Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze masticatory characteristics in children from 7 to 10 years, and to compare these characteristics among normal weight, overweight and obese children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in northeast Brazil, with a sample of 160 children, aged 7 to 10 years. The authors evaluated: nutritional and dental status; food intake; masticatory parameters and orofacial myofunctional characteristics. The children were divided according to nutritional status into normal weight (n = 101), overweight (n = 33) and obesity (n = 26) groups. Results: The results showed that Obese children had a larger bite size (g) (median = 6.0, Q1-Q3 = 4.0-9.0, p = 0.049) and performed fewer masticatory sequences (median = 3.0, Q1-Q3 = 2.0-3.2, p = 0.024) than children with normal weight (median = 5.0, Q1-Q3 = 4.0-7.0; median = 4.0, Q1-Q3 = 3.0-5.0). Furthermore, obese children finished feeding in a shorter time (s) (median = 62.5, Q1-Q3 = 50.5-70.0, p = 0.039) than normal weight children (median = 66.0, Q1-Q3 = 56.5-78.0) and overweight children (median = 66.0, Q1-Q3 = 58.0-81.5). Conclusions: The present results suggest that obese children present changes in mastication, evidenced by larger bite-size, performing fewer masticatory sequences and rapid mastication, which may contribute to increased food consumption and the development of excess weight. Objective 1 years Methods crosssectional cross sectional Brazil 16 evaluated intake n 101, 101 , 101) 33 26 groups Results g (g 60 6 0 6.0 Q1Q3 QQ Q1 Q3 Q Q1-Q 4.09.0, 4090 4.0 9.0, 4 9 4.0-9.0 0.049 0049 049 30 3 3.0 2.03.2, 2032 2.0 3.2, 2 2.0-3.2 0.024 0024 024 50 5 5.0 4.07.0 4070 7.0 4.0-7.0 40 3.05.0. 3050 . 3.0-5.0) Furthermore s (s 625 62 62.5 50.570.0, 505700 50.5 70.0, 70 50.5-70.0 0.039 0039 039 660 66 66.0 56.578.0 565780 56.5 78.0 56 78 56.5-78.0 58.081.5. 580815 58.0 81.5 58 81 58.0-81.5) Conclusions mastication bitesize, bitesize size, bite-size 6. Q1Q 09 4.09.0 409 4. 90 9.0 4.0-9. 0.04 004 04 3. 03 2.03.2 203 20 2. 32 3.2 2.0-3. 0.02 002 02 5. 07 4.07. 407 7. 4.0-7. 05 3.05.0 305 3.0-5.0 62. 570 50.570.0 50570 505 50. 700 70.0 50.5-70. 0.03 003 66. 578 56.578. 56578 565 56. 780 78. 56.5-78. 081 58.081.5 58081 580 58. 815 81. 8 58.0-81.5 4.09. 9. 4.0-9 0.0 00 2.03. 2.0-3 4.07 4.0-7 3.05. 3.0-5. 57 50.570. 5057 70. 50.5-70 56.578 5657 56.5-78 08 58.081. 5808 58.0-81. 4.09 4.0- 0. 2.03 2.0- 3.05 3.0-5 50.570 50.5-7 56.57 56.5-7 58.081 58.0-81 3.0- 50.57 50.5- 56.5- 58.08 58.0-8 58.0-

RESUMO Estudos têm demonstrado que alterações na mastigação estão relacionadas ao excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes, o que pode levar ao aumento do consumo alimentar. O objetivo deste artigo foi caracterizar, através de uma revisão sistemática, a mastigação em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Para isso, dois autores independentes realizaram uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados eletrônicas Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, Web of Science e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. As características mastigatórias foram consideradas desfechos primários; os métodos de análise da mastigação, as características físicas dos alimentos/materiais utilizados nas análises e o tempo de jejum foram classificados como desfechos secundários. Esta revisão foi elaborada de acordo com os itens dos relatórios preferenciais para análise sistemática e metanálises. O protocolo de revisão sistemática foi submetido ao Registro Internacional Prospectivo de Revisões Sistemáticas. Nove artigos foram incluídos nesta revisão. Os resultados dos artigos revisados sugerem que crianças e/ou adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesidade apresentam danos mastigatórios, pois possuem pior performance mastigatória e características miofuncionais orofaciais alteradas.

ABSTRACT Studies have shown that changes in mastication are related to overweight in children and adolescents as these changes influence the increase in food consumption. The objective of this article was to characterize, through a systematic review, the mastication in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. For this, two independent authors performed a systematic review of the electronic databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, Web of Science and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences. Masticatory characteristics were considered as primary outcomes; the methods of analyzing mastication, the physical characteristics of the foods/materials used in the analyses and the fasting time were considered as secondary outcomes. This review was prepared in accordance with the items of the preferential reports for systematic analysis and meta-analysis. The systematic review protocol was submitted to the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews. Nine articles were included in this review. The reviewed articles suggest that children and/or adolescents with overweight or obese present masticatory damages because they have worse masticatory performance and altered orofacial myofunctional characteristics.

A serotonina influencia o crescimento e o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso e sua expressão comportamental. O aumento da disponibilidade de serotonina no cérebro de ratos jovens parece modular as respostas neurocomportamentais. Neste estudo, foram investigados o ganho de peso corporal e a ontogênese dos reflexos em ratos neonatos, tratados diariamente, durante o período de aleitamento, com duas doses de citalopram (5 ou 10 mg/Kg de peso corporal, via subcutânea). Foram avaliados, o tempo de aparecimento dos reflexos (preensão palmar, endireitamento, colocação pelas vibrissas, resposta ao susto, geotáxico negativo e aversão ao precipício), e a evolução do peso corporal. Foi observado atraso no tempo de desenvolvimento de alguns reflexos e redução no ganho de peso corporal. Os achados em ratos sugerem que as alterações no ganho de peso corporal e na maturação dos reflexos são programadas, durante o período perinatal, com participação de mecanismos serotoninérgicos de modulação.

Serotonin influences the growth and development of the nervous system, as well as its behavioral manifestations. The possibility exists that increased brain serotonin availability in young animals modulates their neuro-behavioral responses. This study investigated the body weight gain and reflex ontogeny of neonatal rats treated during the suckling period with two doses of citalopram (5 mg, or 10 mg/kg, sc, daily). The time of the appearance of reflexes (palm grasp righting, free-fall righting, vibrissa placing, auditory startle response, negative geotaxis and cliff avoidance) as well as the body weight evolution were recorded. In general, a delay in the time of reflex development and a reduced weight gain were observed in drug-treated animals. These findings suggest that serotoninergic mechanisms play a role in modulating body weight gain and the maturation of most reflex responses during the perinatal period in rats.