Abstract Objective: To describe the type of milk used to feed infants seen in private pediatric practices in Brazil. To evaluate the relationship between breastfeeding, type of delivery, and history of prematurity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and observational study that included 4929 infants in the first year of life seen in private pediatric practices in the five geographic regions of Brazil. Mothers provided information about the type of milk used by their infant, the type of delivery (vaginal or cesarean), and whether the birth was premature. Results: Breastfeeding was the only source of milk for 56.1% (1546/2755) of infants in the first six months of life and 32.9% (716/2174) in the second. Of the infants who received other types of milk besides breastfeeding, there was a predominance of infant formula in 98.6% and 93.8% of the infants, respectively, in the first and in the second six months of life. Whole cow's milk was used by 0.7% (20/2755) of infants in the first six months and by 4.1% (90/2174) of infants in the second (p < 0.001). In the first six months of life, breastfeeding as the only type of milk was associated with vaginal delivery (OR = 1.79; p < 0.001) and not having a history of prematurity (OR = 2.48; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Breastfeeding was the only milk source for more than half of infants before 180 days of life. Birth by cesarean section and history of prematurity were negatively associated with breastfeeding as the only source of milk used in infant feeding.

Contexto Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) tem distribuição geográfica universal, embora a prevalência da infecção, os fatores de virulência, bem como a apresentação clínica, variem de acordo com a população estudada. No Brasil, um país continental composto por várias etnias e hábitos culturais diversos, o comportamento da infecção também parece variar, como muitos estudos têm demonstrado. Objetivos Descrever a prevalência da infecção por cepas de H. pylori cagA-positivo em um grupo de crianças e adolescentes submetidos a esofagogastroduodenoscopia em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos Cinquenta e quatro (54) fragmentos de biópsia gástrica com presença de H. pylori demonstrada pela análise histológica, teste da urease e análise molecular foram testados para a presença de cepas de H. pylori cagA-positivo pelo método da reação em cadeia da polimerase. Resultados prevalência de cepas de H. pylori cagA-positivo foi de 29,6% (intervalo de confiança de 95%, 18% a 43,6%). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas características clínicas e demográficas e nos achados endoscópicos e histológicos entre os pacientes infectados por cepas de H. pylori cagA-positivo em comparação com os cagA-negativo. Conclusões O estudo demonstrou uma baixa prevalência de infecção por cepas de H. pylori cagA-positivo nas crianças e adolescentes submetidas a esofagogastroduodenoscopia no Sul do Brasil em comparação com os estudos realizados com crianças de outras regiões do Brasil. Não houve associação entre a presença de cepas cagA-positivo e desfechos clínicos desfavoráveis na amostra estudada.

Context Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has a worldwide distribution, but the prevalence of infection, virulence factors, and clinical presentation vary widely according to the studied population. In Brazil, a continental country composed of several ethnicities and cultural habits, the behavior of infection also appears to vary, as many other studies have shown. Objectives Describe the prevalence of infection with cagA-positive H. pylori strains in a group of children and adolescents who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Methods Fifty-four gastric biopsy specimens of children and adolescents with H. pylori infection demonstrated by histology, urease test and molecular analysis were tested for the presence of cagA positive H. pylori strains by the polymerase chain reaction method. Results he prevalence of cagA-positive H. pylori was 29.6% (95% confidence interval, 18 to 43.6%). There were no statistically significant differences in clinical or demographic characteristics or in the endoscopic and histological features of patients infected with cagA-positive strains as compared with those infected by cagA-negative strains. Conclusions he study showed a low prevalence of infection with cagA-positive H. pylori strains among children and adolescents who underwent EGD in southern Brazil, in comparison to studies conducted with children from other regions of Brazil. There was no association between the presence of cagA-positive strains and more severe clinical presentations in the studied sample.