ABSTRACT Biochar can promote crop production and soil quality. However, its characteristics depend on the waste used in its production and its effects may vary according to the species being cultivated and the management adopted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of biochar from animal waste on soil quality and the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea. An experiment was set up to test three types of biochar (bovine-BB, swine-SB and poultry-BP), with added fertiliser (BBF, SBF and BPF) and two control treatments, including the addition of calcium magnesium oxide (CT) and calcium magnesium oxide with fertiliser (CTF), giving a total of eight treatments with four replications. There was a respective increase of up to 102.94%, 1048%, 1560% and 360.22% in stem diameter, number of pods, number of grains per pod and stem dry matter from adding the biochar. The poultry biochar increased each of the above parameters even with no added fertiliser. There was no difference in basal soil respiration or β-glucosidase enzyme activity, whereas organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial carbon and soil labile carbon were greater with biochar. BBF gave the highest TOC content (24.40 g kg-1), while BP and BPF increased TN by around 61%. The application of biochar + fertiliser contributed to an average reduction of 56% in the soil metabolic quotient. Poultry biochar favoured both the agronomic characteristics of the cowpea and soil quality, while bovine biochar showed more marked results with the addition of fertiliser. However adopted bovineBB, bovineBB BB, BB (bovine-BB swineSB swine SB poultryBP, poultryBP , poultry-BP) BBF, (BBF CT (CT CTF, CTF (CTF) replications 10294 102 94 102.94% 1048 1048% 1560 36022 360 22 360.22 diameter pods βglucosidase β glucosidase activity TOC, (TOC) TN, (TN) 24.40 2440 24 40 (24.4 kg1, kg1 kg 1 kg-1) 61 61% 56 quotient poultry-BP (CTF 1029 10 9 102.94 104 156 3602 36 2 360.2 (TOC (TN 24.4 244 4 (24. kg-1 6 5 102.9 15 3 360. 24. (24 kg- 102. (2 (

ABSTRACT The use of biochar in agriculture remains controversial due to the amounts applied and the small size of the particles which can cause respiratory problems when inhaled. With the aim of evaluating the effects of cattle manure biochar (CMB) on the chemical attributes of the soil and on plant growth and nutrition, a greenhouse experiment was conducted, with Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’ grown in pots over five crop cycles, in weathered soil (Oxisol). CMB pellets, both enriched and not enriched with potassium phosphate (PK), were produced using cassava starch as the binder, in a ratio of 2:2:1 (biochar: PK fertiliser: binder) and 4:1 (biochar: binder), respectively. The CMB was produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 450 °C. The experimental design was completely randomised in a 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme, with five replications. The treatments were non-pelletised and pelletised CMB, with and without liming, and with and without PK, and an additional treatment with no fertiliser. The CMB improved the chemical properties of the soil, correcting acidity, increasing nutrient availability and improving the production of Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’. The use of CMB enriched with phosphorus and potassium behaved as a slow-release organomineral fertiliser in Urochloa brizantha ‘BRS Paiaguás’. inhaled (CMB nutrition conducted BRS Paiaguás cycles Oxisol. Oxisol . (Oxisol) pellets , (PK) binder 221 2:2: (biochar 41 4 4: respectively 45 C °C scheme replications nonpelletised non liming acidity Paiaguás. slowrelease slow release (Oxisol (PK 22 2:2 2:

ABSTRACT There are few long-term field studies on the effects of biochar on soil microbial abundance and diversity. This study aimed to evaluate doses of biochar in combination with mineral fertilizer on the activity and diversity of microorganisms in the soil of a sugarcane field. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, factorial 5 × 2, with four replications: five doses of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden × Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake) wood biochar (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 Mg ha−1), with and without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) mineral fertilizer. Soil samples were collected from the sugarcane planting line and fertilized with biochar for two consecutive years. Regardless of the NPK fertilizer, over the two years of evaluation, the height growth of sugarcane plants and total organic carbon (TOC) increased linearly with biochar doses. For microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), soil basal respiration (SBR), metabolic quotient (qCO2), microbial quotient (qMIC), and Shannon diversity index (H), the highest values were obtained where fertility correction (WFC) treatments were applied, regardless of the year of evaluation, in biochar doses between 20 and 30 Mg ha−1. On the other hand, the highest CO2 efflux values were obtained with zero doses of biochar, regardless of the NPK fertilizer applied, over the two years of evaluation. Therefore, the incorporation of biochar and NPK fertilizer into the soil contributes to increasing the soil's biological activity indicators and, consequently, the growth of sugarcane plants. It is essential to highlight the need for continuous assessments as the characteristics of biochar change over time. longterm long term design 2 replications ST S T S.T Blake 0, 0 (0 10 4 ha−1, ha1 ha ha−1 , 1 ha−1) nitrogen phosphorus (NPK evaluation TOC (TOC Cmic, Cmic (Cmic) SBR, SBR (SBR) qCO2, qCO2 qCO (qCO2) qMIC, qMIC (qMIC) H, H (H) WFC (WFC applied 3 hand CO Therefore soils s consequently time ( ha− (Cmic (SBR (qCO2 (qMIC (H (qCO

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of filter cake biochar on the chemical and microbiological attributes of a dystrophic red-yellow latosol cultivated with macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata), araçá (Psidium firmum) and cajuzinho do cerrado (Anacardium humile), species native to the Cerrado. Thus, the responses of soil attributes were evaluated 120 days after transplanting the seedlings using four doses of biochar (1%, 2%, 4% and 8% v/v) and two control treatments (one with soil correction and fertilization and the other with no fertilization). The attributes evaluated were pH, contents of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, CTC, total and microbial organic carbon and nitrogen, and C:N ratio. For the soils cultivated with the three Cerrado species, the 1% dose of biochar and mineral fertilization were the treatments that best conditioned the soil during the cultivation period and promoted a better response of the chemical and microbiological attributes of the soil. redyellow red yellow Acrocomia aculeata, aculeata , aculeata) Psidium firmum Anacardium humile, humile humile) Thus 12 1%, 1 (1% 2 2% 4 8 v/v vv v one fertilization. . fertilization) pH calcium magnesium phosphorus potassium CTC nitrogen CN C N ratio (1 (

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de metais pesados no solo e na planta de mamoneira em resposta à adubação com lodo de esgoto (LE) submetido a diferentes processos de estabilização. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Cambissolo Háplico com os tratamentos: testemunha, adubação com LE solarizado, LE compostado, LE vermicompostado, LE caleado e adubação mineral. O delineamento experimental foi em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as adubações o fator primário e as camadas do solo ou as partes da folha o fator secundário. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. No solo, as adubações com LE solarizado, compostado e caleado promoveram os maiores incrementos dos teores de Zn, principalmente na camada superficial. No tecido foliar, os teores de Zn e Cu foram mais elevados na testemunha e no LE solarizado, enquanto o Ni foi mais elevado nos LE solarizado, compostado, vermicompostado e na adubação mineral. De modo geral, os maiores teores de Zn e Cu ocorreram no limbo foliar em comparação ao pecíolo, enquanto os teores de Ni, Pb e Cr foram mais elevados no pecíolo do que no limbo foliar. Contudo, não foram constatados sintomas de toxidez nas plantas e nenhum risco de contaminação do solo com os diferentes tipos de adubações realizadas. RESUMO (LE estabilização tratamentos solarizado mineral subdivididas secundário ScottKnott Scott Knott 5 probabilidade superficial geral Contudo realizadas

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the levels of heavy metals in the soil and castor bean plant after fertilization with sewage sludge (SS) subjected to different stabilization processes. The study was conducted in a Haplic Cambisol with the following treatments: control (CO), fertilization with solarized sewage sludge (SSS), composted sewage sludge (CSS), vermi composted sewage sludge (VSS), limed sewage sludge (LSS), and mineral fertilizer (MF). The experimental design included a subdivided plot scheme with fertilization being the primary factor and soil layers or leaf parts being the secondary factor. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance and the Scott-Knott test with 5% significance. Fertilization with SSS, CSS, and LSS led to the highest increase in Zn in the soil, mainly in the surface layer. In the leaf tissues, Zn and Cu levels were higher with the CO and SSS treatments, whereas the Ni level was higher with SSS, CSS, VSS, and MF treatments. In general, Zn and Cu levels were higher in the leaf limb than in the petiole, whereas Ni, Pb, and Cr levels were higher in the petiole than in the leaf limb. In any case, no symptoms of toxicity in the plants and no risk of soil contamination were observed with any of the fertilization treatments. ABSTRACT SS (SS processes treatments CO, , (CO) (SSS) CSS (CSS) VSS (VSS) LSS, (LSS) MF. . (MF) ScottKnott Scott Knott 5 significance layer tissues general Pb case (CO (SSS (CSS (VSS (LSS (MF

ABSTRACT Agrosilvopastoral systems have been used as sustainable production models that can promote soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. However, there are no simulation studies with the Century model to estimate the SOC accumulation capacity in the long term, analyzing the effects of management and climate change in integrated crop-livestock-forest (ICLF) systems. This study aimed to simulate soil C dynamics in two chronosequences of land-use composed of native vegetation (NV), degraded pasture (DPA) and ICLF system in the Cerrado of Minas Gerais, in addition to designing future scenarios to verify the potential of SOC accumulation through climate change. The results showed that the Century model reliably simulated the SOC stocks in the two chronosequences evaluated. The model predicted an increase in SOC stocks at two sites by converting the DPA system (46.04 and 42.38 Mg ha-1) into ICLF systems (54.94 and 51.71 Mg ha-1). The Century also predicted that a 20 mm decrease in rainfall and a 2 °C increase in temperature in the tropical regions studied could reduce the SOC stocks more expressively in degraded pastures, while agroforestry systems could show a smaller reduction in SOC stocks. In addition, the results showed that replacing degraded pastures into agrosilvopastoral systems, especially in clayey soils, contributes to increasing SOC stocks. Thus, agroforestry systems are potentially viable to maintain the sustainability of agriculture in the face of climate change. (SOC storage However term croplivestockforest crop livestock forest (ICLF landuse land use NV, NV , (NV) (DPA Gerais evaluated 46.04 4604 46 04 (46.0 4238 42 38 42.3 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 54.94 5494 54 94 (54.9 5171 51 71 51.7 ha1. . soils Thus (NV 46.0 460 4 0 (46. 423 3 42. ha- 54.9 549 5 9 (54. 517 7 51. 46. (46 54. (54 (4 (5 (

ABSTRACT. Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced during organic waste pyrolysis. In this context, two experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of biochar produced from rice husks and cattle manure on soil fertility and common bean production, as well as to identify the optimal dose of cattle manure biochar to be applied. The first experiment (Experiment I) was conducted according to a completely randomized design (factorial scheme 2 × 2 × 2 + 1) with six replicates: two types of biochar (cattle manure biochar and rice husk biochar), with and without acidity correction [addition of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate (PA) in a proportion of 4:1 (Ca:Mg) to raise the soil base saturation to 60%], with or without the addition of 120 mg dm-3 of phosphorus (P) as ammonium phosphate, and a control treatment (without biochar, acidity correction, and P). Based on the results of Experiment I, a second experiment was conducted according to a completely randomized design, with five treatments (doses of biochar from cattle manure) and four replications. Rice husk biochar, as a conditioner of soil chemical properties, had less prominent effects than cattle manure biochar. Cattle manure biochar functioned as a corrective for soil acidity and a source of nutrients (mainly phosphorus). The dose corresponding to 5.46% of the soil volume led to the maximum grain production by common bean plants. ABSTRACT carbonrich carbon rich pyrolysis context applied I factorial 1 replicates , biochar) PA (PA 41 4 4: CaMg Ca Mg (Ca:Mg 60%, 60 60% 60%] 12 dm3 dm 3 dm- P (P phosphate P. . P) doses replications properties mainly phosphorus. phosphorus) 546 5 46 5.46 plants 6 54 5.4 5.

RESUMO O cultivo de gramíneas em lodo de esgoto com aeração melhora a qualidade desse fertilizante, uma vez que o crescimento das raízes, a liberação de exsudatos e a oxigenação favorecem a mineralização dos nutrientes e a humificação da matéria orgânica. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a decomposição de lodo de esgoto utilizando-se cultivo com gramínea e aeração para uso como adubo orgânico. O experimento foi realizado no delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, num esquema fatorial 2 x 5, correspondendo à presença ou não de cultivo com Pennisetum purpureum em lodo de esgoto, combinado com cinco períodos de aeração: 0, 14, 28, 42 e 60 dias, com vazão de ar de 1.059 dm3.h−1.kg−1 de sólidos voláteis. As análises mostraram que a injeção de ar no lodo de esgoto não influenciou a decomposição da matéria orgânica e a realização de cultivo da gramínea em lodo de esgoto aumentou os teores de N, Ca, S, Na e resíduos minerais solúveis, bem como a condutividade elétrica, indicando sua mineralização. Em contrapartida, o cultivo diminuiu os teores totais de Fe e Pb, propiciando redução no risco de toxidez desses elementos. Para aplicação em solos agrícolas e áreas degradadas, o lodo de esgoto enquadra-se como da classe 2, atendendo completamente à norma vigente. Pelos baixos valores de C orgânico do lodo utilizado, a biomassa vegetal produzida pode ser incorporada ao lodo de esgoto para adequação e registro como fertilizante orgânico.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of grasses in sewage sludge (SS) with aeration improves the quality of this fertilizer, since the growth of the roots, the release of exudates and oxygenation, favor the mineralization of nutrients and the humification of organic matter. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the decomposition of SS using grass cultivation and aeration for use as organic fertilizer. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with four replications, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to the presence or absence of culture with Pennisetum purpureum in SS, combined with five periods of aeration: 0, 14, 28, 42, and 60 days, with an air flow of 1,059 dm3.h−1.kg−1 of volatile solids. The analyses showed that the air injection in the SS did not influence the decomposition of organic matter and the cultivation of the grass in SS increased the levels of N, Ca, S, Na and soluble mineral residues, as well as the electrical conductivity, indicating its mineralization. On the other hand, cultivation decreased the total levels of Fe and Pb, providing a reduction in the risk of toxicity of these elements. For application in agricultural soils and degraded areas, the sewage sludge is classified as Class 2, completely complying with the current regulation. Due to the low organic C values of the sludge used, the vegetable biomass produced can be incorporated into it for suitability and registration as organic fertilizer.

RESUMO: Nos últimos anos, tem aumentado o interesse crescente pelo uso de resíduos orgânicos na agricultura. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o biochar e a casca do pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess) nas propriedades químicas do solo e na produção e nutrição de plantas de feijoeiro. O experimento foi realizado em vasos com solo (4 dm3 ~ 5,44 kg), em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 + 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram quatro doses de biochar (0,0, 2,5, 5,0, 7,5 e 10,0 % v/v), três tamanhos de partículas diferentes (G1, <0,5 mm; G2, 0,5-1,0 mm e G3, 1,0-2,0 mm) e dois tratamentos controle, um sem e outro com adição de corretivo da acidez do solo. O biochar de casca do pequi atuou como corretivo da acidez do solo e como fonte de potássio para as plantas. Entretanto, em doses mais elevadas de biochar, houve uma diminuição na produção das plantas de feijão devido aos desequilíbrios nutricionais.

ABSTRACT: In recent years there has been a growing interest in the use of organic waste in agriculture. In this way, was aimed with this study to evaluate the biochar from pequi shell (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess) on the soil chemical properties and on the production and nutrition of common bean plants. The experiment was carried out in pots with soil (4 dm3 ~ 5,44 kg), in a completely randomized experimental design, 4 x 3 + 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments were four doses of biochar (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 % v/v), three different particle size (G1, <0.5 mm; G2, 0.5-1,0 mm and G3, 1.0-2.0 mm) and two control treatments, one without and another with addition of soil corrective acidity. The biochar from pequi shell acted as a corrective of soil acidity and as a source of potassium for the plants. However, in higher doses of biochar there was a decrease in bean plants production due to nutritional imbalances.

RESUMO O crescimento e a produtividade no grão-de-bico estão relacionados ao fornecimento equilibrado de N. Em solos intemperizados, esse fator é dependente da atividade biológica de bactérias promotoras de crescimento, da presença de bactérias diazotróficas e do manejo da adubação nitrogenada. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência da inoculação com mix de Bacillus spp. e doses de N no cultivo de grão-de-bico. Foram realizados dois experimentos: área 01, caracterizada por menor tempo antecessor de cultivo e área 02, com maior tempo de cultivo. Para ambos os estudos, utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, no esquema fatorial 2 x 6, consistindo de ausência ou presença de mix de Bacillus spp. (concentração de 1 x 107 UFC por mL) de isolados radiculares, e seis doses de N: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125 kg ha-1. Foram avaliadas as características de produção e produtividade do grão-de-bico. Na área 01 a inoculação com o mix de Bacillus spp. não interferiu no rendimento de grãos e a aplicação de menor dose de N (25 kg ha-1) aumentou a massa seca de ramos, grãos, total e a produtividade (4,17 t ha-1). Na área 02 a adubação nitrogenada aumentou o índice de clorofila, mas não interferiu nas demais características de produção, e a inoculação com Bacillus spp. aumentou a produtividade do grão-de-bico em 4%, propiciando a colheita de 4,16 t ha-1 de grãos. A inoculação de sementes de grão-de-bico com mix de Bacillus spp. é indicada em solos com maior tempo de cultivo com espécies agrícolas.

ABSTRACT Chickpea growth and yield are related to the balanced supply of N. In weathered soils, this factor depends on the biological activity of growth-promoting bacteria, the presence of diazotrophic bacteria, and the management of nitrogen fertilization. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of inoculation with a mix of Bacillus spp. and N levels on chickpea cultivation. Two experiments were carried out: area 01, characterized by shortest cultivation time and area 02, with the longest cultivation time. For both studies, the experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications arranged in a 2 x 6 factorial consisting of the absence or presence of the mix of Bacillus spp. (1 x 107 CFU per mL) from root isolates and six N levels: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg ha-1. The chickpea production and yield characteristics were evaluated. In the area 01, inoculation with the mix of Bacillus spp. did not interfere with grain yield, whereas the application of lower N levels (25 kg ha-1) increased the dry mass of branches, grains, total dry mass, and yield (4.17 t ha-1). In contrast, in the area 02, nitrogen fertilization increased the chlorophyll index but did not interfere with the remaining production variables, whereas inoculation with Bacillus spp. increased chickpea yield by 4%, resulting in a grain harvest of 4.16 t ha-1. Therefore, inoculation of chickpea seeds with the mix of Bacillus spp. is recommended in soils with long-time cultivation of agricultural species.

RESUMO O feijão-caupi é um cereal rico em proteínas que apresenta elevado potencial produtivo quando cultivado com irrigação e adubação orgânica, sendo possível substituir parte dos fertilizantes minerais pelo lodo de esgoto, com redução de custos e vantagens ambientais. Para avaliar essa substituição, desenvolveu-se um estudo da adubação residual com lodo de esgoto em feijoeiros cultivados no campo, no delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, correspondendo a dois tipos de adubação (efeito residual do lodo de esgoto ou fertilizantes minerais), e cinco cultivares de feijão-caupi (BRS Pajeú, BRS Xiquexique, BRS Marataoã, BRS Pujante e BRS Cauamé). A adubação residual foi caracterizada pela aplicação de lodo e fertilizantes minerais NPK no cultivo antecessor (abacaxizeiro) ao feijão-caupi. As parcelas foram cultivadas com 80.000 plantas ha-1 de feijão-caupi, sendo irrigadas com microaspersão. Foram caracterizados os componentes vegetativos, componentes de produção e a produtividade dos feijoeiros, além da qualidade microbiológica. A cultivar BRS Pujante apresentou maiores médias para os componentes vegetativos e reprodutivos implicando em maior produtividade de grãos, com 4.124 kg ha-1. O solo adubado com lodo de esgoto propiciou maior crescimento radicular e produtividade de feijão-caupi (3.854 kg ha-1), 19% superior àqueles que receberam somente adubação mineral residual. Esses resultados foram atribuídos ao maior teor de matéria orgânica no solo adubado com lodo, propiciando ambiente favorável para a mineralização de nutrientes e maior produção de grãos. Os grãos verdes e secos de feijão-caupi produzidos após a adubação com lodo de esgoto apresentam qualidade microbiológica semelhante àqueles obtidos no cultivo com adubação mineral.

ABSTRACT Cowpea plants produce protein-rich grains and present high yield potential when grown under irrigation and organic fertilization, enabling to substitute part of the mineral fertilizer with sewage sludge, reducing costs and generating environmental benefits. Thus, a field study about residual effect of sewage sludge fertilization on cowpea was developed to evaluate this substitution. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with four replications, in a 2×5 factorial arrangement consisted of two fertilization types (residual effect of sewage sludge fertilization, and mineral fertilizers) and five cowpea cultivars (BRS-Pajeu, BRS-Xiquexique, BRS-Marataoa, BRS-Pujante, and BRS-Cauame). The residual fertilizations were from applications of sewage sludge and NPK mineral fertilizers for pineapple crops grown in the area before the cowpea crop. The experiment was conducted using 80,000 plants ha-1 and micro-sprinkler irrigation. Vegetative and yield components, grain yield, and microbiological quality were analyzed. BRS-Pujante had the highest cowpea grain yield (4,124 kg ha-1) and the highest means for vegetative and yield components. The soil with residual sewage sludge fertilization improved the cowpea root growth and grain yield (3,854 kg ha-1); the latter was 19% higher than that of treatments with mineral fertilization. These results were related to the great soil organic matter content provided by the sludge fertilization, which promotes nutrient mineralization, increasing grain yield. Fresh and dry grains of cowpea plants grown under residual effect of sewage sludge fertilization have similar microbiological quality to those of plants grown under mineral fertilization.

RESUMO Os solos do Cerrado Brasileiro são geralmente ácidos e com baixa disponibilidade de nutrientes, portanto, o uso de insumos alternativos para melhorar fertilidade deve ser investigado. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o potencial dos biochars de casca de arroz (BHR) e de esterco bovino (BCM) no aumento da disponibilidade de fósforo e seus efeitos nas propriedades químicas do solo e nas plantas de feijoeiro. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x2+3, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram quatro doses de biochar (1, 2, 3 e 4% m / v), dois biochars (BRH e BCM) e três tratamentos adicionais (C1, sem calagem e sem fertilização; C2, adição de carbonato de Ca e Mg e Fertilizantes NPK e; C3, adição de silicato de Ca e Mg e fertilizantes NK). Nas maiores doses de BRH houve aumento de 2,7, 5,3 e 2,5 vezes no teor de P extraído por Mehlich 1 e quantificado por colorimentria, por Mehlich 1 e quantificado por espectroscopia e por resina de troca iônica e quantificado por espectroscopia, respectivamente. Para as doses mais altas de BCM, os aumentos no conteúdo de P foram 51,3, 289,2 e 88,4 vezes maiores que em C1, respectivamente, de acordo com os métodos descritos para o BRH. Os biochars aumentaram o pH do solo, a CEC, os teores nutrientes e o crescimento do feijoeiro em relação ao C1, especialmente o BCM. No entanto, a produção de matéria seca foi significativamente menor do que a no C2.

ABSTRACT The soils of the Brazilian Savanna are generally acidic and have low availability of nutrients, so the use of alternative inputs to improve their fertility should be investigated. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of biochars from rice husk (BHR) and from bovine manure (BCM) in increasing phosphorus availability and their effects on soil chemical properties and in common beans plants. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 4x2+3 factorial scheme with four replicates. The treatments were four biochar doses (1, 2, 3 and 4% m/v), two biochars (BRH and BCM) and three additional treatments (C1, no liming and no fertilization; C2, addition of Ca and Mg carbonate and NPK fertilizers and; C3, addition of Ca and Mg silicate and NK fertilizers). In the highest doses of BRH there was an increase of 2.7, 5.3 and 2.5 times in the P content extracted by Mehlich 1 and quantified by colorimentria, by Mehlich 1 and quantified by spectroscopy and by ion exchange resin and quantified by spectroscopy, respectively. For the highest doses of BCM, the increases in P content were 51.3, 289.2 and 88.4 times greater than in C1, respectively, according to the methods described for BRH. The biochars increased soil pH, CEC, nutrient content and the growth of bean plants compared to C1, especially BCM. However, the production of dry matter was significantly lower than that obtained in C2.

RESUMO Estudos relacionados à adubação nitrogenada e fixação biológica de nitrogênio no aumento da produção de grão-de-bico são considerados escassos em regiões tropicais. Objetivou-se avaliar a inoculação do Rhizobium tropici e doses de N sob condições irrigadas em região tropical nos componentes de produção e desenvolvimento do grão-de-bico, em solos com maior e menor teor de matéria orgânica (MOS). O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, esquema fatorial 2 x 6, consistindo da presença e ausência da inoculação do R. tropici e seis doses de 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125 kg ha-1 de N na forma de ureia. O estudo foi dividido em duas áreas com distintos teores de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Na área com menor teor de MOS (3.55 dag kg-1), a inoculação com R. tropici ou a adubação com 125 kg ha-1 de N aumentaram os teores foliares de nutrientes (N, K, Mg e P) e a massa de grãos por planta, massa de 100 grãos, número de vagens com dois grãos, massa seca de folhas, ramos, índice de clorofila e eficiência agronômica relativa. Com isso, a produtividade foi incrementada em 65%, em comparação ao tratamento testemunha, recomendando-se a aplicação de 100 a 125 kg ha-1 de N com ou sem R. tropici. Na área com maior teor de MOS, a inoculação com R. tropici propiciou maior massa de grãos por plantas, número de vagens com um grão, massa seca de folhas, total e índice de clorofila; a adubação nitrogenada aumentou o teor foliar de N e o índice de clorofila, mas ambos não interferiram na produtividade, não sendo recomendadas. Tais resultados indicam a dependência do manejo da adubação nitrogenada e inoculação com Rhizobium à disponibilidade natural de N na MOS.

ABSTRACT Studies related to nitrogen fertilization and biological nitrogen fixation in the increase of chickpea production are considered scarce in tropical regions. This work aimed to evaluate the inoculation with Rhizobium tropici, and nitrogen fertilization, under irrigated tropical conditions, on the development of chickpea in low and high content of soil organic matter (SOM). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four replications, in a 2 x 6 factorial scheme. Treatments, consisted of the presence and absence of inoculation with R. tropici, and six N doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg ha-1) in the form of urea. The study was divided into two areas with distinct contents of SOM. In the area with the lowest content of SOM (3.55 dag kg-1), the inoculation with R. tropici or the fertilization with 125 kg ha-1 N increased the leaf content of nutrients (N, K, Mg, and P) and grain mass per plant, 100-grain mass, number of pods with two grains, dry mass of leaves, branches, chlorophyll index, and relative agronomic efficiency. Thus, the yield was increased in 65%, compared to the control treatment, recommending the application of 100 to 125 kg ha-1 of N with or without R. tropici. In the area with the highest content of SOM (7.37 dag kg-1), the inoculation with R. tropici provided a higher grain mass per plants, number of pods with one gain, dry mass of leaves, total dry mass, and chlorophyll index; nitrogen fertilization increased the leaf content of N and the chlorophyll index, although neither factor interfered with the yield, and are not recommended. Such results indicate the dependence of the nitrogen fertilization and inoculation with Rhizobium on the natural availability of N in the SOM.

Resumo Os sistemas agroflorestais são utilizados para diversificar a produção de alimentos, proporcionar aumento na biodiversidade da fauna e da flora e conservação do carbono e nutrientes no solo. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a fertilidade e os estoques de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) do solo após dez anos de implantação de sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) no Cerrado mineiro. O estudo foi realizado no Assentamento Agroextrativista Americana, localizado no município de Grão Mogol, mesorregião norte do Estado de Minas Gerais. Foram selecionados três SAFs e duas áreas de vegetação nativa (VN) adjacentes, utilizadas como referência para o estudo, as quais foram agrupados em função da classe de solo: Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo e Cambissolo Háplico. A amostragem do solo foi realizada em março de 2013, dez anos após a implantação dos SAFs, em que amostras compostas foram retiradas das camadas 0-5 e 0-20 cm de profundidade para avaliação dos teores de nutrientes e densidade aparente, e na primeira camada os estoques de C e N do solo. Os SAFs que foram implantados com manejo baseado em desrama e manutenção da diversidade florística contribuíram com e melhoria da qualidade do solo e manutenção da fertilidade e estoques de C em níveis semelhantes à vegetação nativa. Já o SAF que foi implantado com a prévia supressão da vegetação nativa reduziu a diversidade arbórea e, consequentemente, os estoques de C ao longo do tempo. Porém, o manejo com culturas anuais e uso de leguminosas contribuiu para a melhoria da fertilidade do solo e incremento dos teores e estoques de N.

Abstract Agroforestry systems are used to diversify food production, provide an increase in the biodiversity of fauna and flora as well as the conservation of carbon and nutrients in the soil. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the fertility and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks of the soil after ten years of agroforestry system (SAFs) implantation in the Cerrado biome of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The study was carried out in the American Agroextractivist Settlement, located in the municipality of Grão Mogol, northern mesoregion of the state of Minas Gerais. Three SAFs and two adjacent native vegetation areas (VNs) were used as reference for the study, which were grouped according to the soil class: Red-Yellow Latosol and Haplic Cambisol. The soil sampling was carried out in March 2013, ten years after the implementation of the SAFs, where composite samples were removed from the 0-5 and 0-20 cm soil depth layers for the evaluation of nutrient contents and apparent density, and in the first layer the soil C and N stocks. SAFs that were deployed with management based on prune trees and maintenance of floristic diversity contributed with the improvement of the soil quality and the maintenance of fertility and C stocks at levels like in native vegetation. On the other hand, the SAF that was implanted with the previous suppression of the native vegetation reduced the tree diversity and, consequently, the C stocks over time. However, management with annual crops and the use of legumes contributed to the improvement of soil fertility and to the increase of N contents and stocks.

Resumo Este estudo analisou as variações florísticas, estruturais e suas relações com variáveis do solo em dois trechos de vegetação ripária em uma região ecotonal entre savana e zonas semi-áridas. Propomos a hipótese de que, apesar da proximidade entre as áreas amostradas, as condições do solo são distintas e levam a mudanças na estrutura e composição da vegetação, mas essas mudanças também são influenciadas pelo caráter ecotonal. Este estudo foi desenvolvido na APA do rio Pandeiros, Minas Gerais, onde alocamos 140 parcelas de 10 ×10 m (100 m2), com 10 m de distância entre parcelas, em duas áreas de vegetação ripária denominadas Larga e São Domingos (70 parcelas em cada área), onde realizamos o levantamento fitossociológico e coletamos amostras de solo. No total, 751 indivíduos arbóreos foram amostrados, distribuídos em 89 espécies e 35 famílias botânicas. As áreas diferiram fortemente na estrutura e composição das espécies, e apresentaram peculiaridades florísticas e influência da vegetação circundante. Apesar da baixa distância entre as áreas amostradas, estes são ambientes singulares influenciados por diferentes solos, pela composição mista da área ecotonal e os impactos antropogênicos a que estão expostas.

Abstract This study analyzed the floristic, structural variations and their relationships with soil variables in two stretches of riparian vegetation in an ecotonal region between savanna and semiarid zones. We following the hypothesis of despite the proximity between the sampled areas, soil conditions are distinct and lead to changes in structure and composition of the vegetation. This study was development at EPA of Pandeiros River, Minas Gerais, where we allocated 140 plots of 10 × 10 m (100 m2), with 10 m distance between plots, in two areas of riparian vegetation, named Larga and São Domingos (70 plots in each area), where we conducted the phytosociological survey and collected soil samples. In total, 751 arboreal individuals were sampled, distributed in 89 species and 35 botanical families. The areas differed strongly in structure and species composition, and showed floristic peculiarities and influence of surrounding vegetation. Despite of low distance between the sampled areas, these are singular environments influenced by different soils, by the mixed composition of the ecotonal area and the anthropogenic impacts to which they are exposed.