Abstract Diplopods are terrestrial arthropods important for the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems. One of the reasons for that can be their low predation rate due to their defensive secretion. Thus, Orthoporus fuscipes, a species belonging to this group and endemic to northeastern Brazil, was investigated as to its population structure and chemical constituents of defensive secretion. The population structure showed that females are larger and have greater mass than do males, along with negative allometric growth between males and females. The defensive secretion hexane extract was submitted to fractionation using SiO2 open-column chromatography and the gas chromatographic coupled to mass spectrometric analysis was applied in the fraction possibilities to identify major fatty acid methyl esthers, along with minor alkanes, alkenes and fatty acids derivatives and the known quinoids 2-methoxy-3-methylhydroquinone, 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3-dimethoxyhydroquinone. In addition, the cytochrome oxidase I sequence for the species was deposited for the first time. ecosystems Thus fuscipes Brazil SiO opencolumn open column esthers alkanes 2methoxy3methylhydroquinone, 2methoxy3methylhydroquinone methoxymethylhydroquinone 2 methoxy 3 methylhydroquinone, methylhydroquinone 2-methoxy-3-methylhydroquinone 2methoxy3methyl1,4benzoquinone, 2methoxy3methyl14benzoquinone methoxymethylbenzoquinone 1,4 benzoquinone, 1 4 benzoquinone 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2,3dimethoxy1,4benzoquinone 23dimethoxy14benzoquinone dimethoxybenzoquinone 2,3 dimethoxy 2,3dimethoxyhydroquinone. 23dimethoxyhydroquinone dimethoxyhydroquinone dimethoxyhydroquinone. 2,3-dimethoxyhydroquinone addition time 2methoxy3methyl1 4benzoquinone 2methoxy3methyl1,4benzoquinone 14 1, 3dimethoxy1 23 2, 3dimethoxyhydroquinone 2,3dimethoxyhydroquinone methoxymethyl 2methoxy3methyl 3dimethoxy

Abstract A second deadlier wave of COVID-19 and the causes of the recent public health collapse of Manaus are compared with the Spanish flu events in that city, and Brazil. Historic sanitarian problems, and its hub position in the Brazilian airway network are combined drivers of deadly events related to COVID-19. These drivers were amplified by misleading governance, highly transmissible variants, and relaxation of social distancing. Several of these same factors may also have contributed to the dramatically severe outbreak of H1N1 in 1918, which caused the death of 10% of the population in seven months. We modelled Manaus parameters for the present pandemic and confirmed that lack of a proper social distancing might select the most transmissible variants. We succeeded to reproduce a first severe wave followed by a second stronger wave. The model also predicted that outbreaks may last for up to five and half years, slowing down gradually before the disease disappear. We validated the model by adjusting it to the Spanish Flu data for the city, and confirmed the pattern experienced by that time, of a first stronger wave in October-November 1918, followed by a second less intense wave in February-March 1919.

Abstract The spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the distribution of cases worldwide followed no clear biogeographic, climatic, or cultural trend. Conversely, the internationally busiest cities in all countries tended to be the hardest hit, suggesting a basic, mathematically neutral pattern of the new coronavirus early dissemination. We tested whether the number of flight passengers per time and the number of international frontiers could explain the number of cases of COVID-19 worldwide by a stepwise regression. Analysis were taken by 22 May 2020, a period when one would claim that early patterns of the pandemic establishment were still detectable, despite of community transmission in various places. The number of passengers arriving in a country and the number of international borders explained significantly 49% of the variance in the distribution of the number of cases of COVID-19, and number of passengers explained significantly 14.2% of data variance for cases per million inhabitants. Ecological neutral theory may explain a considerable part of the early distribution of SARS-CoV-2 and should be taken into consideration to define preventive international actions before a next pandemic.

The phytopathogenic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime & Philips-Mora, causal agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa, causes countless damage to cocoa production in Brazil. Molecular studies have attempted to identify genes that play important roles in fungal survival and virulence. In this study, sequences deposited in the M. perniciosa Genome Sequencing Project database were analyzed to identify potential biological targets. For the first time, the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway in M. perniciosa was studied and the lanosterol 14α-demethylase gene (ERG11) that encodes the main enzyme of this pathway and is a target for fungicides was cloned, characterized molecularly and its phylogeny analyzed. ERG11 genomic DNA and cDNA were characterized and sequence analysis of the ERG11 protein identified highly conserved domains typical of this enzyme, such as SRS1, SRS4, EXXR and the heme-binding region (HBR). Comparison of the protein sequences and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the M. perniciosa enzyme was most closely related to that of Coprinopsis cinerea.

The present study presents 11 new additions of coccoid green algae to the phycoflora of Brazil, including the first record of the genus Westellopsis for the neotropical region. Samples of periphyton and plankton were collected in two areas of the Marimbus Wetlands (the Marimbus do Baiano and Marimbus do Remanso, within the Marimbus-Iraquara Environmentally Protected Area), in the Chapada Diamantina Region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Sample collection occurred during dry periods (April-June and August 2011) and rainy periods (October-December 2011 and February 2012). Here, we describe the taxa identified from the 56 samples collected.

O trabalho apresenta espécies de samambaias e licófitas de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica, inserido na região de semi-árido, localizado na Serra da Jibóia, Município de Santa Teresinha, Bahia, Brasil e a análise das relações florísticas com outras formações vegetais do país, contribuindo para ampliar as informações sobre a flora vascular do estado, bem como do bioma Mata Atlântica. São apresentadas 97 espécies, em 51 gêneros e 22 famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram Dryopteridaceae (17 spp.), Polypodiaceae (16 spp.), Pteridaceae (12 spp.) e Hymenophyllaceae (10 spp.). A maioria das espécies ocorre como epífita (48%), 38% terrestre, 3% rupícola, 3% como hemiepífita e 8% com mais de um tipo de hábito. A análise de similaridade mostra que a flora de samambaias e licófitas da região está relacionada com o Sul da Bahia e Sudeste do Brasil, sugerindo que a área de estudo apresenta condições ambientais semelhantes às áreas relacionadas e reforçando as singularidades florísticas da região.

The work presents species of ferns and lycophytes from a remnant of Atlantic Forest located in a semi-arid region, in the Serra da Jibóia, municipality of Santa Teresinha, State of Bahia, Brazil. We also analyzed the floristic similarities of this area with other regions in Brazil. In total, 97 species were presented, representing 51 genera and 22 families. The most representative families were Dryopteridaceae (17 spp.), Polypodiaceae (16 spp.), Pteridaceae (12 spp.), and Hymenophyllaceae (10 spp.). Most species occur as epiphytes (48%), whereas 38% are terrestrial, 3% are lythophyte, 3% are hemiepiphyte and 8% present more than one type of habit. The similarity analysis showed that the flora of ferns and lycophytes from Serra da Jibóia is related to the Southern Bahia State and Southeastern Brazil areas, suggesting similar environmental conditions among those areas.

This work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves, inflorescences, nut-shell, liquid and solid endosperm nuts of Syagrus coronata against pathogenic bacteria and yeast. Screening was initially performed using the agar dilution method. The extracts regarded as bioactive underwent liquid-liquid partition for determination of their minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericide concentration (MIC and MBC) and those of their respective fractions against the microorganisms inhibited in preliminary tests. Antimicrobial activity was observed only in inflorescences. The corresponding aqueous extract was effective against B. cereus and the three strains of S. aureus, and the corresponding MIC and MCB values were lower than those of dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of the same extract. The methanol extract was effective against B. cereus, and the corresponding MIC and MBC values were higher than those of ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of the same extract.

Enzimas pectinolíticas de origem microbiana são conhecidas por desempenhar um papel importante comercialmente em uma série de processos industriais. Dois tipos de levedura podem ser distinguidos para a produção dessas enzimas. Um grupo inclui aqueles que têm capacidade de produzi-las na ausência de um indutor e outro grupo compreende as leveduras que as produzem na presença de um indutor. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência de substâncias pécticas, de glicose, do pH e da temperatura na atividade da poligalacturonase de Kluyveromyces marxianus CCMB 322. O cultivo foi em caldo de fermentação contendo diferentes concentrações de glicose e substâncias pécticas. A atividade da poligalacturonase foi determinada pelo método do DNS, e pH e temperatura otimizados pelo delineamento experimental central composto de experimentos. A poligalacturonase secretada por K. marxianus CCMB 322 foi parcialmente constitutiva, apresentando pH e temperatura ótima de 7,36 e 70 °C, respectivamente e reteve 93% de sua atividade original após 50 minutos a 50 °C. A termoestabilidade da enzima poligalacturonase foi estudada em várias temperaturas (50, 60, 70 e 80 °C) em diferentes tempos de incubação (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 minutos). Este estudo mostrou que a glicose tem influência na regulação da síntese da poligalacturonase.

Microbial pectinolytic enzymes are known to play a commercially important role in a number of industrial processes. Two kinds of yeast can be discerned regarding the production of enzymes. One group includes those which can produce enzymes in the absence of an inducer, and the other group comprises the yeasts that produce enzymes in the presence of an inducer. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of pectic substances, glucose, pH, and temperature on the polygalacturonase activity by Kluyveromyces marxianus CCMB 322. The yeast was grown in a fermentation broth containing different concentrations of glucose and pectic substances. The polygalacturonase activity was determined by the DNS method, and the pH and temperature were optimized using a central composite experimental design. The polygalacturonase secreted by K. marxianus CCMB 322 was partially constitutive showing optimum pH and temperature of 7.36 and 70 °C, respectively, and maintained approximately 93% of its original activity for 50 minutes at 50 °C. Thermal stability of the polygalacturonase enzyme was studied at different temperatures (50, 60, 70, and 80 °C) and different incubation times (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes). This study showed that glucose can influence the regulation of the synthesis of polygalacturonase.

Este estudo teve por objetivo inventariar os táxons de Monoraphidium e Ankistrodesmus (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) de duas áreas alagáveis do Pantanal dos Marimbus (Baiano e Remanso), Área de Proteção Ambiental Marimbus-Iraquara, Bahia e contribui para o conhecimento das Chlorophyceae do Estado da Bahia e Brasil. Os materiais estudados, de origem perifítica e metafítica, provieram de 64 amostras coletadas em abril e junho de 2011. Foram identificados 18 táxons, 13 de Monoraphidium e cinco de Ankistrodesmus, dos quais oito são adições à flora de microalgas continentais da região Nordeste. Dois táxons raramente encontrados no Brasil foram coletados durante este estudo: Monoraphidium dybowskii e M. litorale.

This study aimed to identify taxa belonging to the genera Monoraphidium and Ankistrodesmus (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) in two wetland areas of Pantanal dos Marimbus (Baiano and Remanso) in the Marimbus-Iraquara Environmental Protection Area, Bahia State, Brazil, and contribute to the knowledge of Chlorophyceae of Bahia State and Brazil. The materials studied, which were of periphytic and metaphytic origin, came from 64 samples collected in April and June 2011. We identified 18 taxa, 13 from Monoraphidium and five from Ankistrodesmus. Eight taxa were additions to the continental microalgae flora of Northeastern Brazil. Two taxa rarely found in Brazil were collected during the study: Monoraphidium dybowskii and M. litorale.

A enzima inulinase (EC 3.2.1.7, β-D-frutano frutanohidrolase) atua sobre as ligações β-2,1 da inulina, um polifrutano consistindo de frutose unida por ligações β-2,1. A hidrólise de inulina através do uso de inulinase é uma alternativa viável para a obtenção de xarope de frutose. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a produção, caracterização e aplicação de inulinase obtidas a partir do fungo endofítico CCMB 328, isolado do semi-árido brasileiro. A metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (MSR) foi empregado para avaliar os efeitos das variáveis (concentração de glicose e extrato de levedura) na atividade da enzima inulinase produzida em meio de cultura líquido e também para avaliar a atividade da enzima na hidrólise de inulina. Os resultados mostraram que as melhores condições para a produção de inulinase pela levedura CCMB 328 são 9,89 g/L de glicose e 1,09 g/L de extrato de levedura. A concentração de 0,20 mol/L de NaCl e KCl aumentou a atividade da enzima da CCMB 328 em aproximadamente 63% e 37%, respectivamente. Os resultados também mostraram que a enzima inulinase tem potencial para a hidrólise de inulina, apresentando rendimentos de 72,48 % para uma concentração inicial de inulina de 1% (m/v).

Inulinase (β-2,1-D- fructan fructanohydrolase), EC 3.2.1.7, targets the β-2,1 linkage of inulin, a polyfructan consisting of linear β-2,1 linked fructose, and hydrolyzes it into fructose. This use provides an alternative to produce fructose syrup through the hydrolysis of inulin. The objective of this work was to study the production, characterization and applications of inulinases from the fungal endophyte CCMB 328 isolated from the Brazilian semi-arid region. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate the effect of variables (concentration of glucose and yeast extract), on secreted inulinase activities detected in the culture medium and also in the inulin hydrolysis. The results showed that the best conditions for inulinase production by CCMB 328 are 9.89 g / L for glucose and 1.09 g / L for yeast extract. The concentration of 0.20 mol/L of NaCl and KCl increased the activity of inulinase from CCMB 328 by approximately 63% and 37%, respectively. The results also showed that the inulinase has potential for inulin hydrolysis, whose conversion yields roughly 72.48 % for an initial concentration of inulin at 1% (w/v).

A enzima quitinase de Moniliophthora perniciosa, o fungo causador da doença vassoura de bruxa em Theobroma cacao, foi parcialmente purificada por precipitação com sulfato de amônio e filtração em coluna de Sephacryl S-200 usando fosfato de sódio como tampão de extração. A metodologia de Superfície de resposta (MSR) foi usada para determinar o pH e temperatura ótimos. Foram isoladas quatro quitinases diferentes: ChitMp I, ChitMp II, ChitMp III e ChitMp IV. A ChitMp I mostrou temperatura ótima de 44-73ºC e pH ótimo de 7,0-8,4. A ChitMp II apresentou temperatura ótima entre 45-73ºC e pH ótimo de 7,0-8,4. ChitMp III apresentou temperatura ótima de 54-67ºC e pH ótimo de 7,3-8,8. ChitMp IV apresentou temperatura ótima de 60ºC e pH ótimo em 7,0. Em relação à biologia computacional a sequência primária foi feita in silico usando banco de dados do Projeto Genoma/Proteoma do M. perniciosa, obtendo-se uma sequência com 564 pb e 188 aminoácidos, que foi utilizada para a obtenção da estrutura tridimensional por metodologia de modelagem comparativa. Os modelos gerados foram submetidos à validação usando Procheck 3.0 and ANOLEA. O modelo proposto para a quitinase foi submetido à análise dinâmica por 1 ns, resultando em um modelo com 91,7% de seus resíduos em locais regiões favoráveis no gráfico de Ramachandran e RMS de 2,68.

The enzyme chitinase from Moniliophthora perniciosa the causative agent of the witches' broom disease in Theobroma cacao, was partially purified with ammonium sulfate and filtration by Sephacryl S-200 using sodium phosphate as an extraction buffer. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum pH and temperature conditions. Four different isoenzymes were obtained: ChitMp I, ChitMp II, ChitMp III and ChitMp IV. ChitMp I had an optimum temperature at 44-73ºC and an optimum pH at 7.0-8.4. ChitMp II had an optimum temperature at 45-73ºC and an optimum pH at 7.0-8.4. ChitMp III had an optimum temperature at 54-67ºC and an optimum pH at 7.3-8.8. ChitMp IV had an optimum temperature at 60ºC and an optimum pH at 7.0. For the computational biology, the primary sequence was determined in silico from the database of the Genome/Proteome Project of M. perniciosa, yielding a sequence with 564 bp and 188 amino acids that was used for the three-dimensional design in a comparative modeling methodology. The generated models were submitted to validation using Procheck 3.0 and ANOLEA. The model proposed for the chitinase was subjected to a dynamic analysis over a 1 ns interval, resulting in a model with 91.7% of the residues occupying favorable places on the Ramachandran plot and an RMS of 2.68.

Thelypteris villosa (Link) C. F. Reed, espécie rara, até recentemente tratada como endêmica da Floresta Atlântica do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, é referida pela primeira vez para a região Nordeste do Brasil, Estado da Bahia, contribuindo para ampliar as informações a respeito da espécie.

Until recently, Thelypteris villosa (Link) C. F. Reed, a rare species, was thought to be endemic to the Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This species is reported for the first time for Northeast of Brazil (Bahia), which helps increase what is known about this taxon.

A enzima UDP-N-acetilglicosamina pirofosforilase de Moniliophthora perniciosa (CCMB 0257), o fungo patogênico causador da doença vassoura-de-bruxa do Theobroma cacao, foi parcialmente purificada por precipitação com sulfato de amônio e cromatografia de gel filtração em Sephacryl S-200. O tampão de extração da enzima foi o fosfato de sódio, 0,050 mol L-1, pH 7,0, contendo 1,0 mol L-1 de NaCl. A metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR) foi usada para a obtenção do pH e temperatura ótima. Os resultados mostraram quatro diferentes isoenzimas (PyroMp I, PyroMp II, PyroMp III e PyroMp IV) que apresentaram pH ótimo na faixa de 6,9-8,4 e temperatura ótima variando entre 28 a 68 °C. A estrutura 3D de pirofosforilase de M. perniciosa foi obtida por modelagem comparativa. O modelo obtido mostrou uma boa qualidade, possuindo 78,6% de aminoácidos nas regiões energeticamente favoráveis. O modelo foi então submetido a simulações de dinâmica molecular (DM). O modelo apresentou uma boa qualidade geométrica após as simulações de DM (91,1% -gráfico de Ramachandran). A procura pelo sítio ativo da enzima mostrou que este é mantido extremamente conservado. Este modelo pode ser útil para desenvolvimento de inibidores contra a doença vassoura de bruxa.

The enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (PyroMp) from Moniliophthora perniciosa (CCMB 0257), a pathogenic fungal strain and the causative agent of the witches' broom disease in Theobroma cacao, was partially purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200. The buffer for enzyme extraction was sodium phosphate, 0.050 mol L-1, pH 7.0, containing 1.0 mol L-1 NaCl. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum pH and temperature conditions. Four different isoenzymes (PyroMp I, PyroMp II, PyroMp III and PyroMp IV) were obtained with optimal pH ranging from 6.9-8.4 and optimum temperature ranging from 28 to 68 °C. The 3D structure of pyrophosphorylase of M. perniciosa was determined by comparative modeling. The model obtained showed a good quality, possessing 78.6% of amino acids in energetically allowed regions. The model was then submitted for DM simulation and showed a good geometric quality (91.1% Ramachandran plot). The active site of the enzyme was found to be extremely well conserved. This model will be useful for developing new inhibitors against witches' broom disease.

A enzima glucanase de Moniliophthora perniciosa foi produzida em meio líquido e purificada a partir do sobrenadante da cultura. A metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR) foi usada para avaliar os efeitos das variáveis, incluindo indutor (extrato de levedura) e tempo de fermentação, na atividade da glucanase de M. perniciosa detectada no meio de cultura. A enzima presente no sobrenadante foi purificada em duas etapas: precipitação com sulfato de amônio (70%) e cromatografia de filtração em gel em Sephacryl S-200. A produção da enzima glucanase foi maior na concentração de 5,9 g L-1 de extrato de levedura e 13 dias de fermentação. Os resultados mostraram três diferentes isoformas (GLUI, GLUII e GLUIII) com fatores de purificação de 4,33, 1,86 e 3,03, respectivamente. O extrato enzimático parcialmente purificado mostrou um pH ótimo de 5,0 e uma temperatura ótima de 40°C. A atividade enzimática aumentou na presença de KCl em todas as concentrações estudadas. A atividade da glucanase foi maior na presença de NaCl 0,2 M. A enzima apresentou alta estabilidade térmica, perdendo apenas 10,20% de sua atividade específica após 40 minutos de incubação a 90°C. Os resultados de termoestabilidade e a atividade em baixo pH mostraram que a enzima glucanase de M. perniciosa tem características promissoras para futuras aplicações industriais.

The enzyme glucanase from Moniliophthora perniciosa was produced in liquid medium and purified from the culture supernatant. A multivariate statistical approach (Response Surface Methodology - RSM) was employed to evaluate the effect of variables, including inducer (yeast extract) and fermentation time, on secreted glucanase activities M. perniciosa detected in the culture medium. The crude enzyme present in the supernatant was purified in two steps: precipitation with ammonium sulfate (70%) and gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl S-200. The best inducer and fermentation time for glucanase activities were 5.9 g L-1 and 13 days, respectively. The results revealed three different isoforms (GLUI, GLUII and GLUIII) with purification factors of 4.33, 1.86 and 3.03, respectively. The partially purified enzymatic extract showed an optimum pH of 5.0 and an optimum temperature of 40°C. The enzymatic activity increased in the presence of KCl at all concentrations studied. The glucanase activity was highest in the presence of 0.2 M NaCl. The enzyme showed high thermal stability, losing only 10.20% of its specific activity after 40 minutes of incubation at 90°C. A purified enzyme with relatively good thermostability that is stable at low pH might be used in future industrial applications.

OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a influência da calcitonina sintética do salmão no processo cicatricial da pele da região dorsal em ratos, analisando parâmetros bioquímicos, biomecânicos e histológicos, e suas possíveis interrelações. MÉTODO: Setenta e dois (72) ratos machos adultos foram submetidos, sob anestesia geral inalatória a uma incisão linear na pele que foi, subseqüentemente, suturada. Metade dos ratos (grupo teste) foi tratada no pós-operatório com calcitonina sintética do salmão, e a outra metade, sem tratamento, constituiu o grupo controle. Os animais, em pares de nove ratos cada (teste e controle), foram sacrificados no 5º, 10º, 15º e 20º dias pós-operatório para a remoção dos fragmentos de pele com cicatriz para as análises bioquímicas, biomecânicas e histológicas. Utilizou-se o teste "t" de Student para a comparação de médias de amostras independentes e o teste de correlação de Pearson para verificar o grau de associação entre as médias das variáveis. RESULTADOS: A calcitonina sintética de salmão acelerou o processo cicatricial da pele, mas não de maneira linear e constante. Em comparação com os animais não-tratados, houve aumento significativo tanto do conteúdo de hidroxiprolina nas fases de proliferação inicial e tardia da cicatrização, quanto da carga máxima de ruptura na fase de proliferação tardia. Os resultados histológicos corroboram os resultados bioquímicos e biomecânicos, sugerindo uma correlação entre conteúdo de colágeno, resistência à tração e histologia da cicatriz. CONCLUSÃO: A calcitonina sintética de salmão acelerou o processo cicatricial da pele, modificando significativamente o conteúdo de colágeno e a carga máxima de ruptura, mas não de maneira linear e constante.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of synthetic salmon calcitonin on wound healing in dorsal skin of rats. Biochemical, biomechanical, and histological parameters were analyzed as well as possible relationships between them. METHODS: Seventy-two male rats were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Surgical procedure comprised the creation of incisional cutaneous wound, which was subsequently sutured. Experimental group was treated with synthetic salmon calcitonin postoperatively. The animals were sacrificed in the 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th postoperative days for wounded skin specimens removal for biochemical, biomechanical, and histological studies. RESULTS: In comparison to non-treated animals, a significant increase in hydroxyproline and collagen contents was observed in early and late proliferation phases of wound healing. Additionally, a significant increase in maximum rupture load in the late proliferation phase was observed. Histological findings corroborated biochemical and biomechanical results. CONCLUSION: Synthetic salmon calcitonin improved the wound healing process, but not in a linear constant fashion.