RESUMO: Nesta pesquisa foram avaliados os Diâmetros Medianos Volumétricos (DMVs), Amplitude Relativa (AR), percentual de gotas com diâmetro menor que 100 µm (V100) e porcentagem de deriva (% deriva) de quatro classes de gota (Fina, Média, Grossa e Muito Grossa) em dois volumes de aplicação (77L.ha-1e 144L.ha-1) utilizando a mistura dos herbicidas atrazine e nicosulfuron (2500 + 15 gi.a. ha-1), utilizando os métodos de PDIA e de túnel de vento. Os experimentos foram realizados sob o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 4 × 2 (classes de gota × volumes de aplicação), com cinco repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey a 5%, e a correlação entre as variáveis calculada considerando o coeficiente de Pearson a 1% e 5%. O DMV de todas as classes de gotas foi significativamente diferente nos dois volumes. O DMV mínimo para a classificação da classe de gota Grossa não foi atingido nos dois volumes de aplicação. As maiores médias de AR foram observadas no volume de 77 L.ha-1. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram diferenças significativas na análise de V100 e % deriva com as maiores médias observadas nas classes de gota Fina (144 L.ha-1) e Média (77 L.ha-1). Verificou-se correlação negativa entre DMV × V100 e DMV × % deriva e correlação positiva entreV100 × % deriva nos dois volumes. No volume de 77 L.ha-1 a AR correlacionou-se negativamente com o DMV e positivamente com V100 e % deriva. No volume de 144 L.ha-1 a correlação entre AR e DMV, V100 e % deriva não foi significativa. RESUMO DMVs, DMVs , (DMVs) AR, (AR) 10 V (V100 ( Fina, (Fina 77L.ha1e 77Lha1e Lhae 77L.ha 1e 77L ha L 144L.ha1 144Lha1 Lha 144L.ha 1 144L 144L.ha-1 2500 (250 gia gi gi.a ha1, ha1 ha-1) vento casualizado aplicação, aplicação) repetições 5 5% 7 L.ha1. Lha1 L.ha 1. V10 (14 L.ha1 (7 . Verificouse Verificou se entreV entreV10 L.ha- correlacionouse correlacionou 14 significativa (DMVs (AR (V10 ha1e 77Lha 144Lha 144L.ha- 250 (25 ha-1 V1 (1 entreV1 (V1 hae 25 (2 ha- (V

ABSTRACT: In this research, the Volumetric Median Diameters (VMDs), Relative Span (RS), percentage of droplets with a diameter smaller than 100 µm (V100), and percentage ofdrift (% drift) of four droplet classes (Fine, Medium, Coarse, and Very Coarse) were analyzedin two spray volumes (77 L.ha-1and 144 L.ha-1) employinga tank-mix of atrazine and nicosulfuron herbicides (2500 + 15 gaiha-1), usingParticle/Droplet Imaging Analyze (PDIA) and wind tunnel techniques. The experiments were performed under Completely Randomized Design, in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme (droplet classes × sprayvolumes). Data underwent analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at 5%, and the correlation between variables was computedconsidering Pearson’s coefficient at 1% and 5%. The VMD of all droplet classes was considerably distinct in the two spray volumes. In both application spray volumes, the minimum VMD for the Coarsedropletclass classification was not attained. The highest means of RS were detectedin the spray volume of 77 L.ha-1. All treatments demonstratedsignificant differences in the analysis of V100 and % drift, with the highest means observed in the Fine droplet (144 L.ha-1) and Medium (77 L.ha-1). A negative correlation existed between VMD × V100 and VMD × % drift and a positive correlation between V100 × % drift in the two spray volumes. RS was negatively correlated with VMD and positively with V100 and % drift, in the spray volume of 77 L.ha-1. In the spray volume of 144 L.ha-1, the correlation between RSand VMD, V100, and % drift was insignificant. ABSTRACT research VMDs, VMDs , (VMDs) RS, (RS) 10 V (V100) ( Fine, (Fine Coarse (7 L.ha1and Lha1and Lhaand L.ha 1and L ha 14 L.ha1 Lha1 Lha 1 L.ha-1 tankmix tank mix 2500 (250 gaiha1, gaiha1 gaiha gaiha-1) usingParticleDroplet usingParticle Droplet PDIA (PDIA techniques Design sprayvolumes. sprayvolumes . sprayvolumes) Tukeys Tukey s 5 5% Pearsons Pearson attained 7 L.ha1. 1. V10 (14 L.ha1, 1, insignificant (VMDs (RS (V100 ha1and ha1 L.ha- 250 (25 gaiha-1 V1 (1 (V10 haand 25 (2 gaiha- (V1 (V

Resumo A espécie P. edulis Sims f. edulis é nativa do Brasil, conhecido como maracujá-roxo, possui frutos roxos e menor acidez. Com a crescente procura pelo maracujazeiro, há maior necessidade de pesquisas sobre seu cultivo para reduzir os custos de produção e melhorar a qualidade do serviço. A determinação adequada do tamanho e do número de parcelas tem sido uma limitação fundamental no estudo de várias culturas, pois é difícil obter dados de plantas por parcela, que sejam constantes, na maioria dos experimentos realizados, impossibilitando a utilização de metodologias habituais de análise de dados. Como resultado, os testes podem ser realizados com menos mão de obra e despesas de implementação, tornando a otimização do tamanho da parcela uma etapa de interesse. Com isso, tem-se que o objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o tamanho ideal de parcelas experimentais commaracujá-roxo em campo, utilizando três métodos. As variáveis analisadas foram: comprimento do fruto,diâmetro do fruto, espessura da casca, rendimento do suco, teor de sólidossolúveis, ácido cítrico, número de frutos e peso médio dos frutos. Recomenda-se utilizar otamanho ótimo de parcelas de seis unidades básicas para as variáveis relacionadas ao fruto,sendo cinco para as variáveis relacionadas à polpa e sete unidades básicas para asvariáveis de produção. P f Brasil maracujároxo, maracujároxo maracujá roxo, roxo maracujá-roxo acidez maracujazeiro serviço culturas constantes resultado implementação interesse isso temse se commaracujároxo commaracujá campo métodos foram frutodiâmetro fruto diâmetro casca suco sólidossolúveis cítrico Recomendase Recomenda frutosendo sendo

Abstract The species P. edulis Sims f. edulis, native to Brazil, known as purple passion fruit, has purple fruits and lower acidity. With the growing demand for passion fruits, there is greater need for research on their cultivation to reduce production costs and improve fruit quality. The adequate determination of the size and number of plots has been a fundamental limitation in studies with several crops, as it is difficult to obtain constant data on plants per plot in most experiments, making it impossible to use usual methodologies for data analysis. As a result, testing can be performed with less labor and implementation costs, making plot size optimization a step of interest. Thus, this work aims to determine the ideal size of experimental plots with purple passion fruit in the field using three methods. The variables analyzed were fruit length, fruit diameter, peel thickness, juice yield, soluble solids content, citric acid, number of fruits, and average fruit weight. The use of optimal plot size of six basic units for fruit-related variables, five for pulp-related variables, and seven basic units for production variables, is recommended. P f Brazil acidity quality crops experiments analysis result interest Thus methods length diameter thickness yield content acid weight fruitrelated related pulprelated pulp recommended

Resumo Após a aplicação do herbicida glifosato para controle de plantas daninhas em cultivo agrícola, constata-se que a deriva do produto pode estimular crescimento e/ou rendimento produtivo em plantas não-alvo, localizadas nas adjacências do tratamento, caracterizando efeito hormese. Entretanto, os efeitos horméticos por glifosato podem ser diferentes para uma determinada espécie vegetal, o que depende da dose e do estágio de desenvolvimento da planta. Pressupondo estímulo de produção de biomassa de forragem para alimentação animal, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito hormese por aplicações sucessivas de subdose de glifosato em cultivares do gênero Urochloa. Foram avaliadas as respostas produtivas aérea e radicular em três cultivares de gramíneas (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, U. brizantha cv. Piatã e U. ruziziensis cv. Ruziziensis) por aplicação foliar das subdoses do equivalente ácido (e.a.) de glifosato (5,40; 10,80; 21,60; 43,20; e, 86,40 g e.a. ha-1) e controle. Foram avaliadas quatro colheitas sequenciais, realizadas com frequência de 21 dias, em esquema fatorial 6 x 3 x 4, com três repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Dose igual e superior a 43,2 g e.a. ha-1 de glifosato, em duas aplicações sequenciais, prejudicaram a produção de biomassa das forrageiras avaliadas. Dentre os cultivares, Ruziziensis foi mais susceptível ao efeito fitotóxico. Aplicações sequenciais das subdoses 5,40 e 10,80 g e.a. ha-1 de glifosato, caracterizaram efeito hormético, promovendo a produção de biomassa aérea e radicular das forrageiras Marandu, Piatã e Ruziziensis. agrícola constatase constata se eou ou nãoalvo, nãoalvo não alvo, alvo não-alvo tratamento Entretanto vegetal planta animal Urochloa cv Marandu U ea (e.a. 540 5 40 (5,40 1080 10 80 21,60 2160 60 43,20 4320 43 20 8640 86 86,4 e.a ha1 ha 1 2 dias 4 repetições casualizado 432 43, ha- fitotóxico 5,4 10,8 hormético (e.a 54 (5,4 108 8 21,6 216 864 86, 5, 10, (5, 21, (5 (

Abstract Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide and is responsible for a significant technical/productive advance in world agriculture. Glyphosate drift after its application to control weeds in agricultural fields can stimulate growth and/or productive performance in non-target plants, located adjacent to the treatment, characterizing the hormesis effect. However, the hormesis effect of glyphosate may be different depending on the plant species, its stage of development, and the applied dose. Considering the stimulus of forage biomass production for animal feed, this study aimed to assess the hormesis effect by successive applications of low glyphosate doses to cultivars of the genus Urochloa. The shoot and root productive responses of three grass cultivars (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, U. brizantha cv. Piatã, and U. ruziziensis cv. Ruziziensis) were assessed in pots through leaf applications of subdoses of the acid equivalent (ae) of glyphosate (5.40, 10.80, 21.60, 43.20, and 86.40 g ae ha-1) and a control (no glyphosate application). Four sequential harvests, conducted with a frequency of 21 days in a completely randomized design and a 6 x 3 x 4 factorial arrangement, with three replications, were assessed. Doses equal to or higher than 43.20 g ae ha-1 of glyphosate, applied in two sequential applications impaired the biomass production of the assessed forages. Ruziziensis was the most susceptible cultivar to the phytotoxic effect. Sequential applications of the subdoses 5.40 and 10.80 g ae ha-1 of glyphosate characterized the hormesis effect, promoting the shoot and root biomass production of the forage plants U. brizantha cv. Marandu, U. brizantha cv. Piatã, and U. ruziziensis cv. Ruziziensis. technicalproductive technical agriculture andor nontarget non target treatment However species development dose feed Urochloa cv Marandu U Piatã (ae 5.40, 540 5 40 (5.40 1080 10 80 2160 60 21.60 4320 43 20 8640 86 86.4 ha1 ha 1 no application. . application) harvests 2 arrangement replications 43.2 ha- forages 5.4 10.8 54 (5.4 108 8 216 21.6 432 864 86. 43. 5. 10. (5. 21. (5 (

ABSTRACT Seed biometry and dormancy overcoming methods should be considered in the passion fruit production chain, in the seedling production stage, because of the different characteristics that condition the seedlings. The objective of this work was to identify and correlate the main biometric characteristics between seeds and seedlings and to select the best pre-germinative treatments in passion fruit hybrids. Seed length, width, thickness and weight were measured, and subsequently subjected to pre-germinative treatments, in a completely randomized design, in a 5 x 2 x 3 (GA3 concentrations x scarification x hybrids) factorial scheme. In the initial development of the seedlings, the length of the aerial part, the diameter of the stem and the number of leaves were evaluated. Pearson's correlation matrix was estimated between seed and seedling characters and, subsequently, path analysis. The Classification Sum Index was used for the means of the characters under pre-germinative treatment. The best pre-germinative treatment for BRS GA is scarification and soaking in 50 mg of GA3, for BRS SC, soaking in 100 mg of GA3, and for BRS RC, immersion in 50 mg of GA3. Seed morphometric selection is a technique that should be recommended to obtain quality seedlings.

Abstract Mucuna (Stizolobium pruriens) is widely used in agriculture as a green allowance and in crop rotation, due to its ability to fix nitrogen and recover degraded areas; without embargo, there is a slow and uneven germination. This study used some classical methods, together with the use of low-frequency ultrasound to accelerate and homogenize the germination and emergence of the seeds. The experiment was carried out at the Plant Tissue Cultivation Laboratory of the Ilha Solteira Campus, São Paulo, Brazil. The design used was a completely randomized one, with five replications, in a 3x6 factorial scheme, the factors being: three pre-treatments for latency break: mechanical scarification, thermal scarification, and without scarification with six levels of ultrasound exposure: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 min, totaling 18 treatments. For eight days the germination and the initial stages of the seedlings were controlled. The method without scarification subjected to 4.5 min of ultrasound can become an excellent alternative, since it presented greater germination vigor, while 3.14 min of exposure to ultrasound were enough to improve the emergence speed, regardless of the method used in the preparation of seeds. In conclusion, only with the use of low-frequency ultrasound, it is possible to improve both the germination speed index and the germination vigor, without the need for additional treatments.

Resumen La mucuna (Stizolobium pruriens) se usa ampliamente en agricultura como abono verde y en rotación de cultivos, debido a su capacidad para fijar nitrógeno y recuperar áreas degradadas; sin embargo, tiene una germinación lenta y desigual. Este estudio utilizó algunos métodos clásicos, junto con el uso de ultrasonidos de baja frecuencia para acelerar y homogeneizar la germinación y emergencia de las semillas. El experimento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales del campus Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brasil. El diseño utilizado fue un completamente al azar, con cinco repeticiones, en un esquema factorial 3x6, siendo los factores: tres pre-tratamientos para ruptura de la latencia: escarificación mecánica, térmica, y sin escarificación con seis niveles de exposición a ultrasonido: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 min, totalizando 18 tratamientos. Durante ocho días se controló la germinación y las etapas iniciales de las plántulas. El método sin escarificación sometido a 4.5 min de ultrasonido puede convertirse en una excelente alternativa, ya que presentó mayor vigor de germinación, mientras que 3.14 min de exposición a ultrasonido fueron suficientes para mejorar la velocidad de emergencia, independientemente del método utilizado en la preparación de semillas. En conclusión, solo con el uso de ultrasonidos de baja frecuencia es posible mejorar tanto el índice de velocidad de germinación como el vigor de germinación, sin necesidad de tratamientos adicionales.

ABSTRACT. In this study, the stimulatory effects of application of glyphosate herbicide coupled with manganese sulfate (8%) foliar fertilizer on the production and bromatological characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha ‘Marandu’ were evaluated. The experiments were performed using randomized complete block design with a 5×4 factorial scheme in plots subdivided over time (across four evaluations) with four repetitions, totaling 100 observations. The effects of sublethal doses of acid equivalent (a.e.) of glyphosate (5.40, 21.60, 64.80, and 108.00 g·a.e.·ha-1) and control plus manganese sulfate foliar fertilizer (1,000 g ha-1) were assessed in four successive evaluations at a defoliation frequency of 21 days. Foliage at 20 cm height (to evaluate forage production); leaf/stem ratio (LSR); and contents of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin (LIG) were measured in experimental plots with a usable area of 7.5 m2. Application of sublethal doses of glyphosate plus manganese sulfate did not increase forage production, increased LSR, reduced LIG content, and did not affect CP content in all four evaluations. NFD and ADF indicated satisfactory qualitative indices for animal feed following the application of sublethal doses of glyphosate plus manganese sulfate in all four evaluations.

RESUMO Na estatística experimental, a variabilidade, que permite conclusões relacionadas à precisão experimental, é geralmente demonstrada por meio do coeficiente de variação experimental (CV). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição do CV em diversos experimentos de crescimento de eucalipto, comparar as faixas de classificação existentes propostas na literatura (métodos propostos por Garcia; Costa, Seraphin e Zimmermann e Pimentel-Gomes), e definir o melhor a ser utilizado como referência para cultivo de mudas de eucalipto em estufas ou cultivo protegido. Para tanto, foi realizado um teste em branco com 100 repetições e avaliações realizadas em 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias. Além disso, foram coletados dados anteriores da literatura, para fins de comparação. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos aos testes de Shapiro-Wilk e Kolmogorov-Smirnov, e as tabelas de classificação submetidas aos testes de aderência e heterogeneidade. Como resultado, foi possível concluir que os dados obtidos com os experimentos com eucalipto na presente pesquisa não se enquadram na classificação de Pimentel-Gomes e nas tabelas obtidas por Costa, Seraphin e Zimmermann enquanto as tabelas por meio do método proposto por Garcia seriam preferencialmente utilizadas.

ABSTRACT In experimental statistics, the variability, which allows for conclusions related to experimental accuracy, is usually demonstrated by means of experimental coefficient of variation (CV). The aims of this study were to evaluate the distribution of CV in several experiments of eucalyptus growth, compare the existent classification ranges proposed in the literature (methods proposed by Garcia; Costa, Seraphin and Zimmermann, and Pimentel-Gomes), and define the better one to be used as reference for eucalyptus seedlings cultures in greenhouses or protected cultivation. For that, a blank test with 100 repetitions was conducted and evaluations were performed in 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Moreover, previous data from literature were collected, for comparison proposes. The obtained results were submitted to Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, and the classification tables were submitted to adherence and heterogeneity tests. As a result, it was possible to conclude that data obtained with the experiments with eucalyptus in the present research did not fit the classification of Pimentel-Gomes and tables obtained by Costa, Seraphin and Zimmermann, while the tables related to the method proposed by Garcia would be preferably used.

ABSTRACT Organic carbon introduced in soils, mainly through organic matter, has a relevant role in various soil properties and is particularly important in sandy soils. In these soils, the input of organic material is necessary to ensure the sustainability of production systems. This study aimed to investigate the changes in total organic carbon content and its effect on physical properties in areas under different harvest management systems (HMS) after the harvest of eucalyptus. The study was performed in December 2017 in a Eucalyptus urograndis (clone E13) commercial plantation, in the municipality of Água Clara, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The soil of this area was classified as a sandy-textured Neossolo quartzarênico, which corresponds to Quartzipsamments. Soil samples were taken from the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers for determinations of aggregate stability, soil bulk density (BD), macroporosity (Macro), microporosity (Micro), total porosity (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC); and for calculation of carbon stock (CS). Total organic carbon and CS continued down into the 0.20-0.40, 0.40-0.60, 0.60-0.80, and 0.80-1.00 m layers. Soil mechanical penetration resistance (PR) was determined to the 0.40 m depth in 0.10 m intervals. Carbon content was evaluated in the aggregates of the 0.00-0.05 m layer after wet sieving in 2000, 1000, 250 and 53 µm diameter sieves. Statistical evaluation consisted of analysis of variance, the Tukey test, and regression for the sources of variation that showed significance at 5 %. The data suggest that keeping the residual phytomass on the soil surface can positively impact total organic carbon, with a smaller reduction under the cut-to-length harvest management system. However, carbon stock is greater at the layer of 0.20-0.60 m; as the soil has a sandy texture, carbon moves through the soil profile, which has lower soil mechanical penetration resistance at the surface layers (0.00-0.10 m), once more under the cut-to-length system. Maintaining crop residual phytomass on the soil surface in the cut-to-length harvest management system provides better soil physical conditions, with greater macroporosity (0.00-0.05 m), aggregates with more carbon, and lower soil mechanical penetration resistance compared to systems that maintain only part of the harvest residual phytomass or no residual phytomass on the surface.

Resumo A determinação do tamanho de parcela é uma questão prática, pertinente ao planejamento experimental, e sua caracterização de forma otimizada permite a obtenção de maior precisão e melhor qualidade nos resultados. Diante disso, objetivou-se determinar o tamanho de parcelas em experimentos de maracujazeiro em dois ensaios de uniformidade com a espécie Passiflora setacea e . O Passiflora alataexperimento foi constituído de um substrato para plantio com três partes de solo e uma de esterco de curral curtido, o solo foi adubado com 3 kg de superfosfato simples e 0,5 kg de KCl por 1 m3. Cada espécie de passiflora foi considerada um ensaio de uniformidade com 40 unidades básicas (UB). As avaliações dos experimentos foram realizadas aos 60 dias após o transplante, observando-se altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, número de gemas e clorofila. Foram simulados diversos tamanhos de parcelas, em que cada planta foi considerada primeiramente como uma unidade básica até 40 plantas por unidade básica. Para a estimação do tamanho ótimo de parcelas empregou-se o método da máxima curvatura modificado. Os tamanhos de parcelas variaram com a espécie, encontrando-se valores de três a sete UB para Passiflora setacea e quatro a cinco UB para Passiflora alata.

Abstract The determination of the plot size is a practical matter pertinent to the experimental planning, and its optimal characterization allows to obtain higher precision and better quality in the results. Therefore, in this study, the main goal was to determine the plot size in experiments of passion fruit in two uniformity tests with Passiflora setacea and Passiflora alata. The experiment was constituted of a substrate at planting with 3 thirds of soil and 1 of barnyard manure. The soil was fertilizer with 3 kg of simple superphosphate and 0.5 kg of KCl by 1m³. Each species of Passiflora was considered a uniformity test with 40 basic units (BU). The evaluations of the experiments were done on 60 days after the transplant, noticing the tree’s height, stem’s diameter, number of leaves, number of buds, number of meristems and chlorophyll. Several plot sizes were simulated, in which each plant was first considered as a basic unit up to 40 plants per unit basic. For the estimation of optimum plot size, the maximum modified curvature method was used. The plot sizes varied with the specie, founding values as three to seven BU for Passiflora setacea and four BU to five for Passiflora alata.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We sought to determine risk factors (RFs) associated with the presence of antibodies against Leishmania in dogs from a rural area of Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. METHODS: Serum samples were collected from 250 dogs and tested using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence antibody tests (IFATs). Data concerning dogs, their environment, and their owners’ knowledge of leishmaniasis were collected using a questionnaire. To determine RFs for contact with the parasite, univariate statistical analysis based on chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests, followed by logistic regression, was used. RESULTS: It was found that 79/250 (31.6%) of the dogs were positive by IFAT, and 72/250 (28.8%) by ELISA. A total of 82/250 dogs (32.8%) were positive in at least one test. The RFs associated with occurrences of Leishmania exposure were large body size (OR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.26-4.04; p = 0.003), presence of chickens (OR = 1.94; 95% CI = 1.05-3.65; p = 0.023), and lack of knowledge about Leishmania among dog owners (OR = 1.74; 95% CI = 0.96-3.21; p = 0.049). After multivariate analysis, the RFs for occurrence of Leishmania exposure in dogs that remained significantly associated were the dog’s size (large dogs) (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.06-1.35; p = 0.003) and presence of chickens on the properties (small farms) (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.02-1.30; p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: These results may be useful for improving preventive practices to reduce the incidence of Leishmania exposure among dogs in rural areas.

RESUMO O presente estudo avaliou os parâmetros fisiológicos e bioquímicos de macieiras sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação na região semiárida brasileira. O experimento foi delineado em blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas. O fator irrigação (60; 80; 100; e 120% da evapotranspiração de referência (ET0), combinado com duas cultivares de macieira (Julieta e Princesa); arranjado e analisado nas parcelas experimentais e os estádios fenológicos (vegetativo, floração e frutificação) que foram analisados nas subparcelas experimentais. As características fisiológicas avaliadas foram o índice de clorofila, conteúdo relativo de água, fotossíntese líquida, condutância estomática, taxa de transpiração, concentração interna de CO2, temperatura foliar, eficiência instantânea de uso da água, eficiência intrínseca no uso da água. As variáveis bioquímicas avaliadas foram os teores foliares de açúcares redutores, de açúcares solúveis totais, de açúcares não redutores e de proteínas. As melhores respostas bioquímicas foram para a cv. Princesa, sob 80% da ET0 aplicado no estádio de floração e vegetativo e de 120 % da ET0 na de frutificação. A melhor resposta fisiológica durante os estádios fenológicos avaliados foi sob a lâmina de 120% da ET0 para ambas cultivares. A cv. Princesa, durante os estágios fenológicos avaliados apresentou indicativo de ajuste osmótico em condições de estresse hídrico.

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the physiological and biochemical parameters of apple trees under different irrigation water depths in a semiarid region of Brazil. The experiment had a split-plot randomized block design. Irrigation levels (60, 80, 100, and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration - ET0) and two apple cultivars (Julieta and Princesa) were analysed in the experimental plots and the phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting) were analysed in the experimental subplots. The physiological characteristics evaluated included the chlorophyll index, relative water content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, leaf temperature and instant carboxylation efficiency. The biochemical characteristics evaluated included the leaf contents of reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, and non-reducing sugars and proteins. The best biochemical responses were observed in the Princesa cultivar under 80% ET0 during the flowering and vegetative stages and under 120% ET0 during the fruiting stage. The best physiological responses for all phenological stages were observed under irrigation levels of 120% ET0 for both cultivars. The cv. Princesa demonstrated osmotic adjustment under water stress conditions during the phenological stages evaluated.

RESUMO: Para facilitar o processo de semeadura de espécies forrageiras é comum a mistura de sementes com fertilizantes, seja em cultivo exclusivo, consorciado ou na implantação de sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária. Entretanto, a salinidade e acidez do fertilizante, em longos períodos de mistura, supõe-se ação deletéria na qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Dessa forma, o estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito de dez tempos de mistura (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas) do fertilizante granulado NPK 04-30-16, sobre vigor e germinação de sementes de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Houve efeito negativo da mistura de fertilizante com as sementes para o grau de umidade, condutividade elétrica, emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimentos de plântula e de radícula em função do incremento do tempo de mistura com fertilizante, de 3 a 120 horas de exposição.

ABSTRACT: To facilitate seeding process of forage species, a common practice is to mix seeds with fertilizers in monocropping and intercropping or in implementing integrated livestock production systems. However, in prolonged periods of contact, the fertilizer’s salinity and acidity negatively affect the seeds’ physiological quality. Therefore, this study intends to verify the effect of ten periods (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours) of exposure to granular NPK fertilizer 04-30-16 on the vigor and germination of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu seeds. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replication. The fertilizer and seed mixture registered a negative effect on seed moisture content, electrical conductivity, emergence, emergence speed index, and seedling and radicle length as the period of exposure to the fertilizer increased from 3 to 120 hours.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da inclusão de goma de soja (Glycine max) na dieta de poedeiras comerciais sobre a produção de ovos, a qualidade externa e interna dos ovos, e a viabilidade econômica, bem como da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento sobre a estabilidade oxidativa dos ovos. Cento e oitenta poedeiras Lohmann-LSL com 40 semanas de idade foram alimentadas com 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5% de goma de soja na dieta. Na análise econômica, foram considerados o desempenho produtivo médio das poedeiras e o custo da ração. Para a avaliação da estabilidade oxidativa, os ovos foram armazenados à temperatura ambiente (~ 30oC) ou sob refrigeração (5oC) por 0, 7 e 21 dias. A inclusão de goma de soja na dieta aumentou o consumo de ração e também a produção, o peso médio e a massa dos ovos. A goma de soja melhorou os parâmetros de qualidade externa e interna dos ovos, mas reduziu a unidade de Haugh. A estabilidade oxidativa foi maior nos ovos de galinhas alimentadas com 4% de goma, a 5oC, por 21 dias; entretanto, o maior retorno econômico foi com 1% de goma. A inclusão de goma de soja promove melhorias na produção, na qualidade externa e interna, e na estabilidade oxidativa dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the inclusion of soybean (Glycine max) gum in the diet of laying hens on egg production, egg external and internal quality, and economic viability, as well as of temperature and storage time on the oxidative stability of eggs. One hundred and eighty 40-week-old Lohmann-LSL layers were fed 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% soybean gum in the diet. In the economic analysis, the average productive performance of the layers and the cost of feed were considered. In order to evaluate oxidative stability, eggs were stored at room temperature (~30oC) or refrigerated (5oC) for 0, 7, and 21 days. The inclusion of soybean gum in the diet increased feed intake and also egg production, average weight, and mass. Soybean gum improved external and internal egg quality parameters, but reduced the Haugh unit. Oxidative stability was higher in eggs from hens fed 4% gum, at 5oC, for 21 days; however, the largest economic return was with 1% gum. The inclusion of soybean gum promotes improvements in the production, external and internal quality, and oxidative stability of eggs from commercial laying hens.

ABSTRACT Soil is currently seen as the most relevant carbon sink and the most effective carbon stabilizer. In contrast, agriculture is the second largest C emitter, after burning of fossil fuels. This organic carbon (OC) introduced into the soil, mainly via organic matter (OM), is essential for several soil properties and plays an extremely important role in sandy soils. The objective of this study was to describe the changes in the amounts and pools of OC and the influence thereof on some physical soil properties in areas converted from pasture to eucalyptus. The following areas were analyzed: a degraded pasture (PAST), two areas of pasture-eucalyptus conversion after 2 and 15 years (EU02 and EU15, respectively) and a preserved Cerrado area (CER) in the east of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Soil samples were taken from the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.30 m layers. The OC was measured and analyzed, the carbon pool (CP) calculated, aggregate stability, bulk density (BD), and macro- and microporosity determined, and total porosity (TP) calculated to analyze the influence of land use on soil properties. The experimental design was completely randomized, and four clusters per area were established, with nine subsampling points, for a total of 36 subsamples per area, organized in 20 × 20 m grids, The soil under natural vegetation (preserved Cerrado) was used as a control. The change from CER to commercial cultivation accelerates the process of OC loss (reductions of 25-35 %) and reductions in soil physical quality. In the PAST area, OC was reduced by 30 % in the 0.00-0.05 m layer. Cumulative OC and CP were highest in the 0.00-0.05 m layer and decreased in the deeper layers in all land use treatments. Organic C in the 0.10-0.30 m layer was not influenced by land use, indicating the possibility of OC persistence in the soil for longer periods. Macroporosity and total porosity may be considered appropriate in CER and EU15, whereas the conditions for plant development in PAST and EU02 were restrictive. Land use systems reduced OC and the CP, indicating anthropogenic disturbance of the soil compared to CER. Fifteen years after planting eucalyptus in the pasture area, signs of recovery of some soil physical properties were observed, e.g., reduced BD and increased TP.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi o estudo da prevalência de Lutzomyia longipalpis e da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) em uma área rural do município de Ilha Solteira do estado de São Paulo. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 32 cães provenientes de pequenas propriedades rurais e analisadas por meio dos métodos sorológicos ELISA (imunoensaio enzimático indireto) e RIFI (reação de imunofluorescência indireta) para o diagnóstico da LVC. Pelos exames sorológicos, dos 32 cães avaliados, 31,25% foram diagnosticados positivos para LVC, os quais estavam diostribuídos em 66,67% (8/12) das propriedades positivas para Lutzomyia longipalpis. Armadilhas luminosas do tipo CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) foram instaladas em 12 propriedades, sendo uma por propriedade, e as coletas dos insetos foram realizadas três dias consecutivos a cada mês, durante um ano. O inseto L. longipalpis foi encontrado em 100% das propriedades visitadas, pelo menos uma vez no ano, totalizando 65 machos e 25 fêmeas. A maior quantidade de insetos foi observada principalmente após a ocorrência dos maiores picos de precipitação pluvial, mas a associação entre a prevalência dos vetores peridomiciliares e os dados climáticos (precipitação, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura) assim como a ocorrência da CVL em cães em cada propriedade não foi estatisticamente significante (p<0.05). No entanto, alerta-se que pela presença dos casos de LVC nos cães amostrados e também de L. longipalpis, maior atenção deve ser dada durante as investigações epidemiológicas para o controle dessa doença nessa área rural estudada.

This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis and also the canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in a rural area of Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo. Blood samples were collected from 32 dogs from different rural properties (small farms) and were analyzed by ELISA and the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) in order to diagnose CVL. From these serological tests, 31.25% of the dogs were positive for CVL and these were distributed in 66.7% (8/12) of the rural properties, which were positive for L. longipalpis. CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) light traps were installed in 12 properties (one per property) and insects were caught on three consecutive days per month for one year. L. longipalpis was present on 100% of the rural properties visited, at least once during the twelve-month interval, totaling 64 males and 25 females. The insects were more numerous after the peak of the rain, but the association between prevalence of peridomestic vectors and the climatic data (precipitation, relative air humidity and temperature) and the occurrences of CVL among dogs on each rural property were not statistical significant (p <0.05). However, the occurrence of CVL cases in dogs and the presence of L. longipalpis indicate that more attention is necessairy for the control of this disease in the rural area studied.