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Anti-amyloid agents for treating incipient Alzheimer’s disease: a new hope?
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Loureiro, Julia C.

; Silva, Luiz Fernando A.L.

; Pais, Marcos V.

; Forlenza, Orestes V.

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

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aug 2022, Volume 44 N. 4 Pages 368 - 369

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2503

Medical cannabinoids for treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: a systematic review
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Stella, Florindo

; Valiengo, Leandro C. Lane

; Paula, Vanessa J. R. de

; Lima, Carlos Augusto de Mendonça

; Forlenza, Orestes V.

Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy

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dec 2021, Volume 43 N. 4 Pages 243 - 255

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract Introduction Neuropsychiatric symptoms are an integral component of the natural history of dementia, occurring from prodromal to advanced stages of the disease process and causing increased burden and morbidity. Clinical presentations are pleomorphic and clinical management often requires combinations of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. However, limited efficacy and a non-negligible incidence of adverse psychotropic drug events emphasize the need for novel therapeutic options. Objectives To review the evidence supporting use of medical cannabinoids for treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of dementia. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the medical literature to examine scientific publications reporting use of medical cannabinoids for treatment of NPS. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were used to search for relevant publications and only papers reporting original clinical information were included. A secondary search was performed within selected publications to capture relevant citations that were not retrieved by the systematic review. The papers selected were categorized according to the level of evidence generated by the studies in relation to this clinical application, i.e. (1) controlled clinical trials; (2) open-label or observational studies; and (3) case reports. Results Fifteen publications with original clinical data were retrieved: five controlled clinical trials, three open-label/observational studies, and seven case reports. Most studies indicated that use of medical cannabinoids engendered favorable outcomes for treatment of NPS related to moderate and advanced stages of dementia, particularly agitation, aggressive behavior, sleep disorder, and sexual disinhibition. Conclusion Medical cannabinoids constitute a promising pharmacological approach to treatment of NPS with preliminary evidence of benefit in at least moderate to severe dementia. Controlled trials with longitudinal designs and larger samples are required to examine the long-term efficacy of these drugs in different types and stages of dementia, in addition to their adverse events and risk of interactions with other drugs. Many pharmacological details are yet to be determined, such as dosing, treatment duration, and concentrations of active compounds (e.g., cannabidiol [CBD]/ Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] ratio) in commercial preparations of medical cannabinoids.

https://doi.org/10.47626/2237-6089-2021-0288

Mental health interventions following COVID-19 and other coronavirus infections: a systematic review of current recommendations and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
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Damiano, Rodolfo F.

; Di Santi, Talita

; Beach, Scott

; Pan, Pedro M.

; Lucchetti, Alessandra L.

; Smith, Felicia A.

; Forlenza, Orestes V.

; Fricchione, Gregory L.

; Miguel, Eurípedes C.

; Lucchetti, Giancarlo

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

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dec 2021, Volume 43 N. 6 Pages 665 - 678

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Objective: To review the most common mental health strategies aimed at alleviating and/or preventing mental health problems in individuals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other coronavirus pandemics. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature assessing three databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, and PsycINFO). A meta-analysis was performed with data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). For non-RCT studies, a critical description of recommendations was performed. Results: From a total of 2,825 articles, 125 were included. Of those, three RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the interventions promoted better overall mental health outcomes as compared to control groups (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.87 [95%CI 0.33-1.41], p < 0.001, I2 = 69.2%), but did not specifically improve anxiety (SMD = 0.98 [95%CI -0.17 to 2.13], p > 0.05; I2 = 36.8%). Concerning the systematic review, we found a large body of scientific literature proposing recommendations involving psychological/psychiatric interventions, self-care, education, governmental programs, and the use of technology and media. Conclusions: We found a large body of expert recommendations that may help health practitioners, institutional and governmental leaders, and the general population cope with mental health issues during a pandemic or a crisis period. However, most articles had a low level of evidence, stressing the need for more studies with better design (especially RCTs) investigating potential mental health interventions during COVID-19. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020190212.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1582

COMVC-19: A Program to protect healthcare workers’ mental health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. What we have learned
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Fukuti, Pedro

; Uchôa, Caroline Louise Mesquita

; Mazzoco, Marina Flaborea

; Cruz, Isabella D'Andrea Garcia da

; Echegaray, Mariana V.F.

; Humes, Eduardo de Castro

; Silveira, Júlia Belizário

; Santi, Talita Di

; Miguel, Euripedes Constantino

; Corchs, Felipe

; Fatori, Daniel

; Campello, Guilherme

; Oliveira, Gabriel M. de

; Argolo, Felipe C.

; Ferreira, Felipe de M.

; Machado, Gustavo

; Argeu, Adriana

; Oliveira, Graça Maria Ramos de

; Serafim, Antônio de Pádua

; Siqueira, Luciana de Lima

; Rossi, Luciane de

; Rios, Izabel Cristina

; Oliveira, Talita Rodrigues de

; Antoniazzi, Leilane C. K.

; Gagliotti, Daniel Augusto Mori

; Abelama Neto, Emílio

; Oliveira Junior, Paulo Novais de

; Correia, Aline Villalobo

; Gonçalves, Luca Schilling

; Tortato, Liana Silva

; Busato, Wagner Machado Moraes

; Guimarães-Fernandes, Flávio

; Alves, Marcos

; Leite Netto, Oswaldo Ferreira

; Schoueri, Patrícia de Campos Lindenberg

; Roque, Márcio de Assis

; Merlin, Silvia Stahl

; Boer, Giovana Cardoso Machado

; Sallet, Paulo Clemente

; Malbergier, André

; Spedo, Mariana Abrahão

; Kamitsuji, Carla Satie

; Faria, Elizabeth de

; Moreira, Moacyr Vergara de Godoy

; Kaufman, Arthur

; Abdo, Carmita

; Scanavino, Marco de Tubino

; Lancman, Selma

; Tavares, Hermano

; Polanczyk, Guilherme

; Brunoni, André R.

; Forlenza, Orestes V.

; Barros-Filho, Tarcísio Eloy Pessoa de

Clinics

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2021, Volume 76 elocation e2631

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

OBJECTIVE: In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic brought a work and stress overload to healthcare workers, increasing their vulnerability to mental health impairments. In response, the authors created the COMVC-19 program. The program offered preventive actions and mental health treatment for the 22,000 workers of The Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP). This paper aims to describe its implementation and share what we have learned from this experience. METHODS: Workers were able to easily access the program through a 24/7 hotline. Additionally, a mobile phone app that screened for signs and symptoms of emotional distress and offered psychoeducation and/or referral to treatment was made available. Data from both these sources as well as any subsequent psychiatric evaluations were collected. RESULTS: The first 20 weeks of our project revealed that most participants were female, and part of the nursing staff working directly with COVID-19 patients. The most frequently reported symptoms were: anxiety, depression and sleep disturbances. The most common diagnoses were Adjustment, Anxiety, and Mood disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing a mental health program in a multimodal intervention was feasible in a major quaternary public hospital. Our data also suggests that preventive actions should primarily be aimed at anxiety and depression symptoms, with a particular focus on the nursing staff.

https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2021/e2631

Cognitive impairment: an (in)dependent risk factor for mortality in older men?
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Loureiro, Júlia C.

; Pais, Marcos V.

; Forlenza, Orestes V.

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

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dec 2020, Volume 42 N. 6 Pages 577 - 578

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0017 296 downloads

Early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: new definitions and challenges
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Pais, Marcos

; Martinez, Luana

; Ribeiro, Octávio

; Loureiro, Júlia

; Fernandez, Romel

; Valiengo, Leandro

; Canineu, Paulo

; Stella, Florindo

; Talib, Leda

; Radanovic, Marcia

; Forlenza, Orestes V.

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

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aug 2020, Volume 42 N. 4 Pages 431 - 441

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is expected to more than double by 2050. Studies on the pathophysiology of AD have been changing our understanding of this disorder and setting a new scenario for drug development and other therapies. Concepts like the “amyloid cascade” and the “continuum of AD,” discussed in this article, are now well established. From updated classifications and recommendations to advances in biomarkers of AD, we aim to critically assess the literature on AD, addressing new definitions and challenges that emerged from recent studies on the subject. Updates on the status of major clinical trials are also given, and future perspectives are discussed.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0735 6349 downloads

Correlation between CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease and global cognition in a psychogeriatric clinic cohort
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Radanovic, Márcia

; Oshiro, Carlos A.

; Freitas, Thiago Q.

; Talib, Leda L.

; Forlenza, Orestes V.

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

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dec 2019, Volume 41 N. 6 Pages 479 - 484

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Objective: The relationship between biomarkers of amyloid-beta aggregation (Aβ1-42) and/or neurodegeneration (Tau protein) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cognitive decline is still unclear. We aimed to ascertain whether CSF biomarkers correlate with cognitive performance in healthy and cognitively impaired subjects, starting from clinical diagnoses. Methods: We tested for correlation between CSF biomarkers and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in 208 subjects: 54 healthy controls, 82 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 46 with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and 26 with other dementias (OD). Results: MMSE correlated weakly with all CSF biomarkers in the overall sample (r = 0.242, p < 0.0006). Aβ1-42 and MMSE correlated weakly in MCI (r = 0.247, p = 0.030), and moderately in OD (r = 0.440, p = 0.027). t-Tau showed a weak inverse correlation with MMSE in controls (r = -0.284, p = 0.043) and MCI (r = -0.241, p = 0.036), and a moderate/strong correlation in OD (r = 0.665), p = 0.0003). p-Tau correlated weakly with MMSE in AD (r = -0.343, p = 0.026) and moderately in OD (r = -0.540, p = 0.0005). The Aβ1-42/p-Tau ratio had a moderate/strong correlation with MMSE in OD (r = 0.597, p = 0.001). Conclusion: CSF biomarkers correlated best with cognitive performance in OD. t-Tau correlated weakly with cognition in controls and patients with MCI. In AD, only p-Tau levels correlated with cognitive performance. This pattern, which has been reported previously, seems to indicate that CSF biomarkers might not be reliable as indicators of disease severity.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0296 954 downloads

Decreased plasmatic spermidine and increased spermine in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease patients
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JOAQUIM, HELENA P. G.

; COSTA, ALANA C.

; FORLENZA, ORESTES V.

; GATTAZ, WAGNER F.

; TALIB, LEDA L.

Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo)

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oct 2019, Volume 46 N. 5 Pages 120 - 124

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract Background Current evidence suggests that upregulation of polyamines system plays a role both in cognitive deficit and synaptic loss observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective The aim of this study was to determine the plasmatic concentration of polyamines in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients in comparison with healthy controls (HC). Methods Plasmatic polyamines were quantified using the AbsoluteIDQ® p180 and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). Results The study group comprised 34 AD patients, 20 MCI and 25 HC. All individuals were followed for 4 years. During this period 8 amnestic MCI patients (40% of the MCI sample at baseline) converted to AD. Spermidine level was lower in both patient groups (AD; MCI) compared to HC (p = 0.007). Plasma levels of spermine were higher in the MCI group (p < 0.001), but decreased in the sub-sample of MCI patients who converted to AD (p = 0.043). No statistically significant differences were found in ornithine and putrescine levels (p = 0.056 and p = 0.126, respectively). Discussion Our results suggest dynamic changes in the expression of polyamines in the MCI-AD continuum.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000209 768 downloads

Topography of 11C-Pittsburgh compound B uptake in Alzheimer’s disease: a voxel-based investigation of cortical and white matter regions
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Faria, Daniele de P.

; Duran, Fabio L.

; Squarzoni, Paula

; Coutinho, Artur M.

; Garcez, Alexandre T.

; Santos, Pedro P.

; Brucki, Sonia M.

; de Oliveira, Maira O.

; Trés, Eduardo S.

; Forlenza, Orestes V.

; Nitrini, Ricardo

; Buchpiguel, Carlos A.

; Busatto Filho, Geraldo

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

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apr 2019, Volume 41 N. 2 Pages 101 - 111

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Objective: To compare results of positron emission tomography (PET) with carbon-11-labeled Pittsburgh compound B (11C-PIB) obtained with cerebellar or global brain uptake for voxel intensity normalization, describe the cortical sites with highest tracer uptake in subjects with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and explore possible group differences in 11C-PIB binding to white matter. Methods: 11C-PIB PET scans were acquired from subjects with AD (n=17) and healthy elderly controls (n=19). Voxel-based analysis was performed with statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Results: Cerebellar normalization showed higher 11C-PIB uptake in the AD group relative to controls throughout the cerebral cortex, involving the lateral temporal, orbitofrontal, and superior parietal cortices. With global uptake normalization, greatest cortical binding was detected in the orbitofrontal cortex; decreased 11C-PIB uptake in white matter was found in the posterior hippocampal region, corpus callosum, pons, and internal capsule. Conclusion: The present case-control voxelwise 11C-PIB PET comparison highlighted the regional distribution of amyloid deposition in the cerebral cortex of mildly demented AD patients. Tracer uptake was highest in the orbitofrontal cortex. Decreased 11C-PIB uptake in white-matter regions in this patient population may be a marker of white-matter damage in AD.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2017-0002 1643 downloads

10.

Intervencoes psicossociais para cuidadores de idosos com demencia (ancianos con demencia)
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dos Santos, Glenda Dias

; Ciasca, Eliana Cecília

; Martini de Oliveira, Alexandra

; Forlenza, Orestes V

Salud(i)Ciencia

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dec 2018, Volume 23 N. 3 Pages 1 - 5

Abstract: Pt | Text: Pt | PDF: Pt

152 downloads

11.

Art therapy as an adjuvant treatment for depression in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial
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Ciasca, Eliana C.

; Ferreira, Rita C.

; Santana, Carmen L.A.

; Forlenza, Orestes V.

; dos Santos, Glenda D.

; Brum, Paula S.

; Nunes, Paula V.

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

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sep 2018, Volume 40 N. 3 Pages 256 - 263

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Objective: There are few quantitative studies on art therapy for the treatment of depression. The objective of this study was to evaluate if art therapy is beneficial as an adjuvant treatment for depression in the elderly. Methods: A randomized, controlled, single-blind study was carried out in a sample of elderly women with major depressive disorder (MDD) stable on pharmacotherapy. The experimental group (EG) was assigned to 20 weekly art therapy sessions (90 min/session). The control group (CG) was not subjected to any adjuvant intervention. Patients were evaluated at baseline and after 20 weeks, using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and cognitive measures. Results: Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age revealed that women in EG (n=31) had significant improvement in GDS (p = 0.007), BDI (p = 0.025), and BAI (p = 0.032) scores as compared with controls (n=25). No difference was found in the cognitive measures. Conclusion: Art therapy as an adjunctive treatment for MDD in the elderly can improve depressive and anxiety symptoms. Clinical trial registration: RBR-2YXY7Z

https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2250 24491 downloads

12.

Increased CSF levels of total Tau in patients with subcortical cerebrovascular pathology and cognitive impairment
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Radanovic, Márcia

; Stella, Florindo

; Silva, Lis Gomes

; Talib, Leda L.

; Forlenza, Orestes V.

Dementia & Neuropsychologia

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dec 2017, Volume 11 N. 4 Pages 419 - 425

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO. O comprometimento cognitivo inclui alterações leves da cognição e demência, como doença de Alzheimer (DA) e patologias vasculares associadas. Objetivo: Investigar o perfil de biomarcadores da DA no líquor e doença cerebrovascular concomitante em idosos com e sem alterações cognitivas. Métodos: Foram incluídos 78 sujeitos de um ambulatório de psicogeriatria. Efetuaram-se os diagnósticos com base em dados clínicos, neuropsicológicos, laboratoriais e neuroimagem. Os participantes foram classificados em: cognitivamente normais (controles, n = 30), comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL, n = 34) e demência (DA, n = 14). Todos foram submetidos ao exame liquórico para determinação de β-amiloide (Aβ1-42), tau total (t-tau), tau fosforilada (p-tau) e razão Aβ1-42/p-tau, segundo o método de Luminex. RM foi efetuada em todos os indivíduos. Dois especialistas independentes avaliaram as imagens segundo a escala de Fazekas. As análises estatísticas basearam-se em modelo linear geral e teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: T-tau foi significantemente associada ao padrão de lesão subcortical quando o grau de Fazekas foi considerado como fator grupal. Não houve associação entre biomarcadores e diagnóstico clínico de CCL, DA e grupo controle, considerados individualmente. Observou-se uma tendência de redução de Aβ1-42 concomitante com elevação dos escores de Fazekas, sem correlação significante. Comparações entre Aβ1-42 e tau e diagnóstico clínico ou neuroimagem não foram significantes. Os resultados de Fazekas não influenciaram os escores do CAMCOG. Conclusão: Como principal resultado, observou-se associação significante entre os níveis de t-tau e lesões subcorticais quando as classificações de Fazekas foram incluídas em um único grupo. As comparações dos subgrupos de Fazekas e biomarcadores liquóricos não foram significantes.

ABSTRACT. Cognitive impairment includes mild cognitive decline and dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular-related pathologies. Objective: To investigate the profile of AD-related CSF biomarkers in a sample of cognitively impaired and unimpaired older adults with concomitant subcortical cerebrovascular burden. Methods: Seventy-eight older adults attending an outpatient psychogeriatric clinic were enrolled. Diagnoses were based on clinical, neuropsychological, laboratory, and neuroimaging data. Participants were classified into: cognitively normal (controls, n = 30), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 34), and dementia (AD, n = 14). All subjects were submitted to CSF analyses for determination of amyloid-beta (Aβ1-42), total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and Aβ1-42/p-tau ratio according to the Luminex method. MRI was performed in all individuals, and was scored independently by two experts according to Fazekas scale. Statistical analyses were conducted with the aid of general linear model procedures, and the Chi-squared test. Results: T-tau levels were significantly associated with subcortical lesion pattern when Fazekas was considered as a group factor. CSF biomarkers were not associated with MCI, AD, or controls when considered separately. There was a tendency for reduction in CSF Aβ1-42 together with increasing Fazekas scores, but without statistical significance. Comparisons of Aβ1-42 and t-tau with each clinical group or with each neuroimaging pattern did not reach statistical differences. Likewise, Fazekas scores had no impact on CAMCOG scores. Conclusion: We found a significant association between t-tau levels and subcortical lesions when all Fazekas classifications were considered as a single group; comparisons of Fazekas subgroups and CSF biomarkers did not reach significance.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040012 1155 downloads

13.

Mild cognitive impairment (part 2): biological markers for diagnosis and prediction of dementia in Alzheimer's disease
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Forlenza, Orestes V.

; Diniz, Breno S.

; Teixeira, Antonio L.

; Stella, Florindo

; Gattaz, Wagner

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

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sep 2013, Volume 35 N. 3 Pages 284 - 294

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Objective: To present a critical review of publications reporting on the rationale and clinical implications of the use of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases, limited to articles published in English between 1999 and 2012, and based on the following terms: mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease OR dementia, biomarkers. We retrieved 1,130 articles, of which 175 were reviews. Overall, 955 original articles were eligible. Results: The following points were considered relevant for the present review: a) rationale for biomarkers research in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI); b) usefulness of distinct biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of AD; c) the role of multimodality biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of AD; d) the role of biomarkers in clinical trials of patients with AD and MCI; and e) current limitations to the widespread use of biomarkers in research and clinical settings. Conclusion: Different biomarkers are useful for the early diagnosis and prediction of AD in at-risk subjects. Nonetheless, important methodological limitations need to be overcome for widespread use of biomarkers in research and clinical settings.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2012-3505 6135 downloads

14.

Mild cognitive impairment (part 1): clinical characteristics and predictors of dementia
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Forlenza, Orestes V.

; Diniz, Breno S.

; Stella, Florindo

; Teixeira, Antonio L.

; Gattaz, Wagner F.

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

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jun 2013, Volume 35 N. 2 Pages 178 - 185

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Objective: To critically review and evaluate existing knowledge on the conceptual limits and clinical usefulness of the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and the neuropsychological assessment and short- and long-term prognosis thereof. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases, limited to articles published in English between 1999 and 2012. Based on the search terms mild cognitive impairment or MCI and epidemiology or diagnosis, we retrieved 1,698 articles, of which 248 were critically eligible (cross-sectional and longitudinal studies); the abstracts of the remaining 1,450 articles were also reviewed. Results: A critical review on the MCI construct is provided, including conceptual and diagnostic aspects; epidemiological relevance; clinical assessment; prognosis; and outcome. The distinct definitions of cognitive impairment, MCI included, yield clinically heterogeneous groups of individuals. Those who will eventually progress to dementia may present with symptoms consistent with the definition of MCI; conversely, individuals with MCI may remain stable or return to normal cognitive function. Conclusion: On clinical grounds, the cross-sectional diagnosis of MCI has limited prognostic relevance. The characterization of persistent and/or progressive cognitive deficits over time is a better approach for identification of cases at the pre-dementia stages, particularly if these cognitive abnormalities are consistent with the natural history of incipient Alzheimer's disease.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2012-3503 13642 downloads

15.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of GSK3B, GAB2 and SORL1 in late-onset Alzheimer's disease: interactions with the APOE genotype
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Izzo, Giselle

; Forlenza, Orestes V.

; Santos, Bernardo dos

; Bertolucci, Paulo H. F.

; Ojopi, Elida B.

; Gattaz, Wagner F.

; Kerr, Daniel Shikanai

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- SciELO Analytics

2013, Volume 68 N. 2 Pages 277 - 280

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

In this study, we investigated the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in GAB2 (rs2373115), GSK3B (rs6438552) and SORL1 (rs641120) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), both alone and in combination with the APOE*4 allele.

https://doi.org/10.6061/CLINICS/2013(02)RC01 1956 downloads Cited 1 time in SciELO

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