Síndrome pulmonar por hantavírus (SPH) tem sido reconhecida recentemente no Brasil, onde 28 casos foram registrados até setembro de 1999. Relatamos aqui os achados clínicos e laboratoriais de três casos confirmados sorologicamente. Os pacientes eram adultos e apresentaram doença febril com sintomas respiratórios que progrediram para insuficiência respiratória, requerendo ventilação artificial em dois deles. Os achados laboratoriais, na maioria dos casos, foram consistentes com os encontrados em pacientes infectados com o vírus Sin Nombre nos Estados Unidos, incluindo hematócrito elevado e trombocitopenia; a presença de linfócitos atípicos foi observada em um paciente. O achado radiológico comum a todos os pacientes foi infiltrado reticulonodular difuso bilateral. Dois pacientes evoluíram para o óbito. Nestes pacientes, o exame histopatológico dos pulmões mostrou a presença de edema intersticial e alveolar, hemorragia alveolar, e pneumonia intersticial leve caracterizada por infiltrado de imunoblastos e células mononucleares. Na investigação epidemiológica de um dos casos, testes sorológicos (ELISA) foram positivos em 3 (25%) de 12 indivíduos que compartilharam a mesma exposição ambiental. A SPH deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial das pneumonias intersticiais que causam insuficiência respiratória aguda.

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) has been recognized recently in Brazil, where 28 cases have been reported as of September 1999. We report here the clinical and laboratory findings of three cases whose diagnoses were confirmed serologically. All the patients were adults who presented a febrile illness with respiratory symptoms that progressed to respiratory failure that required artificial ventilation in two of them. Laboratory findings were most of the time consistent with those reported in the United States in patients infected with the Sin Nombre virus, and included elevated hematocrit and thrombocytopenia; presence of atypical lymphocytes was observed in one patient. The chest radiological findings observed in all the patients were bilateral, diffuse, reticulonodular infiltrates. Two patients died. Histopathological examination of the lungs of these patients revealed interstitial and alveolar edema, alveolar hemorrhage, and mild interstitial pneumonia characterized by infiltrate of immunoblasts and mononuclear cells. In the epidemiologic investigation of one of the cases, serologic (ELISA) tests were positive in 3 (25%) out of 12 individuals who shared the same environmental exposure. HPS should be included in the differential diagnosis of interstitial pneumonia progressing to acute respiratory failure.

In the past few years, new aspects of the immunopathology of Chagas' disease have been described in immunosuppressed patients, such as fatal central nervous system lesions related to the reactivation of the parasite. This article is the first description of the genotypic characterization, at the strain level, of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from a patient with Chagas` disease/AIDS co-infection. The presence of four hypodense lesions was observed in the cranial compute tomographic scan. The diagnosis of AIDS was assessed by the detection of anti-HIV antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot techniques. The CD4+ lymphocyte counts were maintained under 200 cells/mm3 during one year demonstrating the severity of the state of immunosuppression. Chagas' disease was confirmed by serological and parasitological methods. Trypomastigote forms were visualized in a thick blood smear. The parasite isolated is genotypically similar to the CL strain. The paper reinforces that cerebral Chagas' disease can be considered as another potential opportunistic infection in AIDS resulting from the reactivation of a dormant T. cruzi infection acquired years earlier.

Linfomas não Hodgkin de alto grau são comumente relatados em pacientes com a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS). Comprometendo com grande freqüência o sistema nervoso central, particularmente as leptomeninges e os hemisférios cerebrais. O acometimento epidural é pouco freqüente, variando de 3,5% a 8,3% de acordo com os registros da literatura. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente de 27 anos de idade com AIDS, cuja manifestação clínica inicial da doença linfomatosa disseminada foi a mielite transversa associada à mielopatia vacuolar. Destaca-se a importância do diagnóstico diferencial precoce das mielopatias na AIDS, em virtude da alta malignidade da neoplasia e da evolução extremamente rápida nesses pacientes.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is frequently seen in AIDS patients usually affecting the central nervous system (CNS), especially the leptomeninges and the cerebral hemispheres. The epidural involvement is rarely described, ranging from 3.5% to 8.3% among the CNS sites. The authors present a case of disseminated non Hodgkin lymphoma associated to vacuolar myelopathy in a 27 years-old male patient with AIDS emphasizing the importance of this differential diagnosis in the myelopathies of AIDS.

Relata-se o caso de um paciente de 52 anos, heterossexual, com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida e reativação de doença de Chagas, manifestada por meningoencefalite e miocardite diagnosticadas post mortem. Reativação inexplicada de doença de Chagas deveria estar entre os critérios para diagnóstico de AIDS em portadores do vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida. Por outro lado, o diagnóstico de AIDS deveria ser considerado em pacientes com reativação inexplicada de doença de Chagas.

We report the case of a 52-year-old male heterosexual patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and reactivation of Chagas' disease manifested by meningoencephalitis and myocarditis, diagnosed post-mortem. Unexplained reactivation of Chagas' disease should be included among the diagnostic criteria of AIDS in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. On the other hand, AIDS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with unexplained reactivation of Chagas' disease.