Abstract Given today’s higher demand for online transmission of radiographic images, clinicians and regulatory agencies should be given the evidence they need to guide them in choosing the best image file format to be adopted. To this end, the present scoping review aims to explore, map, and evaluate the literature, with the object of reporting the influence of image file formats on dental diagnostic tasks by assessing intraoral radiographic images. This scoping review complies with PRISMA-ScR. It was customized to assess the risk of bias of the included studies, and was registered on the Open Science Framework platform. The data extraction protocol was developed based on the PCC acronym. An electronic search was conducted in six databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Lilacs, Cochrane) in December 2023. Original articles were screened, having observational, diagnostic accuracy, and consisting of in vivo or ex vivo laboratory studies investigating the influence of file formats on different diagnostic tasks in dentistry. Eighteen studies, published between the years 1996 and 2022, were included. The following data were extracted from the selected articles: article title, authors’ citation, publication date, country, diagnostic task, image file formats tested, compression level, and main conclusion. The most widely investigated diagnostic task was caries lesions (n = 10), led by root resorptions (n = 3), root fractures (n = 2), periapical lesions (n = 2), and periodontal disease (n = 1). The most commonly used radiographic techniques were periapical (n = 12) and bitewing (n = 6). The most frequently investigated image file formats were JPEG (all studies) and TIFF (n = 10 studies). BMP, PNG, and JPEG2000 were also included in 7, 3 and 3 studies, respectively. No studies included the DICOM file format. In regard to the subjective assessment of the several dental diagnostic tasks, the studies mostly showed that the influence of the file formats was not significant (n = 10/55.5%). As for the quality assessment of the included papers, more than 70% of the studies featured a low risk of bias. Current evidence on image file formats and dental radiographic diagnosis is reliable. Any image file format can be used without impairing diagnostic accuracy. todays today s images adopted end explore map literature PRISMAScR. PRISMAScR PRISMA ScR. ScR PRISMA-ScR platform acronym Pubmed, Pubmed (Pubmed Scopus Embase Lilacs Cochrane 2023 screened observational accuracy dentistry 199 2022 title authors citation date country tested level conclusion n 10, , 10) 3, 3) 2, 2 2) 1. 1 . 1) 12 6. 6 6) all studies. BMP PNG JPEG200 7 respectively 10/55.5%. 10555 10/55.5% 55 5 10/55.5%) papers 70 reliable 202 19 JPEG20 1055 10/55.5 20 JPEG2 105 10/55. 10/55 10/5 10/

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do formato do arquivo nos parâmetros de qualidade de imagem (ruído de imagem, brilho e uniformidade) de radiografias periapicais adquiridas com diferentes sistemas digitais. As imagens radiográficas de um fantoma de acrílico foram adquiridas com dois sistemas digitais - Digora Toto e Express, e exportadas em cinco formatos de arquivo diferentes - TIFF, BMP, DICOM, PNG e JPEG. O ruído da imagem, o brilho da imagem (média dos valores de cinza) e a uniformidade da imagem (desvio padrão dos valores de cinza) foram avaliados em todas as imagens. A análise de variância (ANOVA) bidirecional com o teste post-hoc de Tukey foi aplicada para comparar os resultados, considerando os formatos de arquivo e os sistemas radiográficos como os fatores estudados. Um nível de significância de 5% foi adotado para todas as análises. O formato de arquivo de imagem DICOM apresentou menor ruído de imagem, maior brilho (maiores valores médios de cinza) e maior uniformidade de imagem (p<0,001) do que os outros formatos de arquivo, que não diferiram entre si para ambos os sistemas de radiografia digital (p>0,05). O sistema Express apresentou menor ruído de imagem e maior uniformidade de imagem que o sistema Digora Toto, independentemente do formato do arquivo de imagem (p<0,001). Além disso, o Express mostrou maior brilho do que o Digora Toto para todos os formatos de arquivo de imagem (p<0,001), exceto para o formato de arquivo de imagem DICOM, que não diferiu significativamente entre os sistemas de radiografia digital testados (p>0,05). O formato de arquivo de imagem DICOM mostrou menor ruído de imagem, maior brilho e maior uniformidade de imagem do que os outros formatos de arquivo (TIFF, BMP, PNG e JPEG) em ambos os sistemas de radiografia digital testados. TIFF BMP JPEG média cinza desvio ANOVA (ANOVA posthoc post hoc resultados estudados 5 análises maiores p<0,001 p0001 p 0 001 (p<0,001 p>0,05. p005 p>0,05 . 05 (p>0,05) p<0,001. disso p<0,001, , (TIFF p<0,00 p000 00 (p<0,00 p00 p>0,0 (p>0,05 p<0,0 (p<0,0 p0 p>0, (p>0,0 p<0, (p<0, p>0 (p>0, p<0 (p<0 p> (p>0 p< (p< (p> (p

Abstract This study aimed to assess the influence of the file format on the image quality parameters (image noise, brightness, and uniformity) of periapical radiographs acquired with different digital systems. Radiographic images of an acrylic phantom were acquired with two digital systems - Digora Toto and Express, and exported into five different file formats - TIFF, BMP, DICOM, PNG, and JPEG. Image noise, image brightness (mean of gray values), and image uniformity (standard deviation of gray values) were evaluated in all images. A two-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s test as a post-hoc test was used to compare the results, considering the file formats and radiographic systems as the studied factors. A significance level of 5% was adopted for all analyses. The DICOM image file format presented lower image noise, higher brightness (higher mean gray values), and greater image uniformity (p<0.001) than the other file formats, which did not differ from each other for both digital radiography systems (p>0.05). The Express system revealed lower image noise and greater image uniformity than the Digora Toto system regardless of the image file format (p<0.001). Moreover, the Express showed higher brightness than the Digora Toto for all image file formats (p<0.001), except for the DICOM image file format, which did not significantly differ between the digital radiography systems tested (p>0.05). The DICOM image file format showed lower image noise, higher brightness, and greater image uniformity than the other file formats (TIFF, BMP, PNG, and JPEG) in both digital radiography systems tested. TIFF BMP PNG JPEG values, values , standard twoway way Tukeys Tukey s posthoc post hoc results factors 5 analyses p<0.001 p0001 p 0 001 (p<0.001 p>0.05. p005 p>0.05 . 05 (p>0.05) p<0.001. Moreover p<0.001, (TIFF p<0.00 p000 00 (p<0.00 p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 p<0.0 (p<0.0 p0 p>0. (p>0.0 p<0. (p<0. p>0 (p>0. p<0 (p<0 p> (p>0 p< (p< (p> (p

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do uso excessivo de uma placa de fósforo fotoestimulável (PSP) na densidade, ruído e contraste das radiografias. Foram adquiridas radiografias de um bloco de acrílico com uma PSP do sistema intraoral Express para avaliar a densidade e o ruído da imagem. Inicialmente, cinco imagens foram obtidas e exportadas (primeiro grupo). Após 400 exposições aos raios X e escaneamentos, outras cinco imagens foram obtidas e exportadas (segundo grupo). O mesmo procedimento foi feito após 800 (terceiro grupo), 1200 (quarto grupo), 1600 (quinto grupo) e 2000 aquisições (sexto grupo), resultando em 30 imagens a serem avaliadas. A média e o desvio padrão dos valores de cinza foram calculados para as imagens usando o software ImageJ. Para análise de contraste, foram adquiridas radiografias de uma escala de alumínio com uma nova PSP seguindo os mesmos intervalos de aquisição. A porcentagem de variação do contraste foi calculada. Outras duas PSP sem uso prévio foram utilizadas para avaliar a reprodutibilidade dos métodos. A comparação dos resultados entre os grupos de aquisição foi realizada pela Análise de Variância one-way (α=0,05). O Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC) avaliou a reprodutibilidade dos receptores. O ruído da imagem não diferiu entre os grupos (p>0,05). Houve um leve aumento na densidade após 400 aquisições e uma pequena diferença no contraste para todos os grupos de aquisição sem padrão de aumento ou diminuição (p<0,05). O ICC mostrou excelente confiabilidade para os métodos. Portanto, o uso excessivo da PSP afetou levemente a densidade e o contraste radiográfico. Objetivouse Objetivou se (PSP Inicialmente primeiro grupo. grupo . 40 escaneamentos segundo 80 terceiro grupo, , 120 quarto 160 quinto 200 sexto 3 avaliadas ImageJ calculada métodos oneway one way α=0,05. α005 α α=0,05 0 05 (α=0,05) (ICC receptores p>0,05. p005 p p>0,05 (p>0,05) p<0,05. p<0,05 (p<0,05) Portanto radiográfico 4 8 12 16 20 α00 α=0,0 (α=0,05 p00 p>0,0 (p>0,05 p<0,0 (p<0,05 1 2 α0 α=0, (α=0,0 p0 p>0, (p>0,0 p<0, (p<0,0 α=0 (α=0, p>0 (p>0, p<0 (p<0, α= (α=0 p> (p>0 p< (p<0 (α= (p> (p< (α (p

Abstract The study aimed to assess the influence of excessive use of a photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP) on the density, image noise, and contrast of radiographs. For that, radiographs of an acrylic block were acquired with a PSP of the Express intraoral system to assess the density and image noise. Initially, five images were obtained and exported (first group). After 400 exposures to X-rays and scannings of PSP, other five images were obtained and exported (second group). The same procedure was done after 800 (third group), 1200 (fourth group), 1600 (fifth group), and 2000 acquisitions (sixth group), resulting in 30 images to be evaluated. The mean and standard deviation of the gray values were calculated for the images using the ImageJ software. For contrast analysis, radiographs of an aluminum step-wedge were acquired with a new PSP following the same acquisition intervals. The percentage of contrast variation was calculated. Another two unused PSP receptors were employed to evaluate the method’s reproducibility. The comparison of the results among the acquisition groups was performed with one-way Analysis of Variance (α=0.05). Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) assessed the reproducibility of the receptors. Image noise did not differ among the groups (p>0.05). There was a slight increase in density after 400 acquisitions and a slight difference in contrast for all acquisition groups without a pattern of increase or decrease (p<0.05). ICC showed excellent reliability for the methods. Therefore, excessive PSP use slightly affected the radiograph’s density and contrast. (PSP that Initially first group. group . group) 40 Xrays X rays second 80 third group, , 120 fourth 160 fifth 200 sixth 3 evaluated software analysis stepwedge step wedge intervals methods method s oneway one way α=0.05. α005 α α=0.05 0 05 (α=0.05) (ICC p>0.05. p005 p p>0.05 (p>0.05) p<0.05. p<0.05 (p<0.05) Therefore radiograph 4 8 12 16 20 α00 α=0.0 (α=0.05 p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 p<0.0 (p<0.05 1 2 α0 α=0. (α=0.0 p0 p>0. (p>0.0 p<0. (p<0.0 α=0 (α=0. p>0 (p>0. p<0 (p<0. α= (α=0 p> (p>0 p< (p<0 (α= (p> (p< (α (p

Resumo O objetivo nesse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da ferramenta de redução de artefato (FRA) na expressão de artefatos em diferentes regiões de um dente restaurado com diferentes tipos de pinos metálicos. Foram usados alvéolos (regiões anterior e posterior) de uma mandíbula e um dente unirradicular. Imagens de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico do dente sem pino metálico intracanal e com pinos de cobalto-cromo (Co-Cr), níquel-cromo (Ni-Cr) ou prata-paládio (Ag-Pd) foram individualmente obtidas, com 2 condições de FRA: desativada e ativada. Em uma reconstrução axial, linhas de interesse (LOIs) foram definidas ao redor do canal: 4 em direções oblíquas (mésio-vestibular, disto-vestibular, mésio-lingual e disto-lingual) e 4 em direções ortogonais (mesial, distal, vestibular e lingual). A expressão dos artefatos de endurecimento do feixe foi determinada pelo cálculo da diferença na média dos valores de cinza (DMVC) entre os grupos experimental e controle para cada LOI. Não houve diferença significativa nos valores de DMVC entre as condições “sem FRA” e “com FRA” para nenhuma das LOIs, nem na região anterior nem na região posterior da mandíbula (p>0,05), para os grupos Ni-Cr e Co-Cr. Para o Ag-Pd, diferenças significativas nos valores de DMVC foram observadas entre “sem FRA” e “com FRA” para a maioria das LOIs (p<0,05), principalmente nas direções oblíquas na região anterior, e na direção mesio-distal na região posterior. A FRA atuou principalmente em artefatos hipodensos (DMVC negativos). A eficácia da FRA disponível no aparelho de TCFC OP300 variou de acordo com o material do pino testado. Ela foi efetiva na redução da expressão de artefatos originados por pinos de Ag-Pd, principalmente nas regiões do dente afetadas por artefatos hipodensos, independentemente da região mandibular.

Abstract This study aimed to assess the effect of the MAR tool on the expression of artefacts in different regions of a tooth restored with different types of metal posts. Alveolar sockets (anterior, and posterior region) of a mandible and an unirradicular tooth were used. Cone beam computed tomography scans of the tooth without a metal post, and with cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr), nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr), or silver-palladium (Ag-Pd) were individually obtained, with 2 MAR conditions: disabled, and enabled. In an axial reconstruction, lines of interest (LOIs) were set around the canal: 4 in oblique (mesiobuccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, distolingual) directions, and 4 in orthogonal (mesial, distal, buccal, lingual) directions. Beam-hardening artefacts expression was determined by calculating the difference in the mean of gray values (DMGV) between the experimental and control groups for each LOI. There was no significant difference in the DMGV values between “without MAR” and “with MAR” for any LOI, in neither anterior nor posterior mandible (p>0.05), for the Ni-Cr and Co-Cr groups. For the Ag-Pd, significant differences in the DMGV values were observed between “without MAR” and “with MAR” for most LOIs (p<0.05), mainly in oblique directions in the anterior region, and mesio-distal direction in the posterior region. MAR acted mostly in hypodense artefacts (negative DMGV). The effectiveness of the MAR tool of the OP300 CBCT unit varied according to the post material tested. It was effective in reducing the expression of artefacts raised by the Ag-Pd post, mainly in the tooth regions affected by hypodense artefacts, regardless of the mandibular region.

RESUMO Objetivo: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar e comparar a intensidade da dor e a Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde Bucal (QVRSB) de mulheres com disfunção temporomandibular (DTM), antes (T1) e durante (T2) a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por quarenta e uma mulheres com DTM dolorosa, que se apresentaram para manejo da DTM. As participantes informaram a intensidade da dor por meio de escala numérica, e responderam ao questionário Perfil de Impacto na Saúde Oral - 14 (Oral Health Impact Profile, OHIP-14). Os dados das participantes foram coletados duas vezes: T1 (avaliação de prontuários odontológicos preenchidos previamente à pandemia de COVID-19) e T2 (por meio de formulário on-line). Dados sociodemográficos foram coletados em T1. A análise estatística foi realizada com nível de significância de 5% (testes de Wilcoxon, qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, e regressões lineares múltiplas). Resultados: Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada para a intensidade da dor (p = 0,26) e o escore global do OHIP-14 (p = 0,53). Os domínios relativos à dor física (p = 0,03) e incapacidade social (p = 0,05) melhoraram. Em T1, a ocupação das participantes foi associada ao escore global do OHIP-14 e aos domínios de dor e incapacidade física. Em T2, a idade foi associada aos escores globais do OHIP-14, bem como aos domínios dor física, desconforto psicológico e incapacidade psicológica. Conclusão: A pandemia de COVID-19 não piorou a sensibilidade à dor e a QVRSB das mulheres com DTM dolorosa, e as características sociodemográficas influenciaram suas habilidades de enfrentamento.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare pain intensity and Oral Health-related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in women with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) before (T1) and during (T2) COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Sample was composed of forty-one female participants with painful TMD, who presented for TMD treatment. Subjects were asked to indicate their pain intensity and to answer the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Participants data were collected twice: T1 (evaluation of medical records fulfilled before COVID-19 pandemic) and T2 (by means of an online form). Socio-demographic data were assessed in T1. Statistical analysis was performed with a significance level of 5% (Wilcoxon, chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, multiple linear regressions). Results: No difference was found in pain intensity (p=0.26) and OHIP-14 global scores (p=0.53). Physical pain (p=0.03) and social disability (p=0.05) domains improved. In T1, subject’s occupation was associated with OHIP-14 global score, physical pain, and physical disability domains. In T2, age was associated with OHIP-14 global scores as well as physical pain, psychological discomfort, and psychological disability domains. Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic did not worsen pain intensity and OHRQoL in women with painful TMD, and it is suggested that socio-demographic characteristics influenced TMD patients coping skills during pandemic.

Abstract: Evaluating factors that may influence the nose dimensions and, therefore, contribute to the singularity of a person, is important for obtaining a precise facial reconstruction (FR) in forensic anthropology. Thus, the aim in this study was to evaluate the influence of sex, skeletal class, and facial type on nose dimensions of Brazilian individuals using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. CBCT images of 54 males and 67 females were classified according to skeletal class (class I, II, or III) and facial type (brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic). Linear and angular measurements of the nose were performed using the CS 3D Imaging software. The measurements obtained for males and females were compared by one-way ANOVA. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare the measurements in the different skeletal classes and facial types. Significance level was set at 5%. All linear measurements were greater in males (p < 0.05); the angular measurements, however, did not differ between sexes (p > 0.05). Linear and angular measurements of class III males were significantly different from the other classes; the same was observed for the angular measurements in females (p < 0.05). Regarding facial types, some linear measurements were significantly greater in dolichocephalics males (p < 0.05). For females, there was no influence of facial type (p > 0.05), except for the nasal convexity angle. Nose dimensions differed in specific points among different skeletal classes and facial types, and there was sexual dimorphism in all linear nose dimensions. This information may be applicable for nose reconstructions, allowing more reliable FR.