RESUMO Objetivo: Abordar a prática atual de desmame da ventilação mecânica invasiva de pacientes em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica, com foco no uso de protocolos, critérios, parâmetros e indicações padronizados para suporte respiratório não invasivo após a extubação. Métodos: Realizou-se uma busca eletrônica de novembro de 2021 a maio de 2022 em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica ibero-americanas. Participaram médicos e terapeutas respiratórios, com um único representante de cada unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica incluída. Não houve intervenções. Resultados: A taxa de resposta foi de 48,9% (138/282), representando 10 países ibero-americanos. Em apenas 34,1% (47/138) das unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica havia protocolos escritos de desmame de ventilação mecânica invasiva, e seu uso estava associado à presença de terapeutas respiratórios (RC 3,85; IC95% 1,79 - 8,33; p = 0,0008). O método mais comum de desmame envolveu uma redução gradual do suporte ventilatório mais um teste de respiração espontânea (47,1%). A duração média da tentativa de respiração espontânea foi de 60 a 120 minutos em 64,8% das respostas. A presença de um terapeuta respiratório na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica foi a única variável associada ao uso de um teste de respiração espontânea como o principal método de desmame da ventilação mecânica invasiva (RC 5,1; IC95% 2,1 - 12,5). Os protocolos de suporte respiratório não invasivo não foram usados com frequência após a extubação (40,4%). Quase metade dos respondentes (43,5%) relatou preferência pelo uso de pressão positiva de dois níveis nas vias aéreas como modo de ventilação não invasiva após a extubação. Conclusão: Uma grande proporção de unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica ibero-americanas não possui protocolos de desmame. Nosso estudo destaca uma variabilidade substancial nas práticas de prontidão para extubação, ressaltando a necessidade de padronização desse processo. No entanto, a presença de um terapeuta respiratório foi associada a uma maior adesão às diretrizes. Objetivo critérios Métodos Realizouse Realizou se 202 iberoamericanas. iberoamericanas ibero americanas. americanas incluída intervenções Resultados 489 48 9 48,9 138/282, 138282 138/282 , 138 282 (138/282) 1 iberoamericanos. iberoamericanos americanos. americanos ibero-americanos 341 34 34,1 47/138 47138 47 (47/138 RC 3,85 385 3 85 IC95 IC 179 79 1,7 8,33 833 8 33 0,0008. 00008 0,0008 . 0 0008 0,0008) 47,1%. 471 47,1% (47,1%) 6 12 648 64 64,8 respostas 5,1 51 5 21 2 2, 12,5. 125 12,5 12,5) 40,4%. 404 40,4% 40 4 (40,4%) 43,5% 435 43 (43,5% Conclusão processo entanto diretrizes 20 48, 13828 138/28 13 28 (138/282 34, 47/13 4713 (47/13 3,8 38 IC9 17 7 1, 8,3 83 0000 0,000 000 47,1 (47,1% 64, 5, 12, 40,4 (40,4% 43,5 (43,5 1382 138/2 (138/28 47/1 (47/1 3, 8, 0,00 00 47, (47,1 40, (40,4 43, (43, 138/ (138/2 47/ (47/ 0,0 (47, (40, (43 (138/ (47 0, (40 (4 (138 ( (13 (1

ABSTRACT Objective: To address the current practice of liberating patients from invasive mechanical ventilation in pediatric intensive care units, with a focus on the use of standardized protocols, criteria, parameters, and indications for noninvasive respiratory support postextubation. Methods: Electronic research was carried out from November 2021 to May 2022 in Ibero-American pediatric intensive care units. Physicians and respiratory therapists participated, with a single representative for each pediatric intensive care unit included. There were no interventions. Results: The response rate was 48.9% (138/282), representing 10 Ibero-American countries. Written invasive mechanical ventilation liberation protocols were available in only 34.1% (47/138) of the pediatric intensive care units, and their use was associated with the presence of respiratory therapists (OR 3.85; 95%CI 1.79 - 8.33; p = 0.0008). The most common method of liberation involved a gradual reduction in ventilatory support plus a spontaneous breathing trial (47.1%). The mean spontaneous breathing trial duration was 60 - 120 minutes in 64.8% of the responses. The presence of a respiratory therapist in the pediatric intensive care unit was the only variable associated with the use of a spontaneous breathing trial as the primary method of liberation from invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 5.1; 95%CI 2.1 - 12.5). Noninvasive respiratory support protocols were not frequently used postextubation (40.4%). Nearly half of the respondents (43.5%) reported a preference for using bilevel positive airway pressure as the mode of noninvasive ventilation postextubation. Conclusion: A high proportion of Ibero-American pediatric intensive care units lack liberation protocols. Our study highlights substantial variability in extubation readiness practices, underscoring the need for standardization in this process. However, the presence of a respiratory therapist was associated with increased adherence to guidelines. Objective criteria parameters Methods 202 IberoAmerican Ibero American participated included interventions Results 489 48 9 48.9 138/282, 138282 138/282 , 138 282 (138/282) 1 countries 341 34 34.1 47/138 47138 47 (47/138 OR 3.85 385 3 85 95CI CI 95 179 79 1.7 8.33 833 8 33 0.0008. 00008 0.0008 . 0 0008 0.0008) 47.1%. 471 47.1% (47.1%) 6 12 648 64 64.8 responses 5.1 51 5 21 2 2. 12.5. 125 12.5 12.5) 40.4%. 404 40.4% 40 4 (40.4%) 43.5% 435 43 (43.5% Conclusion practices process However guidelines 20 48. 13828 138/28 13 28 (138/282 34. 47/13 4713 (47/13 3.8 38 17 7 1. 8.3 83 0000 0.000 000 47.1 (47.1% 64. 5. 12. 40.4 (40.4% 43.5 (43.5 1382 138/2 (138/28 47/1 (47/1 3. 8. 0.00 00 47. (47.1 40. (40.4 43. (43. 138/ (138/2 47/ (47/ 0.0 (47. (40. (43 (138/ (47 0. (40 (4 (138 ( (13 (1

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic generated many controversies in the management of critically ill pediatric patients. The main ones were about ventilatory support, phenotypic differences between adults and children, and acute and subacute clinical forms. For this reason, the Respiratory Committee (RC) of the Latin American Society of Pediatric Intensive Care (SLACIP) generated a document to summarize the recommendations with the best evidence. The objective of these recommendations is to provide an update on issues related to pediatric COVID-19. Methods and Materials The Respiratory Committee created a group composed of 19 pediatric kinesiologists/physiotherapists and intensivists from 8 Latin American countries and defined on 3/27/20 the 15 most relevant topics, assigning 3 referents and 2 reviewers for each. The manuscripts went through 4 stages until their final version. The complete document was freely distributed on 22/05/20 and updated twice (07/08/20 and 02/09/21). For the current version there were 3 special collaborators. Result The material consists of a complete 94-page document and an executive summary. The topics included are case definition, epidemiology, clinical classification, subacute inflammatory syndrome, personal protective equipment, aerosolization situations (intubation, extubation, suctioning, sampling, filter replacement, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, early mobilization), high flow cannula support, invasive, non-invasive and high frequency mechanical ventilation, pharmacological treatment, laboratory and imaging. Conclusion The purpose of this document is to serve as a guide for nurses, kinesiologists/physiotherapists and physicians in the management of critically ill pediatric patients with COVID-19.

Introducción La pandemia por COVID-19 generó muchas controversias en el manejo de los pacientes pediátricos críticos. Las principales fueron sobre el soporte ventilatorio, las diferencias fenotípicas entre adultos y niños y las formas clínicas aguda y subaguda.Por esa razón el Comité Respiratorio (CR) de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (SLACIP) generó un documento para resumir las recomendaciones con mayor evidencia. El objetivo de estas recomendaciones es brindar una actualización de temas relacionados a COVID-19 pediátrico.Métodos y Materiales El Comité Respiratorio creó un grupo compuesto por 19 kinesiólogos/fisioterapeutas y médicos intensivistas pediátricos de 8 países de Latinoamérica y definió el 27/03/20 los 15 temas más relevantes, asignando 3 referentes y 2 revisores por cada uno. Los manuscritos pasaron por 4 etapas hasta su versión final. El documento completo se distribuyó libremente el 22/05/20, actualizándose en dos oportunidades (07/08/20 y el 02/09/21). Para la versión actual se contó con 3 colaboradores especiales.Resultado El material se compone de un documento completo de 94 páginas y un resumen ejecutivo. Los temas incluidos son definición de caso, epidemiología, clasificación clínica, síndrome inflamatorio subagudo, equipos de protección personal, situaciones de aerosolización (intubación, extubación, aspiración, toma de muestras, recambio de filtros, reanimación cardiopulmonar, movilización temprana), soporte con cánula de alto flujo, ventilación mecánica invasiva, no invasiva y de alta frecuencia, tratamiento farmacológico, laboratorio e imágenes.Conclusión La elaboración de este documento ha tenido como fin servir de guía para enfermeros, kinesiólogos/fisioterapeutas y médicos en el manejo de pacientes pediátricos en estado crítico por COVID-19.

Introduction. During the winter, infants with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) overburden health resources. In the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, 35 000 children are seen at the hospitals every year; 8-10 % of them are admitted to the general hospitalization ward and 5-12 % of these, to the intensive care unit (ICU). In 2017, the Department of Maternal and Child Health of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires included high flow nasal cannula (HNFC) oxygen therapy in the ALRTI protocol in the general ward of 3 hospitals. The objective of this study was to describe its outcomes and explore the potential factors related to therapeutic failure. Methods. Prospective, descriptive study with infants < 18 months old hospitalized due to ALRTI in 3 hospitals (Durand, Elizalde, Gutiérrez) between June and September 2017. All children unable to comply with low-flow therapeutic targets received HNFC oxygen therapy; admission to the ICU was considered a failure. Results. Out of 522 patients hospitalized due to ALRTI, 39.7% required HNFC oxygen therapy. No significant baseline differences were observed between patients receiving HNFC and conventional oxygen therapy. Failure was observed in only 8.7% of patients with HNFC oxygen therapy. The decrease in respiratory rate was significantly greater and longer in patients with support success versus those with failure (p < 0.01). No complications were recorded. Conclusion. The implementation of HNFC oxygen therapy under a protocol in the general wards was a safe measure. Patients with therapeutic failure showed a smaller reduction in respiratory rate during treatment.

Introducción. Durante el invierno, los lactantes con infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas (IRAB) sobrecargan los recursos sanitarios. En la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 35 000 niños son asistidos anualmente en hospitales; se interna el 8-10 % en unidades generales, y el 5-12 % de ellos, en unidades de terapia intensiva. En 2017, el Departamento de Salud Materno-Infantil de dicha ciudad incluyó la oxigenoterapia por cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) en el protocolo IRAB en unidades generales de tres hospitales. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir los resultados y explorar potenciales factores relacionados con el fracaso terapéutico. Métodos. Estudio prospectivo descriptivo que incluyó a lactantes < 18 meses hospitalizados por IRAB en 3 hospitales (Durand, Elizalde, Gutiérrez), de junio a septiembre de 2017. Todos los niños incapaces de cumplir los objetivos terapéuticos con bajo flujo recibieron CNAF, y se consideró fracaso de soporte el ingreso a Terapia Intensiva. Resultados. De 522 pacientes hospitalizados por IRAB, el 39,7 % requirieron CNAF. No se observaron diferencias basales significativas entre pacientes con CNAF y con oxigenoterapia convencional. Solo el 8,7 % de los pacientes con CNAF presentaron fracaso. Los pacientes con éxito del soporte mostraron un descenso de la frecuencia respiratoria significativamente mayor y más sostenido en el tiempo que aquellos con fracaso (p < 0,01). No se registraron complicaciones. Conclusión. La implementación protocolizada de CNAF en unidades generales fue una medida segura. Los pacientes con fracaso del soporte mostraron una menor disminución en la frecuencia respiratoria a lo largo del tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Graphium basitruncatum, a synanamorph of Pseudoallescheria has been rarely reported in human infections. We report a case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by this fungus in a heart transplant recipient. We also describe the phenotypic, molecular methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) used to achieve isolate identification.

Introduction. Pediatric intensive care residency programs have been in place in Argentina for just a few years. Knowing their status offers the possibility to establish strategies to help with professional development and training. Objectives. 1) To describe the characteristics of pediatric intensive care residency programs across Argentina. 2) To assess whether certain characteristics are related to a higher vacancy filling rate. 3) To assess job placement in the hospital where residents are trained. Design. Descriptive, observational study. National survey. Inclusion criteria. Pediatric intensive care residency programs in place between April 1st, 2014 and May 31st, 2014. Results. Thirty-one residency programs were analyzed. Only 11/31 had an annual hospitalization volume >400patients. There were no guidelines and/or criteria for care in 9/31. The program suited the national reference frameworkin17/31. There was no head ofresidents or resident trainer in 13/31. Only 5/31 had been certified by the Ministry of Health. There were 65 vacancies; this number increased in the past four years; vacancy filling rate decreased from 59% in 2009 to 30% in 2013. Sixty percent of residents got a job in the pediatric intensive care unit where they were trained. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the outcome measure annual hospitalization volume >400 patients as an independent predictor of vacancy filling rate >60%. Conclusions. 1) Vacancy filling is deficient. 2) The number of certified residency programs is scarce. 3) Pediatric intensive care units with a higher number of hospitalizations were associated with a higher vacancy filling rate. 4) More than half of residents got a job in the pediatric intensive care unit where they were trained.

Introducción. La residencia de terapia intensiva pediátrica (TIP) tiene pocos años de desarrollo en nuestro país. Conocer su situación brinda la posibilidad de establecer estrategias para contribuir al desarrollo y capacitación de profesionales. Objetivos. 1) Describir las características de las residencias de TIP del país. 2) Evaluar si existen características que se relacionen con una mayor ocupación de las vacantes. 3) Explorar la inserción laboral en el hospital formador de los residentes. Diseño. Descriptivo, observacional. Encuesta nacional. Criterios de inclusión. Residencias de TIP funcionales entre el 1/4/2014 y el 31/5/2014. Resultados. Se analizaron 31 residencias. Solo 11/31 tenían volumen de internación anual >400 pacientes. No había normas y/o criterios de atención en 9/31. En 17/31, el programa estuvo adecuado al marco de referencia nacional. Hubo 13/31 que no contaban con jefe ni instructor de residentes. Fueron acreditadas por el Ministerio de Salud 5/31. Hubo 65 vacantes; el número aumentó en los últimos 4 años; la ocupación disminuyó de 59% en 2009 a 30% en 2013. El 60% de los residentes tuvo inserción laboral en la TIP formadora. El análisis de regresión logística multivariado identificó la variable ingresos anuales > 400 pacientes como predictora independiente de ocupación de vacantes > 60%. Conclusiones. 1) Hay un déficit en la ocupación de cargos. 2) El número de residencias acreditadas es escaso. 3) Las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos con mayor número de ingresos se asociaron a una mayor cobertura de vacantes. 4) Más de la mitad de los residentes se insertaron laboralmente en la TIP formadora.

Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB), a disease that affects approximately 5% of Argentinean cattle. Among the molecular methods for genotyping, the most convenient are spoligotyping and variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR). A total of 378 samples from bovines with visible lesions consistent with TB were collected at slaughterhouses in three provinces, yielding 265 M. bovis spoligotyped isolates, which were distributed into 35 spoligotypes. In addition, 197 isolates were also typed by the VNTR method and 54 combined VNTR types were detected. There were 24 clusters and 27 orphan types. When both typing methods were combined, 98 spoligotypes and VNTR types were observed with 27 clusters and 71 orphan types. By performing a meta-analysis with previous spoligotyping results, we identified regional and temporal trends in the population structure of M. bovis. For SB0140, the most predominant spoligotype in Argentina, the prevalence percentage remained high during different periods, varying from 25.5-57.8% (1994-2011). By contrast, the second and third most prevalent spoligotypes exhibited important fluctuations. This study shows that there has been an expansion in ancestral lineages as demonstrated by spoligotyping. However, exact tandem repeat typing suggests dynamic changes in the clonal population of this microorganism.