ABSTRACT Salmonellosis ranks among the most frequently reported zoonosis worldwide and is often associated with foodborne outbreaks. Since the 1950s, the distribution of Salmonella serotypes in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, has been documented and periodically reported. In this study, we updated the data on the distribution of Salmonella serotypes received in our reference laboratory, isolated from human infections and nonhuman sources, from 2004 to 2020. In that period, a total of 9,014 Salmonella isolates were analyzed, of which 3,553 (39.4%) were recovered from human samples, mainly of stool (65%) and blood (25.6%), and 5,461 (60.6%) were isolated from nonhuman origins, such as animals (47.2%), food (27.7%) and animal environments (18.6%). In human isolates, a total of 104 serotypes were identified and the most frequent ones were Enteritidis, Typhimurium, S . I. 4,[5],12:i:-, Dublin and Typhi. A consistent reduction of the Enteritidis proportion was observed over the years. Among the 156 serotypes identified in isolates with nonhuman origins, Enteritidis, Mbandaka, Typhimurium, Agona and Anatum were ranked as the top five Salmonella serotypes; in more recent years, S . Heidelberg has increased in frequency. Although with different proportions, the top 10 prevalent serotypes were identified in both human and nonhuman origins, underscoring the role of animals, food products and environment as reservoirs of Salmonella with potential to cause human salmonellosis.

RESUMO É possível ensinar Filosofia para estudantes Surdos? Quais são as condições mínimas necessárias para que o estudante Surdo aprenda os conteúdos filosóficos propostos nos programas do Ensino Médio? Eis as questões centrais deste artigo, que busca analisar as possibilidades de ensinar Filosofia na perspectiva do bilinguismo e verificar como ocorre a recepção dos conteúdos filosóficos por parte dos estudantes Surdos no Ensino Médio. Para isso, analisam-se tanto a legislação (Lei nº 10.436/2002, Decreto nº 5.626/2005 e Lei nº 13.146/2015) relacionada à inclusão, cultura e identidade surdas quanto seus desdobramentos no espaço escolar, especificamente no processo didático-pedagógico utilizado nas aulas por professores de Filosofia da educação básica no estado do Paraná. Entre outras conclusões, o estudo aponta a necessidade de oferta de formação específica para os professores, tanto em relação ao campo teórico e metodológico quanto à educação bilíngue dos estudantes Surdos em todo o processo de ensino e aprendizagem.

ABSTRACT Is it possible to teach Philosophy to Deaf students? What are the minimum requirements necessary for the Deaf student to learn the philosophical content proposed in high school programs? These are the central questions of this article. This is about analyzing the possibilities of teaching philosophy from the perspective of bilingualism and checking how the reception of philosophical content by Deaf students happens in high school. For this purpose, it’s analyzed the legislation (Law 10436/2002, Decree 5626/2005 and Law 13146/2015) related to deaf inclusion, culture and identity and their impact on the school space, specifically in the didactic-pedagogical process used in classes by Philosophy teachers of basic education in the State of Paraná. Among the conclusions, this study points to the need of providing specific training for teachers in relation to the theoretical and methodological field, as well as the bilingual education of Deaf students throughout the teaching and learning process.

RESUMO O ingresso progressivo de estudantes surdos ao ensino superior, na última década, demandou mudanças institucionais importantes quanto ao direito à educação bilíngue, ou seja, oportunizar acesso e produção de conhecimento em Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) e em Língua Portuguesa na modalidade escrita. Nesse sentido, este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o processo de educação bilíngue de estudantes surdos no ensino superior, apresentando ações desenvolvidas no âmbito da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), com destaque às contribuições trazidas ao processo de letramento acadêmico bilíngue nos cursos de graduação e pós-graduação. Entendemos que a centralidade, atribuída à figura do tradutor intérprete de Libras e ao atendimento educacional especializado na política nacional de educação inclusiva, não responde às necessidades dos estudantes surdos adultos trabalhadores que chegam ao ensino superior, com dificuldades na leitura e escrita do português e experiências pouco significativas em língua de sinais. Como resultados positivos, apontamos as contribuições ao letramento acadêmico bilíngue de estudantes surdos, o desenvolvimento de metodologia específica para elaboração de materiais bilíngues - em diferentes gêneros textuais - e a ampliação dos referenciais de atuação do tradutor-intérprete no processo de inclusão. O processo inclusivo se constitui na interação dialógica, entre pesquisadores e profissionais especializados, com centralidade ao protagonismo dos estudantes surdos, sujeitos da política educacional, no planejamento de ações e decisões que envolvem seu acesso e permanência na UFPR.

ABSTRACT The systematic enrollment of deaf students in higher education in the last decade demanded important institutional changes regarding the right to a bilingual education, that is, to provide access and production of knowledge in Brazilian sign language and in Portuguese in written form. In this sense, this article aims to discuss the process of bilingual education of deaf students in higher education, presenting actions developed within the Universidade Federal do Paraná (Federal University of Paraná, UFPR), highlighting the contributions brought to the process of bilingual academic literacy in undergraduate and post-graduate programs. We understand that the focus attributed to the figure of the interpreter of Brazilian sign language and the specialized educational service in the national policy of inclusive education does not respond to the needs of adult working deaf students who reach higher education with difficulties in reading and writing Portuguese and little significant experiences in sign language. As a positive result, we point out the contributions to the bilingual academic literacy of deaf students, the development of a specific methodology for the elaboration of bilingual material - in different textual genres - and the amplification of the translator's performance references in the inclusion process. The inclusive process consists in dialogue-based interaction between researchers and specialized professionals, with focus on the protagonism of deaf students, subjects of the educational policy, in the planning of actions and decisions that involve their access and permanence at UFPR.

RESUMO: Nas últimas décadas, o aumento de cepas circulante de Salmonella concomitantemente a resistência microbiana tem despertado a preocupação dos órgãos de Saúde Pública. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi pesquisar a presença de Salmonella a partir de fezes (n=50), linfonodos mediastinos (n=50), mesentéricos (n=50) e submandibular (n=50) oriundos de um abatedouro suíno. As cepas isoladas foram sorotipadas e testadas quanto a resistência antimicrobiana. A presença de Salmonella isolada foram em 10% (20/200) do total de amostras, sendo 20% dos linfonodos submandibulares, 18% dos linfonodos mesentéricos e 2% das fezes. Os sorotipos encontrados foram S. Typhimurium (55%), S. enterica subsp. enterica 4,5,12: i: - (35%), S. Brandenburg (5%) e S. Derby (5%). Todas a cepas apresentaram resistência a pelo menos um antimicrobiano testado, sendo 90% resistente pelo menos quatro antimicrobianos. Destes, 15% foram classificadas como multidrogas resistentes. Os antimicrobianos mais resistentes entre os sorovares isolados foram a ciprofloxacina, tetraciclina e o ácido nalidixico. A presença de cepas de Salmonella resistente a antimicrobianos na espécie suína tem gerado um grande impacto epidemiológico entre homem e animal, reforçando cada vez mais a necessidade do uso adequado de drogas principalmente relacionado com o tema “One Health”.

ABSTRACT: Salmonellosis is a foodborne disease caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella, being pigs and pork-products potentially important for its occurrence. In recent decades, some serovars of Salmonella have shown increase of resistance to conventional antimicrobials used in human and animal therapy, with serious risks for public health. The aim of this study was to evaluate feces (n=50), mediastinal (n=50), mesenteric (n=50) and mandibular (n=50) lymph nodes obtained from slaughter houses for Salmonella spp. Positive samples were serotyped and subjected to an in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test, including the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Salmonella species were identified in 10% (20/200) of total samples. From these, 20% (10/50) were identified in the submandibular lymph nodes, 18% (9/50) in the mesenteric lymph nodes, 2% (1/50) in feces and 0% (0/50) in the mediastinal lymph nodes. The serotypes found were Salonella Typhimurium (55%), S. enterica subsp. enterica 4,5,12: i: - (35%), S. Brandenburg and S. Derby with 5% (5% each). All strains showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial; 90% were resistant to four or more antimicrobials, and 15% were multidrug-resistant. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid was particularly prevalent amongst the tested serovars. Here, we highlighted the impact of pigs in the epidemiological chain of salmonellosis in domestic animals and humans, as well as the high antimicrobial resistance rates of Salmonella strains, reinforcing the necessity for responsible use of antimicrobials for animals as an emergent One Health issue, and to keep these drugs for human therapy approaches.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to report the occurrence of the first outbreak of food poisoning caused by SalmonellaAlachua in Brazil, as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility and the genetic relatedness of SalmonellaAlachua strains isolated from clinical and food samples.Material and methods: To elucidate the outbreak, an epidemiological investigation was carried out, and two samples of common food were tested - mayonnaise salad and galinhada(a traditional Brazilian dish of chicken and rice) - according to the Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods. Five stool samples were tested employing classic methods for the isolation and identification of enterobacteria. Strains of Salmonella were characterized for antibiotic susceptibility according to the Clinical and Laboratory Stan- dards Institute guidelines (2013), and submitted to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis, performed according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention PulseNet protocol.Results: A total of 94 people were interviewed after ingesting the food, 66 of whom had become ill. A 60-year old female patient who was hospitalized in a serious condition, developed septic shock and died two days after consuming the food. The presence of SalmonellaAlachua was confirmed in all the analyzed stool samples, and in the two types of food. The five strains showed higher than minimum inhibitory concentration values of nalidixic acid (≥256 µg/mL) and reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration = 0.5 µg/mL). The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed indistinguishable patterns in SalmonellaAlachua strains isolated from clinical and food samples.Conclusion: The data presented herein confirm the foodborne disease outbreak. They also allowed for the identification of the source of infection, and suggest that products from poultry are potential reservoirs for this serotype, reinforcing the importance of warning consumers about the danger of possible contamination.

Este artigo propõe-se a apresentar um panorama das políticas educacionais para surdos, desde a década de 1990, demarcando as inúmeras disputas ideológicas que influenciaram diretamente os campos da política linguística e das políticas de educação inclusiva para esse grupo de estudantes. Assumimos como elemento determinante de análise a gestão pública das línguas adotadas na educação de surdos para avaliar a efetividade das políticas de educação inclusiva, considerando que a complexa situação de bilinguismo dos surdos está diluída ao, não menos complexo, processo de inclusão de pessoas com deficiência na escola comum. Assim, demonstramos que há um desvio de foco (derivado de um desvio na concepção de sujeito surdo) no conjunto de textos oficiais que constituem as diretrizes filosóficas e legais para a educação desses estudantes, cujo impacto central é não assegurar o direito à língua de sinais brasileira (Libras) como língua materna na infância, conforme reivindicam os movimentos surdos e está assegurado na letra da lei. Aponta-se a política linguística como uma variável determinante no debate da conjuntura nacional da educação de surdos brasileiros, ainda que nem sempre a ela seja dada centralidade pelo poder público, na atualidade. Ao analisar a política linguística refletida no percurso histórico da educação de surdos, realizamos uma análise crítica sobre os avanços e dificuldades no processo de escolarização (dito) bilíngue de surdos no contexto da educação (dita) inclusiva.

This article has been developed to illustrate the scope of the Brazilian educational policies for the deaf since the 1990's, highlighting the ideological disputes that have had a direct impact on the fields of linguistic and inclusive education policies concerning the group mentioned above. The public management of the languages adopted for the education of the deaf was used as our key element of analysis to assess the effectiveness of those policies. The complex situation of bilingual education for that group is also taken into consideration. It is diluted in the process of including disabled people in regular schools, which is not less complex. Therefore, we show that there is a diversion (rooting from a misconception of the deaf subject) in the official texts that constitute the legal and philosophical guidelines for the education of these students. As a result of that, the access to the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) as a first language to that population, a mother tongue since childhood, as requested by the deaf community and ensured by law, is not safeguarded. We point out the importance of a linguistic policy as a crucial element on the current situation of the national policy for the education of the deaf debate, whether or not it resonates with the present government point of view. By analyzing historically the linguistic policy for deaf education, we are also able to make a critical review of the advances and difficulties of the so-called bilingual education for the deaf in our so-called inclusive education context.

Fifty-three Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- and 45 Salmonella Typhimurium strains were characterised using phage typing, plasmid profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for comparison. The majority of the strains were subdivided into definitive type (DT) 41 (22.6%) and DT 193 (18%) and the 60-MDa plasmid was detected in 94.3% and 84.4% of strains, respectively. Genetic diversity was observed among all strains and 90% presented a > 70% similarity through PFGE analysis. These results suggest a close relationship between Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- and Salmonella Typhimurium at the serotype level.

A salmonelose permanece uma importante causa de doença diarréica em humanos no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Nesse estudo foram identificados 3554 isolados de Salmonella de infecções humanas, durante o período 1996-2003. Entre os 68 diferentes sorovares determinados, S. Enteritidis foi predominante em infecções gastrointestinais e extra-intestinais, responsável por 67.4% de todos os isolados. S. Typhimurium e S. enterica subsp. enterica (4,5,12:i:-) foram mais freqüentemente isolados de crianças com idade de < 1 a 4 anos, em contraste, infecções por S. Enteritidis foram predominantes em pessoas entre 20 e 50 anos. A contínua vigilância laboratorial das salmoneloses, incluindo a sorotipagem, tem evidenciado os sorovares de Salmonella causando infecções humanas em nossa área geográfica ao longo do tempo.

Salmonellosis remains an important cause of diarrheal illness in humans in São Paulo State, Brazil. In this study were identified 3554 Salmonella isolates from human infections, during the period 1996-2003. Among 68 different serovars determined, S. Enteritidis was the most frequent one in gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal infections accounting for 67.4% of all isolates. S. Typhimurium and S. enterica subsp. enterica (4,5,12:i:-) were most frequently isolated from children aged < 1-4 year-old, in contrast, people with S. Enteritidis infections were most likely to be 20-50 year-old. In our geographic area the continued laboratorial surveillance of salmonellosis, including serotyping, has showed the trends in Salmonella serovars causing infections in humans throughout the time.

A total of 283 Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from cases of human infections and non human sources, were examined for antimicrobial susceptibilityand the incidence of resistance was 38% and multiple resistance (to three or more antimicrobials) was 15%. All 43 multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) and 13 susceptible ones were characterized by phage typing and pulsed- field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The strains encompassed 14 definitive phage types (DT), three were untypable (UT), and 18 atypicals or reaction does not conform (RDNC), which belonged to 21 PFGE patterns, A1-A21. The predominant phage types were DT49, DT193, and RDNC and two strains belonging to DT 104 and 104b were also identified. The most commum PFGE patterns were A1 and A8. Analysis by PFGE and phage typing demonstrated that the most of the MDR were multiclonal and association among multiresistance, phage typing, and PFGE patterns was not so significant.

INTRODUÇÃO: Na identificação de cepas de Salmonella, os métodos de sorotipagem e ribotipagem na detecção de marcadores epidemiológicos são os mais utilizados nos laboratórios de referência mundiais. Esses métodos moleculares são imprescindíveis na vigilância epidemiológica e permitem a detecção da fonte da infecção. OBJETIVOS: O presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar as cepas de Salmonella Enteritidis pela ribotipagem. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Trinta e oito cepas de S. Enteritidis foram isoladas de pacientes atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, entre os anos de 1996 e 1998. As cepas foram isoladas de fezes (31 amostras), sangue (quatro amostras) e outros fluidos (três amostras). As cepas de Salmonella foram isoladas utilizando-se métodos bacteriológicos de rotina, sorotipadas e ribotipadas. RESULTADOS: As 38 cepas de S. Enteritidis apresentaram na ribotipagem a separação das cepas em dois ribotipos: A (94,7% das amostras) e B (5,3% das amostras). DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: Esses dados sugerem que grande parte dos pacientes (94,7%) foi infectada pela mesma cepa. Essa cepa pode ser endêmica na comunidade de Ribeirão Preto ou os pacientes foram expostos a uma fonte comum de infecção.

BACKGROUND: The approach generally employed in leading laboratories worldwide to identify strains of Salmonella is to detect epidemiological markers by serotyping and molecular techniques. These molecular methods are important in sanitary surveillance and lead to the source of infection. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to characterize Salmonella Enteritidis strains by ribotyping. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-eight strains of S. Enteritidis were isolated from in patients at the university hospital of Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, between 1996 and 1998. These strains were isolated from stools (31 samples), blood (4 samples) and other body fluids (3 samples), using routine bacteriological methods, and were serotyped and ribotyped. RESULTS: The 38 strains of serotype S. Enteritidis were shown by the ribotyping to belong to two ribotypes: A (94.7% of the samples) and B (5.3%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the majority of patients (94.7%) were infected by the same strain. This strain could be endemic in the Ribeirão Preto community, or these patients may have been exposed to a common source of infection.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o perfil de resistência à antimicrobianos, de Salmonella isoladas de 21 amostras provenientes de pacientes com sintomatologia de gastroenterite. Verificou-se que S. enteritidis foi o sorotipo com maior prevalência. Estas cepas mostraram-se sensíveis à maioria dos antimicrobianos testados, no entanto, as cepas S. typhimurium e S. enterica subsp. enterica sorotipo 4,5,12:i:-, mostraram-se resistentes à vários antimicrobianos. Vigilância e um monitoramento eficiente, para diminuir a resistência antimicrobiana em microrganismos que causam infecções veiculadas por alimentos, devem ser prioridade para a saúde pública.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the profile of antimicrobial resistance among 21 strains of Salmonella isolated from patients with gastroenteritis symptom. It was observed that S. enteritidis was the serotype prevalent. These strains were sensitive to the majority of the antimicrobials tested, however, high resistance was observed in S. typhimurium and S. enterica subsp. enterica serotype 4,5,12:i:-. Surveillance and an efficient monitoring should be priority for the public health for the containment of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne infections.

Salmonella spp. é o agente etiológico da salmonelose, zoonose mundialmente distribuída e responsável por surtos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos e doenças clínicas. Sorologicamente, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sorotipo 1,4,[5],12:i:- correspondeu a 8,8% e 1,6% das cepas de Salmonella de origem humana e não-humana, respectivamente, isoladas no Estado de São Paulo, no decênio 1991-2000. Aproximadamente 28,6% destas cepas amplificaram o fragmento correspondente a H:1,2 (fase flagelar dois) em testes de PCR e foram, então, identificadas como S. Typhimurium. Das 369 cepas negativas em PCR, 36,3% apresentou resistência antimicrobiana, incluindo multirresistência a ampicilina, cloranfenicol, sulfonamidas, tetraciclina e estreptomicina.

Salmonella spp. are the etiologic agents of salmonellosis, a worldwide spread zoonoses causing foodborne outbreaks and clinical diseases. By serological identification, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- accounted for 8.8% of human and 1.6% of nonhuman Salmonella strains isolated in São Paulo State, during 1991-2000. A total of 28.6% of them amplified a fragment corresponding to H:1,2 (flagellar phase two) through PCR analysis and were further assigned as S. Typhimurium. Antimicrobial resistance was detected in 36.3% of the 369 PCR-negative strains tested, including the multiresistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and streptomycin.