Abstract The present study was developed with the objective of providing equations to estimate the volume, assortments (tapering functions) and the construction of site curves, seeking to forecast the growth and production of a Teak stand located in the municipality of Alta Floresta, Northern region of the state of Mato Grosso, using a growth and forest production simulator called SisTeca. 154 permanent plots were used, whose remedies totaled 909 observations covering ages 2 to 14 years, in addition to the cubing of 139 trees by the Smalian method. The Schumacher-Hall model was adjusted to estimate individual volumes, the fifth-degree taper function to estimate assortments and the Schumacher model for the construction of site curves. At the end, projections were made with SisTeca using the original equations (default) and inserting into the SisTeca the volume, tapering and site equations developed in this research. The adjusted volume, tapering and site equations for Teak stands in the Alta Floresta region, state of Mato Grosso, showed good results of adjustment and precision and are important tools for Teca, either to estimate current stocks or to be inserted in systems growth and production like SisTeca. The EMBRAPA simulator for Teca, when equipped with the dendrometric tools developed in the research, generated better prognosis, compared to the observed values from the plots available for the species in the region of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso. Thus, the need to acquire more representative data for the species is emphasized, both in terms of age and site to develop robust growth and production systems and / or more efficient dendrometric tools to calibrate the SisTeca.

Resumo O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com objetivo de disponibilizar equações para estimar o volume, sortimentos (funções de afilamento) e a construção de curvas de sítio, buscando realizar a prognose do crescimento e da produção de um povoamento de Teca localizado no município de Alta Floresta, região Norte do estado de Mato Grosso, utilizando um simulador de crescimento e produção florestal denominado SisTeca. Foram utilizadas 154 parcelas permanentes, cujas remedições totalizaram 909 observações, contemplando as idades 2 a 14 anos, além da cubagem de 139 árvores pelo método de Smalian. Foram ajustados o modelo de Schumacher-Hall para estimar os volumes individuais, a função de afilamento de quinto grau para estimar sortimentos e o modelo de Schumacher para a construção de curvas de sítio. Ao final foram realizadas projeções com o SisTeca usando as equações originais (default) e inserindo no SisTeca as equações de volume, afilamento e sítio desenvolvidas nesta pesquisa. As equações de volume, afilamento e sítio ajustadas para povoamentos de Teca na região de Alta Floresta, estado de Mato Grosso, apresentaram bons resultados de ajuste e precisão e são ferramentas importantes para o manejo da Teca, seja para estimar estoques correntes, seja para inserção em sistemas de crescimento e produção como o SisTeca. O simulador da EMBRAPA para a Teca quando munido com as equações dendrométricas desenvolvidas na pesquisa gerou melhores prognoses, comparativamente aos valores observados oriundos das parcelas disponíveis para a espécie na região de Alta Floresta, estado de Mato Grosso. Dessa forma, ressalta-se a necessidade de aquisição de dados mais representativos para a espécie, tanto em termos de idades como de sítio, no sentido de desenvolver sistemas de crescimento e produção robustos e/ou ferramentas dendrométricas mais eficientes visando calibrar o SisTeca.

Resumo Comparou-se por meio do teste de identidade de modelos estratégias de agrupamento de dados para o ajuste de modelos hipsométricos e volumétricos com o intuito de otimizá-los. A área de estudo tem 248,22 ha com plantio de Pinus oocarpa e Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, divididos em talhões com idades entre 10 e 16 anos. A área foi inventariada por amostragem utilizando o método de área fixa com 7 parcelas retangulares de 600 m2 distribuídas de forma sistemática em cada povoamento. Diferentes estratégias de agrupamento de dados foram comparadas, a fim de verificar se uma única equação (modelo reduzido) poderia representar diferentes fontes de variação, como parcelas, espécies e idades, em vez de uma equação para cada fonte de variação (modelo completo). Os modelos selecionados para aplicação nas diferentes estratégias de agrupamentos foram avaliados com base no erro padrão da estimativa (Syx%), coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R2 aj.) e análise gráfica dos resíduos. As equações ajustadas para cada estratégia foram submetidas ao teste de identidade de modelos. Constatou-se que em nível de parcela não deve ser utilizada uma equação hipsométrica única (modelo reduzido) para representar todas as parcelas de um inventário, mesmo considerando a espécie e/ou idade. Em relação à variável volume, foi observado, para as espécies Pinus oocarpa e Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, que uma única equação pode ser utilizada para estimar o volume total das duas espécies desde que estejam com a mesma idade, enquanto para idades diferentes recomenda-se o ajuste em nível de povoamento.

Abstract It was compared data grouping strategies by different models of identity test to fit height-diameter and volume models in order optimize them. The area under study has 248,22 ha with Pinus oocarpa and Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis stands, divided in plots among 10 and 16 years-old. This area was inventoried by fixed area sampling with 7 rectangular plots of 600 m2 distributed in a systematic in each stand. Different strategies for data grouping were compared, checking if only one equation (general model) could represent different sources of variation such as plots, species, and ages, instead of one equation to each source of variation (complete model). The selected models used in different grouping strategies were evaluated based on standard error of estimate (Syx%), adjusted coefficients of determination (R2 aj.) and graphical residues analysis. The fittied equations to each strategy were submitted to model identity test. It was found that related to plots should not be used a single height-diameter equation (general model) to represent all the plots in an inventory even if it is of the same species and/or age. In relation to volume it was observed for the species Pinus oocarpa and Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis that a single equation can be used to estimate the total volume of two species since at the same age, while for different ages it is recommended the fitting for stand level.

Resumo Para que as florestas possam ser usadas de forma sustentável, é importante conhecer sua estrutura no futuro, que pode ser estimada por meio da prognose da distribuição diamétrica. Como essas projeções podem auxiliar na tomada de decisão para manejo e preservação, é preciso desenvolver estratégias visando melhorias das estimativas. Com isso, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da estratificação na prognose da distribuição diamétrica de uma Floresta Ombrófila Mista. Para isso, foram analisados os dados provenientes de 26 parcelas permanentes (1 ha) na Floresta Nacional de Três Barras, no estado de Santa Catarina. Cada unidade primária foi dividida em 20 unidades secundárias de 0,05 ha, mensuradas em 2004, 2009 e 2016. Por meio da estatística multivariada de análise de agrupamento, foi realizada a estratificação das unidades secundárias usando como atributos o incremento periódico anual médio em diâmetro, área basal e o número de fustes de cada unidade secundária. Por meio da Razão de Movimento, foi projetada a distribuição diamétrica da floresta para o ano de 2016. Usando como base os dados dos inventários de 2004 e 2009, a projeção foi realizada para a floresta como um todo. No entanto, a projeção para a floresta estratificada foi realizada com base no inventário apenas do ano de 2009. A consistência das projeções foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e pelo Índice de Reynolds. A análise de agrupamento resultou em três estratos, e a projeção realizada para a floresta estratificada apresentou o melhor desempenho, tanto no número total de fustes quanto nas primeiras classes diamétricas, onde geralmente ocorrem as maiores variações entre a frequência observada e estimada. A estratificação da floresta melhora as estimativas e proporciona resultados mais precisos na projeção da estrutura diamétrica, sendo uma ferramenta importante para ser usada em áreas extensas e heterogêneas.

Abstract In order for forest to be used in a sustainable way, it is important to know the forests' structure in the future, which can be estimated through the prognosis of the diametric distribution. Projections such as these can assist in the decision-making process for management and preservation, and it is necessary to develop strategies seeking improvement of these estimates. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of forest stratification on the prediction of the diametric structure in a Mixed Ombrophilous Forest. Data from 26 permanent plots (1 ha) were analyzed in Três Barras National Forest, in the state of Santa Catarina. Each primary unit was divided into 20 secondary units of 0.05 ha, measured in 2004, 2009 and 2016. Within multivariate statistics of cluster analysis, the stratification of secondary units was performed using as attributes the average annual increment in diameter, basal area, and the number of stems of each secondary unit. Using the Movement Ratio, the forest's diametric distribution for the year 2016 was projected. Using as its basis the data from the 2004 and 2009 inventories, the projection was carried out for the forest as a whole. However, the projection for the stratified forest was conducted based only on the inventory for the year 2009. The projection’s consistency was evaluated by the Komolgorov-Smirnov test and the Reynolds Index. The cluster analysis resulted in three strata and the prediction formulated for the stratified forest had the best performance, both in total number of stems and in the first diametric classes, where the greatest variations between observed and estimated frequency normally occur. The stratification of the forest improves the estimate and provides more accurate results in the prediction of the diametric structure, being an important tool to be used in extensive heterogeneous forest areas.

Abstract Worldwide, forests are susceptible to fire. Forests with fire and selective logging interactions require monitoring and evaluation. This study evaluated the phytosociology and dynamics of tree vegetation in a disturbed forest (DF) and an undisturbed forest (UF) in selective logging areas affected by fire, in the Brazilian East Amazon. All trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm were measured and identified botanically in 93 plots (5 X 50 m) in the DF area and 58 plots (5 X 50 m) in the UF area, in 2010 (before logging), 2011, 2015 and 2017 (two years after the fire). Analysis of species and tree composition, diversity, similarity, mortality and recruitment were carried out. The fire affected the DF and UF areas in a similar proportion in terms of trees loss and basal area, intensifying the mortality rate. In the short term (2 years), the fire did not cause a significant reduction in species diversity, but there was a tendency towards a similarity loss in species composition in the area disturbed by logging. Subsequent assessments are necessary to understand the forest’s recovery mechanisms.

Abstract “Bracatingais” are common forest formations formed by bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella) and secondary species, which have replaced bracatinga over time; these forests are an important source of income for small farmers. The objective of this study was to model the growth and yield volume of firewood per unit of area and to evaluate the dynamics of the stock across the years. Data from 320 plots were used to fit 12 mathematical models separately addressing the data for bracatinga and secondary species and total species. The Clutter model presented better results for bracatinga (IA = 0.954 and Syx% = 8.54) and for total species (IA = 0.917 and Syx% = 11.56). The modified Clutter model was the best for the secondary species, with IA = 0.952 and Syx% = 25.08. The volumetric estimation of these equations was used to compare the estimated volume of the bracatinga with that of the secondary species, identifying the age as between 13 and 14 years when the volume of the bracatinga is supplanted by the volume of the secondary species. Furthermore, 8 years of age was ideal for clearcutting the bracatingais.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the performance of species-specific equations (SSEs) concerning generic ones in Annual Production Units (GEAPUs) and in a Forest Management Area (GEFMA) in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 29,119 trees from 43 species were inventoried, harvested, and volumetric measurements were taken in ten APUs, with 10% of this total being separated for validation and comparison of the selected equations. After selection and validation of the equations (GEFMA, GEAPUs and SSEs) they were compared using precision statistics, by contrasting estimated and observed volumes and by residual analysis. Precision statistics were clearly lower for the SSEs. Trend lines near the average observed volume were shown for the SSEs when the estimates were contrasted with the observations. The residuals generated by the SSEs were smaller and statistically different than those of GEFMA and GEAPUs for the majority of cases. The most important commercial species (M. huberi) had its volume overestimated by 10.6, 9.3 and 3.0% when the GEFMA, the GEAPUs, and the SSEs were applied, respectively. Among the species that generally had very large trees, H. petraeum had its volume underestimated by 15.7, 16.6 and 4.4% by the GEFMA, GEAPUs and SSEs, respectively. The greater precision of the SSEs is reflected in better forest management planning decisions with respect to operational and economic aspects. These results show that besides being statistically valid, the SSEs are recommended for obtaining more precise estimates of commercial volume, especially since there is a great demand for reliable estimates for each individual species in forest management areas in the Amazon.

ABSTRACT Tree-level growth models are being more used in heterogeneous forests, for they can take underlying processes, such as competition, into account. Although it is common in the forest literature to test several indices in order to define the most suitable for each study, the evaluation of plot sizes or competition radii is poorly addressed in competition studies. The objective of this work was to assess the effect of different plot sizes and competitor selection radii on distance-independent and distance-dependent competition indices, as well as test several modifications in previously created indices. We used data of diameter, canopy stratum and crown quality from two stem mapped measurements carried out in a six-year period. Both distance-dependent and independent indices were calculated for different plot sizes and competitor selection radii. The performance of plot sizes and neighborhood radii was evaluated via Spearman’s rank correlation with the annual growth in diameter, and those with the largest correlation coefficient were included in a stepwise regression to estimate diameter growth. For almost all the indices the correlation increased as the plot size or radius increased. A 50 m x 50 m square plot generated the strongest correlation for distance-independent indices. A 20 m radius resulted the largest correlation for the distancedependent indices. Modifications in some of the indices also improved their performance. The stepwise regression selected BAL and Hegyi indices to describe the diameter growth, which means that using only one competition index might not be enough to fully explain the overall competition.

Abstract The aim of this study was to quantify the aboveground biomass and organic carbon of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze in a Mixed Ombrophilous Montane Forest in the state of Paraná. The aboveground biomass determination was carried out according to the direct method, using 29 trees with Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 40 cm. The trees were felled, cubed and weighed by compartments, which were sampled for determining moisture and carbon content. The average aerial biomass and carbon were 2,126.5 kg ind-1 and 935.8 kg ind-1, respectively. The moisture content resulted in a mean individual accumulation of 2,376.6 liters ind-1 of water. Age did not necessarily result in higher volume production but resulted in higher stem biomass production. Organic carbon accumulation by native A. angustifolia trees should support carbon credits as an incentive for the conservation of araucaria and Mixed Ombrophilous Forest fragments.

ABSTRACT Stem conicity and the sawing pattern, besides the presence of hollows and sapwood, are among the principal factors that are responsible for the low yield of lumber from harvested wood in the Amazon. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze of logs and stem conicity, and its effect on yield of sawn wood from the species Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos, Lecythis lurida (Miers) S. A. Mori, Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Chevalier, Astronium lecointei Ducke and Couratari sp., which are currently the most important commercial species in the study area. The data used were obtained from six production units in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará. The variables analyzed were conicity (obtained as a function of the difference between diameters at the base and top) between logs, DBH classes (diameter at breast height) and species, as well as yield (estimated using the Software MaxiTora) between logs and species. The majority of the species showed differences in conicity between logs, with the first log being the most conic, which was directly reflected by the lower yield for this log. There was a tendency of increase in conicity in the larger DBH classes, and differences in conicity and yield between species. The estimated yields were superior to the percent yields observed for Amazonian species in studies done using samples with similar characteristics. Therefore, it was concluded that conicity can vary between species, logs, and DBH classes, and is a characteristic that directly effects the yield of lumber. Furthermore, the incorporation of cutting templates represents an alternative for maximizing lumber yield.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to analyze the floristic characteristics of six fragments of Mixed Ombrophylous Forest located in small rural properties located in Fernandes Pinheiro and to compare them in relation to alpha and beta diversity. Twenty-six plots of 2.000 m² were divided into 130 subplots of 400 m² distributed in six forest fragments. The phytosociological parameters and Shannon, Simpson and Pielou indexes of each fragment, as well as the Jaccard Coefficient to form groups at 50% of similarity were determined. The Shannon indices of the fragments were evaluated one by one by the Hutcheson's test. In total, 103 species of 69 genera and 35 families were recorded, with the most abundant families being Myrtaceae and Lauraceae. In the six fragments analyzed, Araucaria was not the main species, only in Fragment 6, the most degraded. Fragment 3, even though it is the smallest, presented the best results for biodiversity (S = 64 e H’ = 3,390). The Hutcheson test emphasized that Fragments 3 and 6 differ from the others, in the same way, the Jaccard coefficient also showed less floristic similarity between these two fragments in relation to the others. It is concluded that there is a high heterogeneity among forest fragments nearby, besides evidencing the disparity in relation to large remnants.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as características florísticas de seis fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista situados em pequenas propriedades rurais localizadas em Fernandes Pinheiro e compará-los em relação à diversidade alfa e beta. Utilizaram-se 26 parcelas de 2.000 m² divididas em 130 subparcelas de 400 m² distribuídas em seis pequenos fragmentos florestais. Os parâmetros fitossociológicos e índices de Shannon, Simpson e Pielou de cada fragmento, além do Coeficiente de Jaccard para formação de grupos a 50% de similaridade foram determinados. Os índices de Shannon dos fragmentos foram avaliados um a um pelo Teste de Hutcheson. No total, foram registradas 103 espécies de 69 gêneros e 35 famílias, sendo as famílias mais abundantes, Myrtaceae e Lauraceae. Dos seis fragmentos analisados, a Araucária não foi a principal espécie apenas no Fragmento 6, o mais descaracterizado. O Fragmento 3, mesmo sendo o menor, apresentou os melhores resultados para biodiversidade (S = 64 e H’ = 3,390). O Teste de Hutcheson enfatizou que os Fragmentos 3 e 6 diferem dos demais, da mesma forma, o coeficiente de Jaccard também evidenciou menor similaridade florística entre esses dois fragmentos em relação aos demais. Concluiu-se que há elevada heterogeneidade entre pequenos fragmentos florestais próximos, além de evidenciar a disparidade em relação a grandes remanescentes.

RESUMO Apoharknessia eucalyptorum foi inicialmente descrita em 2017 e identificada em folhas de Eucalyptus dunnii no Sul do Brasil. No entanto, faltam informações sobre o cultivo in-vitro para estudos complementares. No presente estudo folhas de E. dunnii foram inoculadas para demonstrar a patogenicidade de A. eucalyptorum, e o crescimento e esporulação foram avaliados em temperaturas de 15, 20 e 25°C em quatro meios de cultura: extrato de malte-ágar (MEA), batata dextrose-ágar (PDA), suco V8-ágar (V8) e feijão dextrose-ágar (BEAN), sob luz constante. Apoharknessia eucalyptorum causou manchas foliares nas folhas inoculadas. As melhores condições para o crescimento micelial foram em 25°C em PDA, BEAN e MEA. Para a esporulação as melhores condições foram a 25°C em todos os meios testados, e também a 20°C em PDA e BEAN. As características das colônias mudaram com as temperaturas, em 15°C as colônias formaram micélio cotonoso, enquanto que em 25°C o micélio cresceu espalhado pelo meio de cultura formando margens escuras limitadas por micélio branco manchado e conídios. As condições indicadas para o crescimento e esporulação in-vitro de A. eucalyptorum são os meios MEA, PDA e BEAN em 25°C.

ABSTRACT Apoharknessia eucalyptorum was first described in 2017 and identified on leaves of Eucalyptus dunnii in Southern Brazil. However, information about in vitro cultivation for complementary studies is lacking. In the present study, leaves of E. dunnii were inoculated to demonstrate the pathogenicity of A. eucalyptorum, and growth and sporulation were evaluated at temperatures of 15, 20, and 25°C on four culture media: malt extract agar (MEA); potato dextrose agar (PDA); V8 juice agar (V8); and bean dextrose agar (BEAN), under constant lighting. Apoharknessia eucalyptorum caused leaf blight on the inoculated leaves. The best conditions for mycelial growth were at 25°C on PDA, BEAN and MEA. Considering sporulation, optimal conditions were 25°C for all tested media and 20°C for PDA and BEAN. Colony characteristics changed with temperature; at 15°C colonies formed a fluffy mycelium, whereas at 25°C mycelium spread across the medium forming dark margins lined by dirty-white mycelium and conidia. The conditions indicated for in vitro growth and sporulation of A. eucalyptorum are the culture media MEA, PDA and BEAN at 25°C

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the prediction of partial volumes with nonlinear mixed modeling for Pinus taeda. The volume of 558 trees was measured. The four-parameter logistic model was used in its modified form for the nonlinear mixed approach and, for comparison, the 5th degree polynomial was used. In the mixed modeling, the random effects diameter, age and place were inserted. The statistical criteria used to assess the quality of the adjustment were the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), standard error of the estimate (Syx) and residual graphical analysis. Among the random effects analyzed, age obtained the best adjustment. However, to predict partial volumes, it was noticed that, regardless of the analyzed portion of the trunk, the 5th degree polynomial had the best estimates, with a mean standard error of 20.1% of the estimate compared to 51.8% of the logistic.

Abstract: Biomass is an important component of the Brazilian energy matrix, with a potential contribution of co-products from thinned forests. The aim of this work was to evaluate the energy balance and CO2 potential emission in mechanized biomass harvesting operations in Pinus taeda stands at 9 and 10 years-old and under thinning, searching to support the use of co-product biomass from thinning as a renewable energy source. Thinning was carried out through cut-to-length harvesting method, in which large logs for sawmill and small logs for energy were produced. In addition, tops, needles, barks, and branches were considered as co-products. The balance between consumed energy and emitted CO2 by machines for thinning in relationship to the energy and CO2 in thinned biomass was estimated. Thus, dry matter, energy potential, and CO2 potential emission were evaluated and compared considering thinning stand ages as treatments. Mechanized thinning consumes a large energy and produces CO2, however, the energy consumed by machines is lower than 1% of the estimated energy potential in thinned biomass, while the CO2 emission is lower than 0.5% of the biomass. Therefore, the use of co-product biomass of thinning is an important way to mitigate greenhouse gas emission.

Abstract: The lack of accurate models for estimating residual biomass in wood harvesting operations results in underutilization of this co-product by forestry companies. Due to the lack of this information, forestry operations planning, such as chipping and transport logistics, are influenced, with a consequent increase in costs. Thereby, the aim of this study was to propose and evaluate statistical models to estimate residual biomass of Eucalyptus sp. in wood harvesting operations by means of tree variables measured from harvester processing head. Generalized linear models were composed through stepwise procedure for estimating residual biomass by tree covariates: diameter at breast height, commercial height, commercial limit diameter, and stem commercial volume, considering also their transformations and combinations. Residual biomass distributions with positive skew support the application of generalized linear model and Gamma distribution in random component, since normality assumption in traditional linear regression was a requirement not satisfied in this study. By stepwise procedure, tree variables associated to forest biomass were selected, whose linear combinations resulted in models with high statistical efficiency and accuracy. Thus, models developed in this study are innovative tools to estimate residual biomass in mechanized wood harvesting, in which can be inserted into harvester’s hardware to provide real-time information.

Abstract Considering the importance of the Iguaçu National Park for the conservation of the Atlantic Forest and the absence of scientific or technical studies characterizing the ecology of forest species after seven and a half decades of its existence, a phytosociological survey of the arboreal vegetation was conducted to identify the various existing species and their successional stages. A total of 54 families, 135 genera, and 218 species were found in this survey. Euterpe edulis Mart. was the most frequently occurring species, which together with Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg., characterize the seasonal forests in the central and south regions of the park. In the north region, located 700 m asl, Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze and Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. were observed along with some seasonal species, characterizing a transitional environment between seasonal and ombrophillous forests. In general, forests in the park were classified in advanced stages of ecological succession.