Abstract The use and abuse of the state of siege in Colombia was a constant during the 19th and 20th centuries. Consequently, the 1991 Constituent Assembly was careful when regulating martial law, establishing a demanding limit and control system. This paper aims to show that in times of crisis, the Colombian president prefers to use legal powers such as health emergency and military assistance to limit human rights instead of resorting to constitutional powers such as martial law. To the various forms of constitutional avoidance proposed by Manuel Quinche Ramírez in his work "Constitutional Avoidance: A Policy of Evasion of Constitutional Control in Colombia", we would have to add the president using administrative actions in times of crisis to tackle situations that require regulations with the power of law because the controls for martial law decrees are more severe and effective than those for administrative actions, thus giving rise to a presidential rule that avoids the ideal control of constitutionality.

Resumen El uso y abuso del estado de sitio en Colombia fue una constante durante los siglos XIX y XX. Por ello, el Constituyente de 1991 fue tan cuidadoso a la hora de regular los estados de excepción estableciendo un sistema de exigentes límites y controles. El objetivo de este escrito es evidenciar que ahora el Presidente colombiano, en épocas de crisis, preferirá usar competencias de rango legal como lo son la emergencia sanitaria y la asistencia militar para limitar derechos humanos en vez de acudir a competencias constitucionales como los estados de excepción. A las diferentes formas de elusión constitucional propuestas por Manuel Quinche Ramírez en su texto "La elusión constitucional: una política de evasión del control constitucional en Colombia" tendríamos que agregar una nueva y es aquella realizada por el Presidente en épocas de crisis, al usar actos administrativos para enfrentar situaciones que requieren normas con fuerza de ley. Lo anterior, pues los controles para los decretos de estados de excepción son más exigentes y eficaces que los existentes para los actos administrativos. Con esto se configura un presidencialismo elusivo del control idóneo de constitucionalidad.

ABSTRACT This study sought to examine the relationships among self-regulation, motivation, anxiety towards assessment and online English environment through a structural equation modeling. A non- experimental study with a quantitative ex post facto, cross-sectional and explanatory approach was employed, based on a sample of 542 university students. A positive covariance between self-regulation (SR) and classroom environment (CE), was found. SR positively exerts a positive effect on online English learning motivation (OELM). It was also found that CE positively influences on OELM. In addition, results showed that OELM negatively impacts on online anxiety tests. Empirical data constitute a starting point to understand the way these variables interact each other in an online English learning context. selfregulation, selfregulation self regulation, regulation modeling non facto crosssectional cross sectional employed 54 students (SR CE, , (CE) . (OELM) addition tests context 5 (CE (OELM

RESUMEN Este trabajo determinó examinar las relaciones entre la autorregulación, motivación, ansiedad en las evaluaciones y el ambiente en la clase de inglés, a través de un modelo con ecuaciones estructurales (MEE). Se realizó un estudio no experimental cuantitativo ex post facto, transversal y nivel explicativo, con 542 estudiantes universitarios. Se encontró una covariación positiva entre la autorregulación (AR) y el ambiente de clase (AC). Se halló que la AR genera un efecto positivo sobre la motivación en el aprendizaje del inglés en línea (MAIL). También, se evidenció que el AC influye positivamente sobre la MAIL. Además, se reportó un impacto negativo de la MAIL sobre la ansiedad en las evaluaciones. Los datos empíricos derivados de este estudio se constituyen en un punto de partida para comprender la manera en que estas variables interactúan en un contexto de aprendizaje de una L2 en línea. MEE. MEE . (MEE) facto explicativo 54 universitarios (AR AC. (AC) (MAIL) También Además L (MEE 5 (AC (MAIL

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the significant statistical differences between gender and English level regarding self-regulation, motivation, test anxiety, and classroom climate. A quantitative study was conducted, adopting a descriptive and non-experimental research design with a sample of 542 college students. The findings indicate that women use self-regulation strategies for task achievement to a greater degree than men. Moreover, they possess higher levels of extrinsic motivation and show a greater level of test anxiety. A1 and A2 levels tend to use self-regulation strategies for time management, whereas B1 displays a higher degree of motivation. The A2 level prefers and favors student cohesion, boosting classroom climate. The differences found in this study are considered a starting point to understand how these variables operate in language learning under the synchronous online flipped learning approach. selfregulation, selfregulation self regulation, regulation anxiety climate conducted nonexperimental non experimental 54 students men Moreover management B cohesion approach 5

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar as diferenças estatisticamente significativas quando comparadas por gênero e nível de proficiência em inglês, em relação à autorregulação, motivação, ansiedade de avaliação, e ambiente de sala de aula. A investigação quantitativa foi realizada com um desenho não-experimental, descritivo e transversal, com uma amostra de 542 estudantes universitários. Os resultados revelaram que as mulheres utilizam mais as estratégias de autorregulação relativamente à realização das tarefas, têm uma maior motivação extrínseca e um maior nível de ansiedade. Os níveis de proficiência A1 e A2 recorrem mais a estratégias de autorregulação para a gestão do tempo, e B1 tem uma maior motivação. O A2 prefere um ambiente de sala de aula mais coeso. As diferenças encontradas são vistas como ponto de partida para a compreensão da forma como estas variáveis operam na aprendizagem da língua inglesa numa sala de aula invertida em encontros síncronos. inglês avaliação nãoexperimental, nãoexperimental não experimental, experimental não-experimental transversal 54 universitários tarefas tempo B coeso síncronos 5

RESUMEN El presente estudio se orientó a examinar las diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar por sexo y nivel de inglés, con relación a la autorregulación, motivación, la ansiedad ante las evaluaciones y el ambiente de la clase. Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, con un diseño no experimental, descriptivo de corte transversal, con una muestra de 542 estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados revelaron que las mujeres utilizan en mayor grado las estrategias de autorregulación concernientes a la realización de las tareas, tienen una mayor motivación extrínseca y nivel de ansiedad. Los niveles de dominio A1 y A2 utilizan más las estrategias de autorregulación correspondientes a la gestión del tiempo, y el B1 posee una mayor motivación. El A2 prefiere en mayor medida un ambiente de clase donde predomine la cohesión. Las diferencias encontradas se consideran un punto de partida para la comprensión de la manera en que estas variables operan en el aprendizaje del inglés en la modalidad de aula invertida en encuentros sincrónicos. cuantitativa experimental transversal 54 universitarios tareas A tiempo B cohesión sincrónicos 5

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of combining immunocastration and β-adrenergic agonists (β-AA) on blood metabolites and their correlations with performance and carcass traits of Nellore cattle. Ninety-six Nellore males were distributed in a randomized block design with a 2×3 factorial arrangement. The factors were two sexual conditions (immunocastrated and non-castrated), and three diets (control, with no inclusion of β-AA; RH, with 300 mg of ractopamine hydrochloride/d; and ZH, with 80 mg of zilpaterol hydrochloride/animal/d). The trial was conducted during 100 d, during which animals were fed ZH and RH for the last 30 and 33 d, respectively. Blood metabolites related to lipid and protein metabolism were assessed at the baseline (0 d of β-AA supplementation) and after 13 and 30 d of β-AA supplementation. No effect of sexual condition × β-AA supplementation × time on feed interaction was observed. Combining immunocastration with β-AA supplementation modified cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids concentrations without affecting protein metabolism. Immunocastration enhances lipogenesis and reduces skeletal muscle accretion by increasing high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides concentrations and decreasing creatinine and creatine kinase concentrations, respectively. Zilpaterol hydrochloride enhances skeletal muscle accretion by decreasing urea and total protein concentrations and increases creatinine and creatine kinase concentrations without modifying lipid metabolism.