ABSTRACT Our research focused on the reproductive phenology of Mauritiella armata, a key veredas species in southeastern Brazil, and aspects of its floral and fruit morphology and sexual system. We observed the reproductive phenological patterns of M. armata for 36 months, and examined the relationships between phenophases and environmental variables to describe its phenological patterns in relation to environmental filters, as well as its floral and fruit morphologies, sexual system (to evaluate dioecy), and the biometry of its reproductive parts. Flowering was observed in the dry season and at the beginning of the rainy season, with fruiting occurring during the rainy season. The reproductive phenophases responded to environmental seasonality, principally temperature in the period immediately preceding the expression of the phenophase, as well as to environmental variations that had occurred up to six months earlier. The dioecious sexual system of M. armata was confirmed, with flowering synchronization between the sexes. The population studied did not exhibit apomixis, having xenogamy as its reproductive system. The staminate inflorescences were larger than the pistillate inflorescences and had greater numbers of flowers, although the pistillate flowers were larger. Wind pollen dispersal was not observed, thereby indicating that this species requires biotic pollination for fruit production.

As flores longevas das orquídeas aumentam as chances de polinização e, consequentemente, o sucesso reprodutivo. Entretanto, surge a questão: a eficiência da polinização, expressada pela produção de frutos, varia com a idade da flor? Objetivou-se verificar se a idade da flor de Corymborkis flava(Sw.) Kuntze afeta a eficiência da polinização. Foram testadas as hipóteses: 1) a frutificação em flores mais velhas é menor que em flores jovens; 2) observações morfológicas (do perianto e da área estigmática), teste de receptividade estigmática com solução de peróxido de hidrogênio e polinizações manuais são igualmente efetivos na definição do período de receptividade do estigma. A receptividade estigmática das flores foi observada do primeiro ao quarto dia de antese. A frutificação das flores mais velhas (terceiro e quarto dias) foi menor que a das jovens. As observações morfológicas, o teste de receptividade estigmática e as polinizações manuais foram igualmente efetivos na definição do período de receptividade do estigma. Porém, para as orquídeas com flores longevas são recomendadas polinizações manuais para avaliar o grau máximo de receptividade estigmática, além do período de receptividade.

The long-lived flowers of orchids increase the chances of pollination and thus the reproductive success of the species. However, a question arises: does the efficiency of pollination, expressed by fruit set, vary with the flower age? The objective of this study was to verify whether the flower age of Corymborkis flava(Sw.) Kuntze affects pollination efficiency. The following hypotheses were tested: 1) the fruit set of older flowers is lower than that of younger ones; 2) morphological observations (perianth and stigmatic area), stigma receptivity test by using a solution of hydrogen peroxide and hand-pollination tests are equally effective in defining the period of stigmatic receptivity. Flowers were found to be receptive from the first to the fourth day of anthesis. Fruit set of older flowers (third and fourth day) was lower than that of younger flowers. Morphological observations, the stigma receptivity test and hand-pollinations were equally effective in defining the period of stigmatic receptivity. However, to evaluate the maximum degree of stigma receptivity of orchid species with long-lived flowers, we recommend hand-pollinations, beyond the period of receptivity.

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram identificar borboletas antófilas em flores psicófilas de quatro espécies de Asteraceae em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica, no município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Sudeste brasileiro, e determinar se existem espécies de borboletas em comum com outros levantamentos de lepidópteros do Sudeste e do Centro-Oeste do Brasil. É o primeiro inventário de borboletas antófilas de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Foram registradas 108 espécies, representando o quarto maior levantamento de lepidópteros de Minas Gerais. Esses resultados demonstraram que espécies de Asteraceae podem ser importantes ferramentas para o monitoramento de borboletas antófilas. A similaridade com outros inventários variou de 1 a 92,55%. Quinze espécies foram reportadas pela primeira vez em Minas Gerais e, entre elas, Melanis alena e Thisbe irenea foram observadas somente nesse estudo.

The objectives of this study were to identify anthophilous butterflies on psychophilous flowers of four Asteraceae species in an Atlantic Forest fragment in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Southeastern Brazil, and to determine whether there are species in common with other lepidopteran inventories of the Southeastern and Midwestern regions of Brazil. It is the first inventory of anthophilous butterflies of a semideciduous forest fragment in Zona da Mata, State of Minas Gerais. A total of 108 species were recorded, representing the fourth largest lepidopteran survey in this State. The results demonstrated that Asteraceae species may be important tools for monitoring anthophilous butterflies. The similarity with other inventories ranged from 1 to 92.55%. Fifteen species were reported for the first time in the State of Minas Gerais, and among them, Melanis alena and Thisbe irenea were observed in this study only.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes meios de cultura, utilizados sobre o ponto da enxertia, na microenxertia ex vitro para a eliminação do Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), em plantas de maracujá-azedo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.). Ápices caulinares, provenientes de plantas infectadas, foram microenxertados em plântulas obtidas pela germinação de sementes em substrato comercial esterilizado. Foram conduzidos experimentos com a microenxertia realizada no hipocótilo e no epicótilo, e foram utilizados cinco meios de cultura, que diferiam na concentração de fitorreguladores, aplicados no local da enxertia. O índice médio de microenxertos com folha expandida foi de 27,22 e 32,22%, quando a microenxertia foi realizada no hipocótilo e no epicótilo, respectivamente. Na microenxertia realizada no hipocótilo, não houve efeito da aplicação de meios de cultura. Na microenxertia realizada no epicótilo, o meio MS acrescido de 0,1 mg L-1 de AIB e 1 mg L-1 de BAP proporcionou 53,3% de microenxertos com folha expandida, número superior aos demais tratamentos e maior desenvolvimento das brotações. A indexação realizada pelo teste ELISA indireto, 80 a 100 dias após a microenxertia, mostrou que 93% das plantas testadas não apresentavam vírus detectável.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different culture media, used over grafting spot, in ex vitro micrografting, in order to eliminate the Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) in sour passion fruit plants (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.). Cauline apexes, originated from infected plants, were micrografted in seedlings obtained by the germination of seeds in commercial sterilized substrate. Experiments were conducted with the micrografting performed on the hypocotyl and epicotyl using five culture media, which differed on their concentration of phytoregulators applied on the grafting spot. The average rate of micrografting showing expanded leaf was 27.22 and 32.22%, when micrografting was performed on hypocotyl and epicotyl, respectively. In the micrografting performed on the hypocotyl, there was no effect of the culture media applied. In the micrografting performed on epicotyl, the MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L-1 3-indolbutiric acid (IBA) and 1 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) resulted in 53.3% of micrografting showing expanded leaf, a number superior to the other treatments, and in a larger development of shoots. The indexing performed by the indirect ELISA test, within 80 to 100 days after micrografting, showed that 93% of the plants tested presented no detectable virus.