Abstract: Introduction: Infant feeding has specific qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The influence of parents on food intake is crucial in the development of habits and an adequate nutritional state. Objective: To evaluate eating behavior, dietary characteristics, and nutritional status of children between 6 to 18 months. Subjects and Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study in 199 children. Using convenience sampling, demographic and anthropometric data were recorded for nutritional status, and dietary history, through a 24-hour reminder for dietary behavior and food sufficiency. The Student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA were applied for continuous variables and the chi-square test for the categori cal ones. Results: 54.8% were women. Regarding nutritional status, 21.1% were overweight and 7.6% obese. 56.8% of the children had meal numbers according to their age. The average energy intake was 652.9 ± 224.2 calories per day. The intake of energy and macronutrients was significantly higher in children not consuming breast milk and aged 12 to 18 months. The energy, lipids, and carbohydrates adequacy in girls was significantly higher than in boys. 83.1% of food consumption was habitual for this age group. Conclusion: In eating behavior, we observed that 4 out of 10 children have meal numbers higher than suggested for their ages. Regarding dietary sufficiency, there is a higher intake in children with normal nutritional status, without breastfeeding, and between 12 and 18 months. Despite the high prevalence of obesity, it was lower than that observed at the national level.

Resumen: Introducción: La alimentación infantil presenta características cualitativas y cuantitativas específicas. La influencia de los padres sobre la ingesta de alimentos es crucial en el desarrollo de hábitos y un adecuado estado nutricional. Objetivo: Evaluar el comportamiento alimentario, las características dietarias y estado nutricional en niños entre 6 a 18 meses. Sujetos y Método: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 199 niños. En una muestra por conveniencia se consignaron datos demográficos y antropométricos para estado nutricional, y antecedentes dietarios, mediante recordatorio de 24 h para el compor tamiento dietario y la suficiencia alimentaria. Se aplicó t-student y ANOVA de una vía para varia bles continuas y test chi-cuadrado para categóricas. Resultados: 54,8% mujeres. Estado nutricional: 21,1% sobrepeso y 7,6% obesidad. Un 56,8% de los niños tenían números de comidas acorde su edad. La ingesta promedio de energía fue de 652,9 ± 224,2 calorías diarias. La ingesta de energía y macro- nutrientes fue significativamente mayor en los niños que no consumían leche materna y de 12 a 18 meses. La adecuación energética, lípidos y carbohidratos en las niñas fue significativamente mayor a la de niños. Un 83,1% del consumo de alimentos fueron habituales para este grupo etario. Conclu sión: En el comportamiento alimentario se encontró que 4 de cada 10 niños presentan números de comidas mayor al sugerido a su edad. En cuanto a la suficiencia dietaría hay una mayor ingesta en los niños con estado nutricional normal, sin LM y entre 12 y 18 meses. A pesar de la alta prevalencia de obesidad, esta fue menor a la observada a nivel nacional.

ABSTRACT This review is based on the best evidence currently available and defines the guidelines for the nutritional assessment and management of critically ill children. These guidelines include the criteria for detecting malnutrition, whether due to deficit or excess, as well as the recommendations and consensus of experts on the estimation of energy and macronutrients, which can be decisive in preventing both overfeeding and underfeeding. International recommendations on the time of initiation of nutritional support are also indicated so that it is timely, effective and safe. Choice of feeding route according to clinical condition and pathology type in order to reduce the risk of morbi-mortality of these patients are discussed. In general, an increase in scientific research is suggested, in order to have better evidence to design international and local clinical protocols for the nutritional management of critically ill pediatric patients.

RESUMEN Esta revisión se basa en la mejor evidencia actualmente disponible, y en ella se definen las directrices en relación con la evaluación y manejo nutricional en niños críticamente enfermos. Estas directrices incluyen, los criterios para la detección de la malnutrición, tanto por déficit o exceso, así como, se identifican las recomendaciones y consensos de expertos sobre la estimación energética y de macronutrientes, los cuales pueden ser determinantes en prevenir tanto la sobrealimentación como subalimentación. También se señalan las recomendaciones internacionales sobre el momento de inicio del soporte nutricional para que esta sea oportuna, efectiva y segura, eligiendo la vía de alimentación según condición clínica y tipo de patología en función de disminuir el riesgo de morbimortalidad de estos pacientes. A modo general, se sugiere intensificar la investigación científica, con el fin de disponer de mejor evidencia para diseñar protocolos clínicos internacionales y locales para el manejo nutricional del paciente pediátrico críticamente enfermo.

Já é bem conhecido que cultivares cítricas que foram infectadas pela bactéria Xylella fastidiosa apresentam deficiências nutricionais devido à produção de polímero extracelular por esta bactéria, o qual bloqueia o fluxo normal de nutriente pelo xilema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estudar a composição mineral em áreas foliares específicas em diferentes fases de infecção na planta. Assim, as concentrações de macro e micronutrientes em folhas de citros infectados por X. fastidiosa foram quantificadas. Foram coletadas amostras de quatro pomares cítricos infectados localizados em: Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, Neves Paulista, Gavião Peixoto e Paraíso, no Estado de São Paulo. A presença de X. fastidiosa em folhas foi confirmada através de reação da polimerase em cadeia (PCR) usando iniciadores específicos. Para entender a variação no conteúdo de nutriente foliar em plantas cítricas, utilizou-se de valores de nutrientes foliares de plantas não sintomáticas (controle) como referência. A análise quimiométrica mostrou que a deficiência de P e K em plantas sintomáticas e concentrações altas de Fe, Mn e Zn foram presentes em áreas foliares cloróticas, embora outros estudos mostrem a deficiência de zinco em folhas. Este é o primeiro relato indicando que uma correlação entre folhas cítricas cloróticas e elevadas concentrações de Fe, Mn e Zn foi observada quando plantas infectadas e saudáveis foram comparadas.

It is well known that citrus plants that have been infected by Xylella fastidiosa display nutritional deficiencies, probably caused by production of extracellular polymers by the bacteria that block normal nutrient flow through the xylem. The aim of this work was to study the mineral composition of specific foliar areas in different stages of infection in citrus. Thus, the concentrations of macro and micronutrients in leaves of citrus infected by X. fastidiosa were measured. Samples from four infected citrus orchards in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, were respectively collected from Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, Neves Paulista, Gavião Peixoto and Paraíso counties. The presence of X. fastidiosa in leaves was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific PCR primers. To understand the variation in leaf-nutrient content in citrus plants, we used foliar nutrient values from control (non-symptomatic) plants as a reference. Chemometric analysis showed that the deficiency of P and K in symptomatic trees for all orchards and high concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn were observed in chlorotic areas, although other studies revealed deficiency of zinc in leaves. This is the first report showing that a correlation between chlorotic citrus leaf and higher concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn are observed when infected and healthy plants were compared.

A retrospective analysis of a thirteen years experience in the surgical management of adnexal mass in girls and teenagers younger than 19 years old was done. We reviewed the clinical course and pathological findings of 106 patients. A 62% of adnexal masses were due to neoplasic formation, the majority of them originated in the ovary. Among the neoplasic lesions, the risk of malignacy was 26.7%. The most frequent benign ovarian neoplasia was the mature teratoma (31.1%). The two more frequent malignant neoplasias were those originated at the specific gonadal stroma and at germinal tissues (together representing 37.5% of malignant tumors). The most frequent symptom of clinical presentation was abdominal pain, as manifestation of a complicated benign neoplasic lesion. The most frequently used surgical approach was laparotomy. The main goal was privileging conservative management to preserve the reproductive potential

Se analiza retrospectivamente la experiencia de los últimos 13 años en el manejo de la patología anexial quirúrgica en niñas y adolescentes menores de 19 años. Se revisa la forma de presentación clínica y los hallazgos anatopatológicos de 106 pacientes. Del total de lesiones anexiales, un 62% correspondieron a lesiones neoplásicas benignas y malignas, la mayoría de ellas originadas en el ovario. El riesgo de malignidad para las lesiones neoplásicas fue de un 26,7%. La neoplasia ovárica benigna más frecuente fue el teratoma maduro (31,1%). Las neoplasias malignas más frecuentes fueron las originadas en el estroma gonadal específico y en el tejido germinal (en conjunto 37,5% del total de neoplasias malignas). La forma de presentación clínica más frecuente fue el dolor abdominal habitualmente como manifestación de complicación de una neoplasia benigna. La vía de abordaje más frecuente fue por laparotomía y se privilegió la cirugía conservadora para preservar el potencial reproductivo