 93 six- to eight-year-old students from five public schools of Piracicaba, Saltinho, and Charqueada municipalities (State of São Paulo, Brazil) divided into 3 groups (31 children each) which received: OHES (caries-free), ART (dental caries), and ART plus OHES (dental caries). OHRQoL (CPQ8-10-ISF:16), dental caries, biofilm control, and gingivitis were assessed before and 1 month after interventions by one calibrated examiner. OHES consisted of an educational interactive activity performed once a week for four weeks. Data were analyzed using mixed model ANOVA, Chi-square, and Sign tests. After 1 month of follow-up, improvement in gingivitis status, OHRQoL total score, and Functional Limitations, Emotional Well-Being and Social Well-Being domains scores were found in all groups (p < 0.05). The improvement in biofilm control was observed only in the OHES group (p < 0.001; power = 0.98), while a decrease in Oral Symptoms scores was observed only in ART+OHES group (p <0.001; power = 0.99) and a significant change in the perception of oral health was observed in the two groups that received ART (p < 0.05). In conclusion, improvement in overall OHRQoL and oral status was observed in all children, although the effect of including health educational strategies in the treatment plan was determinant for the perception of an improved oral health after restorative treatment.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the orofacial functions and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). This case-control study included patients with UCLP matched by sex and age with controls (children without UCLP), resulting in the inclusion of a total of 108 eight- to ten-year-old children. Orofacial functions and OHRQoL were evaluated using the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S) and the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ 8-1 0 ), respectively. Data normality was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Differences and correlations in NOT-S and CPQ 8-1 0 scores between and within the groups were evaluated using Mann-Whitney and Spearman´s correlation tests, respectively. The distribution of NOT-S and global ratings of CPQ 8-1 0 for each group were assessed by Chi-squared/Fisher’s Exact tests. The UCLP group had a higher NOT-S total and examination scores than the controls. Dysfunctions related to breathing, facial symmetry/expression, and speech were more frequent in the UCLP patients than in the controls. The UCLP group had higher scores on the social well-being domain than the controls. There was a significant difference between the groups in their ratings in regards to the extent to which their oral condition affected their life overall, with controls perceiving it as somewhat better than patients. In both groups, NOT-S total and interview scores were positively correlated with CPQ 8-1 0 total and domain scores. The NOT-S examination score was only significantly correlated with social domain scores in the control group. The presence of UCLP was associated with clinical signs of orofacial dysfunctions related to breathing, facial symmetry/expression, and speech. Children with UCLP reported more orofacial dysfunctions and negative impacts on social well-being than controls.

Abstract Objectives: The esthetic and functional results of orthognathic surgery of severe dentofacial deformities are predictable, however there are differences regarding the effects on stomatognathic system. The aim was to investigate the effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) on the masticatory function in individuals with dentofacial deformity submitted to orthognathic surgery (OGS). Material and Methods: Forty-eight individuals (18-40 years) were evaluated, 14 undergoing OMT (treated group-TG), 10 without this treatment (untreated group-UTG) and 24 in a control group with normal occlusion; for clinical aspects the data of an individual was missed (n=46). Chewing was performed using the Expanded protocol of orofacial myofunctional evaluation with scores (OMES-E). Muscle tone and mobility were also analyzed before (P0), three (P1) and six months (P2) after OGS. Surface electromyography of the masseter and temporalis muscles was performed, considering the parameters amplitude and duration of act and cycle, and the number of masticatory cycles. The OMT consisted of ten therapeutic sessions along the postoperative period. The results were compared using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: TG showed higher scores in P1 and P2 than P0; for the masticatory type the scores in P2 were significantly higher than P0. In addition, the proportion of individuals with adequate tone of lower lip and adequate tongue mobility for TG increased significantly from P1 and P2 in relation to P0. The EMG results showed a decrease in act and cycle duration in P2 in relation to P0 and P1 for the TG; furthermore the values were close to controls. An increase in the number of cycles from P0 to P2 was also observed, indicating faster chewing, which may be attributed to an improvement of balanced occlusion associated with OMT. Conclusion: There were positive effects of OMT on the clinical and electromyography aspects of chewing in individual submitted to orthognathic surgery.

Abstract The etiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), which are considered as a heterogeneous group of psychophysiological disturbances, remains a controversial issue in clinical dentistry. This study aimed to evaluate whether the salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), cortisol levels, and anxiety symptoms differ between children with and without TMD. Initially, 316 young subjects were screened in public schools (nonreferred sample); 76 subjects aged 7–14 years were selected and comprised the TMD and control groups with 38 subjects each matched by sex, age, and the presence/absence of sleep bruxism. Four saliva samples were collected: upon waking, 30 min and 1 h after awakening (fasting), and at night (at 8 PM) on 2 alternate days to examine the diurnal profiles of cortisol and sAA. Anxiety symptoms were screened using the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC-Brazilian version). Shapiro–Wilk test, Student’s t-test/Mann–Whitney U test, and correlation tests were used for data analysis. No significant differences were observed in the salivary cortisol area under the curve (AUCG mean ± SD = 90.22 ± 63.36 × 94.21 ± 63.13 µg/dL/min) and sAA AUCG (mean ± SD = 2544.52 ± 2142.00 × 2054.03 ± 1046.89 U/mL/min) between the TMD and control groups, respectively (p > 0.05); however, the clinical groups differed in social anxiety domain (t = 3.759; CI = 2.609, 8.496), separation/panic (t = 2.243; CI = 0.309, 5.217), physical symptoms (U = 433.500), and MASC total score (t = −3.527; CI = −23.062, −6.412), with a power of the test >80% and large effect size (d = 0.80), with no significant correlation between the MASC total score, cortisol, and sAA levels. Although children with TMD scored higher in anxiety symptoms, no difference was observed in the salivary stress biomarkers between children with and without TMD.

A integração interdisciplinar entre odontologia e fonoaudiologia pode proporcionar tratamento adequado das alterações dentárias e miofuncionais. Este relato de caso clínico apresenta o tratamento odontológico em criança com três anos de idade com cárie precoce da infância leve, com consequente perda dos incisivos centrais superiores devido a trauma, a reabilitação estética e funcional e tratamento fonoaudiológico. Os procedimentos clínicos odontológicos foram instrução de higiene bucal, aconselhamento dietético e realização das restaurações com resina composta devido ao acometimento por lesão cariosa dos dentes 64, 84, 85, 74, 75 (oclusal); e dentes 51, 61, 52 e 62 (face vestibular). Após um ano de preservação foi realizada a exodontia dos dentes 51 e 61 (com história de trauma anterior à primeira consulta), devido a reabsorção externa avançada. Em seguida, mantenedor de espaço estético-funcional removível foi colocado na região anterior superior. Avaliação fonoaudiológica foi realizada utilizando o protocolo Miofuncional Orofacial (MBGR), sendo verificadas as funções orofaciais, mobilidade e tônus muscular. Foram atribuídos escores para cada item avaliado no protocolo. Confirmou-se dificuldade de mobilidade dos lábios e língua com diminuição do tônus da bochecha e alterações na fala. A terapia fonoaudiológica foi estabelecida durante três meses com periodicidade semanal, havendo melhora em todos os aspectos alterados, confirmados pela adequação dos escores do Protocolo MBGR. No tratamento odontológico foram observados resultados clinicamente satisfatórios para a criança e responsáveis. Concluiu-se que o trabalho interdisciplinar entre a Odontologia e Fonoaudiologia proporcionou tratamento adequado para as condições bucais apresentadas pela criança, proporcionando saúde bucal e prognóstico favorável.

The integration of interdisciplinary dental and speech therapy can provide adequate treatment of dental and myofunctional alterations. In this case report, the dental treatment of three-year-old children with early childhood caries, premature loss of primary maxillary incisors due trauma, esthetic and functional rehabilitation and myofunctional therapy is presented. The dental care procedures included oral hygiene instructions, dietary recommendations and resin composite restorations of teeth 64, 84, 85, 74 and 75 (occlusal surface) and 51, 61, 52 and 62 (smooth surface) which were affected by dental caries. After one year of follow-up, teeth 51 and 61 were extracted (dental trauma history reported in first appointment), because the teeth presented extensive external reabsorption. Subsequently, esthetic and functional space maintainers were placed in the maxillary anterior region. Speech evaluation was performed using the MBGR protocol (orofacial myofunctional), in which the orofacial functions, mobility and muscular tone were analyzed. Scores were attributed to each item available in the protocol. Thus, the difficulty of lip and tongue movements were confirmed, in addition to reduced cheek tonus and alterations in speech. Myofunctional therapy was instituted for three months, once a week and this led to improvement in all aspects, with changes being confirmed by adequate scores obtained in application of the MBRG protocol. After dental treatment, clinical results satisfactory to both children and parents were observed. It was concluded that interdisciplinary approach involving dentistry and myofunctional therapy provided adequate treatment for oral conditions presented by children, providing oral health and favorable prognosis.

OBJETIVOS: avaliar o tempo de aleitamento materno e identificar possíveis fatores interferentes em crianças com deficiência e fenotipicamente normais. MÉTODOS: 99 crianças com deficiência e fenotipicamente normais de 1 a 4 anos de idade, de ambos os gêneros, matriculadas e assistidas no Centro de Assistência Odontológica a Pessoa com Deficiência e na Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais de Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil e na Bebê Clínica da Faculdade de Odontologia do Campus de Araçatuba, da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho". Utilizou-se um questionário desenvolvido especificamente para este estudo, que foi respondido pelas respectivas mães e/ou cuidadores. A variável dependente utilizada foi a amamentação exclusiva até os seis meses de idade. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, bem como modelos de regressão linear, considerando nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: a paralisia cerebral foi a deficiência de maior ocorrência no estudo. As crianças do gênero masculino no grupo dos fenotipicamente normais receberam aleitamento materno exclusivo por um período maior de tempo e o grau de escolaridade das mães e as complicações no parto também foram um fator influenciador para a duração desta prática. CONCLUSÕES: o tempo do aleitamento exclusivo não diferiu entre ambos os grupos estudados. A ocorrência da amamentação exclusiva de maior prevalência foi observada no grupo dos fenotipicamente normais do gênero masculino havendo significância entre os gêneros no grupo dos fenotipicamente normais. Mas não é somente a condição do paciente que limita a prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo e sim um conjunto de fatores associados, como gênero no grupo dos fenotipicamente normais, o grau de escolaridade da mãe para o grupo dos com deficiência e as complicações no parto em ambos os grupos.

PURPOSES: to evaluate the time of breastfeeding and identify possible interfering factors in disables and phenotypically normal children. METHODS: ninety-nine (99) disabled and phenotypically normal children from 1 to 4 years of age, of both genders, enrolled in and cared for at the Dental Care Centre for Disabled Persons and at the Association of Parents and Friends of Handicapped Persons ("Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais - APAE") of Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil and at the Baby Clinic of the Araçatuba Campus Dental School, of the "Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" were included in the study. A questionnaire, specifically developed for this study was used, and answered by the respective mothers and/or caregivers. The dependent variable used was exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of age. Data were submitted to the chi-square or Exact Fisher test, and linear regression models, considering the level of significance of 5%. RESULTS: cerebral palsy was the disability that occurred most frequently in the study. Children of the male gender in the phenotypically normal group received exclusive breastfeeding for a longer period of time. The mothers' educational level and complications at birth were also factors influencing the duration of this practice. CONCLUSIONS: the time of exclusive breastfeeding did not differ between the two groups studied. The highest prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was observed in the group of phenotypically normal children of the male gender, with significant difference between the genders in the phenotypically normal group. However, it is not only the patient's condition that limits the practice of exclusive breastfeeding, but the set of associated factors, such as gender in the phenotypically normal group, mother's educational level in the group with disability and complications at birth in both groups.

Objetivo avaliar o dimorfismo sexual e a relação entre as características morfológicas craniofaciais, dos arcos dentários e do músculo masseter na fase de dentição mista. Métodos 32 crianças, com idade entre 6-10 anos (14♀/18♂) com oclusão normal, compuseram a amostra. Características morfológicas craniofaciais, dos arcos dentários e espessura do masseter foram avaliadas por meio de radiografia cefalométrica posteroanterior, modelos em gesso e ultrassonografia, respectivamente. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando testes Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney/teste “t” e regressão linear múltipla para avaliar a relação entre a largura da face e idade, gênero, índice de massa corporal, espessura do masseter, distâncias intermolares e intercaninos (entre cúspides e pontos cervicais) e larguras nasal, maxilar, mandibular e intermolar. Resultados a espessura do masseter não diferiu significativamente entre os lados esquerdo e direito. A comparação entre os gêneros mostrou diferença significativa apenas na largura da face (maior em meninos). O modelo de regressão mostrou que a largura da face relacionou-se positivamente com o índice de massa corporal, espessura do masseter, distâncias intermolares (cúspides) e intercaninos (cervicais) inferiores e largura intermolar maxilar; e negativamente com a distância intermolares superiores (cúspides) e inferiores (cervicais) e intercaninos inferiores (cervicais). Ou seja, quando as demais variáveis foram adicionadas ao modelo, a variável explanatória gênero não alcançou valor significativo. Conclusão na amostra avaliada, a espessura do masseter e dimensões dos arcos dentários não diferiram entre gêneros; além disso, a largura da face mostrou relação significativa com o índice de massa corporal, espessura do masseter e dimensões dos arcos dentários, mas o gênero não contribuiu significativamente para sua variação.

Purpose to evaluate sexual dimorphism and the relationship between craniofacial characteristics, dental arch morphology and masseter muscle thickness in children in the mixed dentition stage. Methods the study sample comprised 32 children, aged 6-10 years (14♀/18♂) with normal occlusion. Craniofacial characteristics, dental morphology and masseter muscle thickness were evaluated by means of posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs, dental cast evaluation and ultrasound exam, respectively. The results were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney/t-test and stepwise linear regression to assess the relation between face width and age, gender, body mass index, masseter thickness, distances between first molars and canines on dental casts (between cusps/cervical points), nasal, maxillary, mandibular and intermolar widths. Results masseter thickness showed no significant difference between the sides left/right. The comparison between genders showed significant difference only in face width, being larger in boys. The regression model showed that face width was positively related with body mass index, masseter thickness, mandibular first molar distances (cusps), mandibular canine distances (cervical points), and maxillary intermolar width; and negatively with maxillary (cusps) and mandibular molar distances (cervical points) and mandibular canine distances (cusps). That is, when the other studied variables were considered, the explanatory variable gender did not reach a significant value. Conclusion in the studied sample, the dimensions of the dental arches and masseter thickness did not differ between boys and girls; moreover, face width showed significant relationship with body mass index, masseter thickness, and dimensions of dental arches; but gender did not contribute significantly to face width variation.

The objective was to evaluate the relationship among oral habits, oral function and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children. Three hundred and twenty-eight subjects (8–14 years old) were assessed for orofacial function using the Brazilian version of the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S). OHRQoL was assessed using the Child Perceptions Questionnaires (Brazilian versions) for the 8–10 (CPQ8-10) and 11–14 (CPQ11-14) year age groups. The subjects were distributed into a Habit group and a Habit-free group according to domain III (Habits) of the NOT-S. Oral habits were present in 71.3% of the sample (p = .0001), with a higher prevalence in females (62.8%, p = .001). The NOT-S, CPQ8-10 and CPQ11-14 scores were higher in the Habit group (P = .0001, P = .009 and p = .001, respectively). Domain I (Sensory Function) was significantly more affected in Habit group subjects (p = .001). The NOT-S scores were positively correlated with the CPQ8-10 and CPQ11-14 scores only in the Habit group (r = .32, p = .0003 and r = .30, p = .001, respectively). These results indicate that oral habits can impact OHRQoL. Moreover, orofacial dysfunctions were associated with worse OHRQoL in subjects with oral habits.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors associated with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in children. TMD clinical signs were evaluated using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD; axis I), and subjective symptoms were evaluated using a structured questionnaire. Eighty-two children were selected, 40 with TMD (19 boys and 21 girls, mean age 9.84 ± 1.53 and 9.71 ± 1.30 years, respectively) and 42 without TMD (21 boys and 21 girls, mean age 10.27 ± 1.63 and 9.9 ± 1.37 years, respectively). Intra- and extra-oral examinations were carried out to determine the myofunctional characteristics of the masticatory system. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess anxiety and depression. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis followed by multiple logistic regression (α = 0.05). In bivariate analysis, the variables of open lips, anxiety, and depression had a p value < 0.15 and were entered into the multivariate logistic regression model. The most significant predictor factors were the presence of open lips (odds ratio = 5.42, p = 0.034) and anxiety (odds ratio = 18.59, p < 0.001). Thus, anxiety levels and open lips were associated with TMD in children. Owing to the cross-sectional design of the present study, the associations observed may have a bidirectional relationship.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre a espessura do orbicularis oris e as variáveis esqueléticas e dentárias em crianças com dentição mista. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foi selecionada uma amostra de conveniência de 22 crianças, de 7 a 12 anos, com maloclusões Classe I e Classe II esqueléticas e subdivisões. As espessuras dos fascículos superior e inferior do orbicularis oris foram mensuradas, em repouso e em contração, por um examinador treinado utilizando ultrassom. As medidas cefalométricas dos tecidos duros e moles foram calculadas por um examinador treinado. Os resultados foram analisados pelos coeficientes de Pearson e Spearman. RESULTADO: Houve correlação negativa entre os fascículos superior e inferior do orbicularis oris em contração e a distância entre a linha E de Ricketts e o lábio superior (E ┴ Ls). Houve correlação positiva entre a altura inferior da face e a distância entre o plano AB e o lábio superior (AB-Ls) e entre o ângulo ANB e a distância entre E ┴ Ls e a linha E de Ricketts e o lábio inferior (E ┴ Li). A distância do incisivo inferior do plano N-Pg correlacionou-se positivamente com a distância entre AB-Ls e a distância entre E ┴ Ls e E ┴ Li. A sobremordida e o ângulo interincisal correlacionaram-se negativamente com a distância entre o pogônio e o pogônio mole e a distância entre E ┴ Li, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: As variáveis esqueléticas e dentárias estiveram associadas à posição dos lábios superior e inferior e a espessura do pogônio, enquanto que as espessuras dos fascículos superior e inferior do orbicularis oris em contração estiveram associadas à retrusão do lábio superior.

AIM: To evaluate the association between orbicularis oris thickness and skeletal and dental variables in children with mixed dentition. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A convenience sample of 22 children, aged 7 to 12 years, with skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusion and subdivisions were selected. The upper and lower fascicles of the orbicularis oris thicknesses were measured using ultrasound (US) by one calibrated examiner, at rest and in the contracted state. Cephalometric radiograph measurements of the hard and soft tissues were calculated by one trained examiner. The results were analyzed by the Pearson and Spearman coefficients. RESULT: The upper and lower fascicles of the orbicularis oris in the contracted state showed a negative correlation with the distance between Ricketts' E-line and the labrale superius (E ┴ Ls). There were positive correlations between the lower face height and the distance between the AB plane and the labrale superius (AB-Ls) and between the ANB angle and the distance between E ┴ Ls and Ricketts' E-line and the labrale inferius (E ┴ Li). The lower-incisor distance from the N-Pg plane correlated positively with the distance between AB-Ls and the distance between the E ┴ Ls and E ┴ Li. Overbite and interincisal angle were negatively correlated with the distance between the pogonion and the soft tissue pogonion and the distance between E ┴ Li, respectively. CONCLUSION: Skeletal and dental variables were associated with upper and lower lip position and pogonion thickness, while the upper and lower fascicles of the orbicularis oris thicknesses in the contracted state were associated only with upper lip retrusion.

OBJETIVO: A função orofacial é resultado de atividades complexas integradas ao Sistema Nervoso Central e ao Sistema Neuromuscular. A disfunção orofacial pode comprometer ações vitais, como a respiração, a mastigação, a deglutição e as expressões faciais. O objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir o protocolo do Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S), que avalia disfunção orofacial, para o Português do Brasil e aplicá-lo à uma amostra de crianças e adolescentes (8 a 14 anos). METODOLOGIA: A versão brasileira do NOT-S foi aplicada em 197 meninas e 135 meninos na faixa etária de 8 a 14 anos. Estes foram examinados clinicamente considerando as fases da dentição e características da oclusão. Para avaliar a reprodutibilidade do NOT-S foi aplicado o teste-reteste em 50 indivíduos aleatoriamente selecionados da amostra 15 dias após a primeira avaliação. Estatística descritiva, qui-quadrado, os testes Mann-Whitney e Kappa foram aplicados para análise dos dados, com nível de significância de α=0.05. RESULTADOS: Os escores variaram de 0 a 7; o escore 0 apresentou frequência de 5% e o escore médio foi 2,64. Os domínios III (Hábitos) e IV (Mastigação e Deglutição) foram os mais frequentes e apresentaram taxa de 70 e 50%, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os gêneros em relação à disfunção orofacial, porém os escores do NOT-S foram maiores na dentição mista quando comparada à dentição permanente. A taxa de concordância intra-examinador foi de 97,8% comparando a primeira aplicação com a do re-teste. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença entre gêneros, mas nos indivíduos na dentição mista e aqueles com mordida aberta anterior a disfunção orofacial foi mais presente. A versão brasileira do NOT-S foi considerada adequada para aplicação em indivíduos brasileiros.

PURPOSE: Orofacial function is the result of complex activities of the central nervous and neuromuscular systems. Orofacial dysfunction can compromise vital actions, such as breathing, chewing and swallowing, and facial expressions. The aim of this study was to apply the Brazilian version of the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S), which assesses orofacial dysfunction, to a sample of Brazilian children and adolescents. METHODS: The Brazilian version of NOT-S was applied in 197 girls and 135 boys, aged from 8 to 14 years old. They were clinically examined for the phase of dentition and characteristics of occlusion. For assessing NOT-S reliability, a test-retest was performed in 50 subjects randomly selected from the total sample15 days after the first application. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-squared, Mann-Whitney and Kappa tests were applied for data analysis at significant level of α=0.05. RESULTS: The scores ranged from 0 to 7; score 0 had a rate of 5%; the mean score was 2.64. The most frequent domains were III (Habits) and IV (Chewing and Swallowing) with a rate of 70 and 50%, respectively. No difference between genders was seen in relation to orofacial dysfunction, but subjects in mixed dentition and those with frontal open bite presented more orofacial dysfunction. The rate of intra-examiner agreement was 97.8% comparing the first and retest applications. CONCLUSION: No differences between genders were detected, but subjects in mixed dentition and in those with anterior malocclusion the orofacial dysfunction was more present. The Brazilian version of NOT-S was considered proper for application in Brazilian subjects.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the influence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) on speech in children, and to verify the influence of occlusal characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Speech and dental occlusal characteristics were assessed in 152 Brazilian children (78 boys and 74 girls), aged 8 to 12 (mean age 10.05 ± 1.39 years) with or without TMD signs and symptoms. The clinical signs were evaluated using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) (axis I) and the symptoms were evaluated using a questionnaire. The following groups were formed: Group TMD (n=40), TMD signs and symptoms (Group S and S, n=68), TMD signs or symptoms (Group S or S, n=33), and without signs and symptoms (Group N, n=11). Articulatory speech disorders were diagnosed during spontaneous speech and repetition of the words using the "Phonological Assessment of Child Speech" for the Portuguese language. It was also applied a list of 40 phonological balanced words, read by the speech pathologist and repeated by the children. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact or Chi-square tests (α=0.05). RESULTS: A slight prevalence of articulatory disturbances, such as substitutions, omissions and distortions of the sibilants /s/ and /z/, and no deviations in jaw lateral movements were observed. Reduction of vertical amplitude was found in 10 children, the prevalence being greater in TMD signs and symptoms children than in the normal children. The tongue protrusion in phonemes /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/ and frontal lips in phonemes /s/ and /z/ were the most prevalent visual alterations. There was a high percentage of dental occlusal alterations. CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between TMD and speech disorders. Occlusal alterations may be factors of influence, allowing distortions and frontal lisp in phonemes /s/ and /z/ and inadequate tongue position in phonemes /t/; /d/; /n/; /l/.