ABSTRACT Planting is considered one of the most essential steps in coffee growing. Lack of uniformity in planting may compromise future operations. Therefore, verifying planting operations quality is fundamental to optimizing production processes and reducing costs. This study aimed to investigate planting techniques through Statistical Process Control (SPC) and aerial images. Carried out in two areas, managed manually and semi-mechanized in the Bom Jardim Farm (MG - Brazil). Data were collected through Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA). Quality control charts and density maps were used to identify variations in distribution and spacing between plants and planting rows. It was found that the planting carried out manually was 4.7% wider than projected due to spacing reduction from 0.5 m to 0.48 m. The semi-mechanized system displayed a deficit of 7% compared to the projected planting system, using 0.55 m between plants. The density map showed the most significant planting alignment variations. Despite displaying lower results than the manual system, the semi-mechanized system improvements are valid for their minimal average variations. Thus, correcting points found outside the limits can increase the efficiency of semi-mechanized planting. growing Therefore costs SPC (SPC images areas semimechanized semi mechanized MG Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) RPA. RPA (RPA) rows 47 4 7 4.7 05 0 5 0. 048 48 0.4 055 55 Thus (RPA 4. 04

RESUMEN El desarrollo agrícola exige una mayor adopción de maquinaria por parte de los productores para evitar el daño a la salud de los trabajadores por el exceso de ruido. En este escenario, este estudio presenta análisis utilizando geoestadística y Control Estadístico de Procesos (SPC) en el mapeo de la variabilidad espacial de la magnitud del ruido emitido por un microtractor para identificar zonas saludables para los trabajadores. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la Universidad Federal de Lavras (UFLA), donde los niveles de ruido se recolectaron en puntos distribuidos en una cuadrícula de muestra regular de 2,0×2,0 m alrededor de la máquina. La dependencia espacial del ruido se analizó ajustando el semivariograma de tipo onda e interpolando por kriging ordinario y el SPC a través de cartas de control individuales. Fue posible observar valores de ruido superiores a 85 dB(A) en un radio de hasta 6 m alrededor del tractor en funcionamiento. El valor máximo de 91 dB(A) se obtuvo desde el asiento del operador, permitiendo así una exposición diaria máxima de 3,5 h. Además, se observó que las personas ubicadas a distancias mayores a 4 m del microtractor no necesitan usar equipo de protección personal para una exposición de 8 h de trabajo.

ABSTRACT Agricultural development requires greater adoption of machinery by producers to avoid damage to the worker's health due to excessive noise. In this scenario, this study aimed to analyze the noise magnitude emitted by a micro-tractor using geostatistics and Statistical Process Control (SPC) in mapping spatial variability to identify healthy zones for workers. The study was carried out at the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), where noise levels were collected at points distributed in a regular 2.0×2.0 m sample grid around the machine. The spatial dependence of noise was analyzed by adjusting the wave-type semivariogram and interpolating by ordinary kriging and the SPC through individual control charts. It was possible to observe alarming noise values above 85 dB(A) in a radius of up to 6 m around the tractor in operation. The maximum value of 91 dB(A) was obtained from the operator's seat, thus allowing maximum daily exposure of 3.5 h. In addition, it was observed that people located at distances greater than 4 m from the micro-tractor do not need to wear personal protective equipment for an exposure of 8 h of work.

Resumen El objetivo de esta revisión fue examinar el uso actual de aeronaves pilotadas remotamente (RPA) en la obtención de datos para aplicaciones de la agricultura de precisión, ejemplificando situaciones exitosas de uso de la tecnología. La RPA tiene aplicaciones para monitoreo, mapeo, extracción de índice de vegetación (VI), volumen, altura de plantas, y ha sido estudiado en diversas culturas agrícolas, siendo soporte para toma de decisión sobre aplicación de agroquímicos, falla de plantación, acompañamiento del crecimiento y aumento de la productividad. Un potencial evaluadas por la RPA es el uso del VI, que puede ser extraído de imágenes digitales obtenidas por cámaras que contienen la banda visible. Siendo una alternativa para los agricultores que no tienen acceso a RPA acoplado a sensores de alta tecnología. Por lo tanto, es una herramienta que puede contribuir a la toma de decisiones, permitiendo la adquisición de imágenes de alta resolución espacial y temporal.

Abstract The objective of this review was to examine the current use of remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) in obtaining data to assist in the application of precision farming techniques and to exemplify successful situations of technology use. The RPA has applications for monitoring, mapping, vegetation index (VI) extraction, volume, plant height, among others, and has been studied in several agricultural crops, being support for decision making on agrochemical application, planting failure, accompaniment of growth favoring the increase of crop productivity. One of the potentialities evaluated through RPA is the use of VI, which may be extracted from digital images obtained by cameras that contain only the visible band. It may be an alternative for farmers who do not have access to RPA coupled with high-tech embedded sensors. Therefore, it is a tool that may contribute to the decision making, allowing the acquisition of high spatial and temporal resolution images.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la variabilidad espacial del pH para suelos de dos fincas en el estado de Paraná, Brasil, con base en dos métodos diferentes de muestreo utilizados en agricultura de precisión, mediante análisis geoestaddísticos. El primero método de muestreo del pH consistió en la colecta de muestras de suelo por ele método tradicional (1punto/ha). El segundo método de determinación del pH fue el sensor de suelo dinâmico (200 puntos / ha). El modelo esférico fue más adecuado para la mayoría de los semivariogramas, independientemente del método de muestreo. La mejor distribución espacial fue obtenida por la cualidad del muestreado del sensor de suelo dinâmico. El número de muestras del pH colectadas y el método de muestreo influyeron en la representación visual de la variabilidad del pH.

Abstract This study aimed to characterize the spatial variability of pH in soils of two farms in the state of Paraná, Brazil, based on two different sampling methods used in precision agriculture, by means of geostatistical analyzes. The first method of sampling the pH grid consisted in the collection of soil samples by the traditional method (1 point / ha). The second method of pH determination was by on-the-go soil sensor (200 points / ha). The spherical model was better suited to most semivariograms, regardless of the sampling method. After adjusting the semivariograms for soil pH determination methods, thematic maps were made using normal kriging. The best spatial distribution of pH was obtained where the attribute was sampled by the on-the-go sensor. The number of pH samples collected and the sampling method influenced the visual representation of pH variability.

RESUMO A entalpia é uma propriedade termodinâmica que pode ser usada na avaliação do ambiente térmico para frangos, pois considera as variáveis meteorológicas que mais influenciam no conforto térmico animal, a temperatura do bulbo seco e a umidade relativa do ar. Objetivou-se analisar e comparar a variabilidade espacial da entalpia em um aviário de frangos durante três períodos do dia (manhã, tarde e noite) por 14 dias de vida das aves, empregando técnicas geoestatísticas. O experimento foi realizado em um aviário comercial onde estavam alojados 28.000 pintinhos machos da linhagem Cobb localizado na mesorregião oeste de Minas Gerais. O sistema de aquecimento consistia em um forno industrial de metal com queima indireta de biomassa. O ar aquecido foi insuflado por motor CA, 2206 W de potência, 1725 RPM. Utilizou-se técnicas de geoestatística por meio de análises de semivariograma e confecção de mapas de isocores por meio de interpolação dos dados por krigagem. O semivariograma foi ajustado pelo método da Máxima Verossimilhança Restrita. O modelo matemático utilizado foi o esférico. Após o ajuste dos semivariogramas foi realizada a interpolação dos dados por krigagem ordinária. Os semivariogramas juntamente com os mapas de isocores permitiram identificar a não-uniformidade da distribuição espacial da entalpia ao longo do aviário durante três períodos dos 14 dias análisados. Observou-se que nos primeiros dois dias de vida durante os três períodos avaliados as aves ficaram a maior parte do tempo ao longo da maior parte do galpão sob condições de entalpia abixo do recomendado pela literatura. No 12º e 13º dias de vida durante os três períodos analisados, as aves ficaram submetidas as condições mais críticas de desconforto ao longo do dia, na maior parte do aviário. Observou-se também possíveis falhas no sistema de aquecimento, principalmente no período da noite, o que pode ser uma fonte de desconforto para as aves e consequentemente gerar perdas produtivas e econômicas.

ABSTRACT The enthalpy is a thermodynamic property that can be used to evaluate thermal environment for chickens, considering the meteorological variables that most influence the animal’s thermal comfort, the dry-bulb temperature and the relative humidity. The aim was to analyze and compare the spatial variability of enthalpy in a broiler aviary during three periods of the day (morning, afternoon and night) for 14 living days, using geostatistical techniques. The experiment was performed in a commercial broiler aviary located in the western mesoregion of Minas Gerais, Brazil, where 28,000 male Cobb chicks were housed. The heating system consisted of an industrial indirect-fired biomass furnace. The heated air was inflated by an AC motor, 2206 W of power, 1725 RPM. Geostatistical techniques were used through semivariogram analysis and isochore maps were generated through data interpolation by kriging. The semivariogram was fitted by the restricted maximum likelihood method. The used mathematical model was the spherical one. After fitting the semivariograms, the data were interpolated by ordinary kriging. The semivariograms along with the isochore maps allowed identifying the non-uniformity of spatial distribution of the enthalpy throughout the broiler aviary for three periods during 14 days. It was observed that in the first two days of life, during the three evaluated periods the poultry kept most of the time and in most of the poultry shed under conditions of enthalpy below the recommended level in the literature. In the12th and 13th days during the three analyzed periods were the most critical because they showed values below the comfort throughout the day, over the entire broiler aviary. Possible failures in the heating system were also observed, especially at night, which can be a discomfort source for poultry and hence generate productive and economic losses.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com esse trabalho caracterizar a estrutura e a magnitude da distribuição espacial de atributos da planta em lavoura cafeeira e realizar o mapeamento desses atributos de forma a visualizar a distribuição espacial, considerando a dependência espacial destes atributos, demostrando a importância deste mapeamento. Este trabalho foi conduzido na fazenda Brejão no município de Três Pontas, Minas Gerais, utilizando-se os seguintes atributos da planta: Produtividade, Índice de Maturação, Enfolhamento, Força de Desprendimento de Frutos Verde, Força de Desprendimento de Frutos Maduros, Diferença entre a Força de Desprendimento de Frutos Verde e Maduros, Altura de Planta e Diâmetro de Copa amostrados em uma malha amostral de 100 pontos georreferenciados (64 pontos da malha base e 36 pontos de zoom). A análise destes dados por meio das técnicas estatísticas e da geoestatística possibilitaram caracterizar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos da planta em estudo, permitindo o mapeamento destas variáveis. Foi possível observar a importância da cafeicultura de precisão no manejo de uma lavoura cafeeira tanto no gerenciamento da colheita quanto no acompanhamento do desenvolvimento da planta.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterise the structure and magnitude of the spatial distribution of plant attributes in a coffee plantation, and carry out the mapping of these attributes so as to visualise their spatial distribution, considering the spatial dependence of the attributes and demonstrating the importance of mapping. The study was conducted on the Brejão farm in the municipality of Três Pontas, in the State of Minas Gerais, using the following plant attributes: productivity, maturation index, leafiness, green-fruit detachment force, ripe-fruit detachment force, difference between the green-fruit and ripe-fruit detachment force, plant height and canopy diameter, sampled on a grid of 100 georeferenced points (64 points from the base grid and 36 zoom points). Analysis of the data by means of statistical and geostatistical techniques made it possible to characterise the spatial variability of the plant attributes under study, allowing mapping of the variables. It was possible to see the importance of precision agriculture in the management of a coffee plantation for both management of the harvest and monitoring plant development.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do estresse térmico em diferentes intensidades e durações sobre as respostas produtivas de frangos de corte de 3 a 21 dias de idade. Duzentos e dez pintinhos Cobb foram submetidos às temperaturas do bulbo seco (tbs) de 27, 30, 33 ou 36°C durante 0, 1, 2, 3 ou 4 dias, a partir do segundo dia de vida. O experimento foi conduzido em quatro túneis de vento climatizados idênticos. Dados de massa corporal (MC), consumo de ração (CR) e consumo de água (CAg), todos em gramas, foram coletados diariamente; e ganho de massa corporal (GMC), em gramas, e conversão alimentar (CA) também foram calculados. O efeito da duração não foi estatisticamente significativo. Modelos empíricos foram ajustados para estimar MC, CR e CAg em função da tbs e da idade das aves. O desempenho dos pintinhos aos 21 dias de idade foi analisado a partir dos valores de MC, CR, CAg, GMC e CA. Em geral, o desenvolvimento de pintinhos a 33 e 36°C foi melhor que o dos submetidos às menores tbs, de 30 e 27°C. A exposição de pintos de corte ao frio nos primeiros dias de vida pode causar efeito residual em suas respostas produtivas até 21 dias de idade.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of thermal challenge at different intensities and durations on the production responses of 3 to 21-day-old broiler chickens. Two hundred and ten Cobb chicks were subjected to dry-bulb temperatures (tdb) of 27, 30, 33, or 36°C for the duration of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 days from the second day of life onwards. The experiment was carried out in four identical environmentally-controlled wind tunnels. Data on body mass (BM), feed intake (FI), and water intake (WI), all in grams, were monitored daily; and body weight gain (BWG), in grams, and feed conversion (FC) were also calculated. The effect of duration was not statistically significant. Empirical models were adjusted to relate BM, FI, and WI with tdb and bird age. The performance of chicks at 21 days of age was analyzed using the BM, FI, WI, BWG, and FC values. Overall, the development of chicks at 33 and 36°C was better than that of those subjected to the lower tdb of 30 and 27°C. The exposure of chicks to cold thermal challenge in early life can have a carry-over negative effect on their production performance up to 21 days of age.